Combo with AP Bio Exam
anterior pituitary
"master gland" hormones & inhibiting hormones
Allopatric speciation
"other country" - speciation due to geographic separation of the original population
Sympatric speciation
"same country" - speciation due to polyploidy (mutations that cause zygote to have different number of chromosomes than the rest of the population), habitat isolation, or sexual selection
*Same situation as question 15* Original frequency 0.1 a, 0.9 A a= attached earlobes A= free earlobes If one assumes that Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium applies to the population of colonists on this planet, about how many people will have attached ear lobes when the planet's population reaches 10,000?
(.1) x (.1) = .01 = 1% attached 10,000 x .01 = 100 Answer: 100 people.
In a Hardy-Weinberg population with two alleles, A and a, that are in equilibrium, the frequency of the allele a is 0.7. What is the percentage of the population that is homozygous for this allele?
(.7)^2 = .49 = 49%
regulators
(homeotherms) maintain internal conditions even when environmental conditions vary
conformers
(poikilotherms) internal conditions fluctuate with environmental conditions
When glucose monomers are joined together by glycosidic linkages to form a cellulose polymer, the changes in free energy, total energy, and entropy are as follows:
+∆G, +∆H, -∆S
Fermentation and anaerobic respiration
-"sulfate reducing" organisms use sulfate to carry away Hydrogen -Fermentation harvests chemical energy
Non-bird reptiles characteristics
-3 chambered heart -ectotherms (heat from environment)
Reptiles circulatory system
-3 chambered heart (2 atrium, 1 subdivided ventricle) -5% mixing of oxygenated & deoxygenated blood
Amphibians circulatory system
-3 chambered heart (2 atrium, 1 ventricle) -mixing but re-pressurized
Mammals characteristics
-4 chambered heart -Homeothermic (warm blooded) -mostly viviparous (live bearing)
Reptiles includes birds
-4 chambered heart -endotherms
Birds & mammals circulatory system
-4 chambered heart (2 atrium & 2 ventricles) *NO MIXING*
Potassium
-Absorbed as K+ -Deficiency= weak stems & scorched effect -Function: opening & closing stomata
Prokaryotes
-All unicellular -No nucleus -Less genes -One circular chromosome -Plasmids (don't need to live) -No membrane bound organelles -Do have ribosomes -Generate atp with their cell wall membrane -Reproduce asexually (binary fission- basically mitosis -Common flagella (apx half) -Cell Walls!
Mycorrhizal Fungi (2 types)
-Ectomycorrhiza -Arbuscular mycorrhiza
Evidence that supports theory of evolution
-Fossil record -Homology -Biogeography (continental movement)
Stomata
-Gas exchange through these holes in the leaf cells. When turgid, stomata open When flaccid, stomata close
Three types of gene mutations and what they mean
-Missense: substitutions that change one amino acid for another, change in one or more amino acid -Nonsense: substitutions that invoke a stop codon -Frameshift: altering the genetic reading frame to change a series of codons
Electron Transport System basic process
-NADH enters the cristae and releases the H molecule before returning to Citric acid cycle -Hydrogen split into protons and electrons... Electrons "push" protons into the inner membrane -H+ diffuse back through ATP Synthase "wheel"-like structure and generate ATP by adding a phosphate to ADP -Hydrogen binds to Oxygen to form H2O as water waste
solute potential:
-Osmotic potential because it affects the direction of osmosis. (Solute potential of pure water is 0) -Solutes bind to water, reducing the number of "free water molecules" and lowering the capacity of water to move and do work. -*Adding solutes lowers water potential.
Carbon cycle
-Plants store carbon -Animals eat plants & release carbon -oil, coal, natural gas comes from plants -we harvest and then burn fossil fuels
Citric acid cycle basic process
-Pyruvate are reduced to 2 carbon molecules (Acetyl CoA) - this releases CO2 -Acetyl CoA binds with a 4 carbon molecule (oxaloacytate) to form 6 carbon citric acid -Citric acid goes through enzymatic process -Carbons released as CO2 -Hydrogens bind to NAD to form NADH Reactants: pyruvate (also oxaloacytate and NAD) Products: CO2 NADH
Hybrid zones over time can... (3 possibilities)
-Reinforcement: strengthened barrier, hybrids eventually cease to exist -Fusion: weakened barrier, the two species fuse into one again -Stability: continued production of hybrids
Primates adaptation
-Upright and bipedal -symbolic thought, tools, philosophical thought -shorter digestive tract
Transport of water and minerals into the "steal" (xylem vessels used for bulk flow
-Water and minerals enter the plant through the root hairs -Travel through the epidermis (symplastic or apoplastic) until it reaches the endodermis -Water/minerals cannot pass through the casparian strip into the steal, so ALL water/minerals must go through the symplast of the endodermis cells (This is a filtering mechanism) -Once in the steal, water/minerals enter xylem vessels that transport material up the shoot toward the leaves
Phosphorus
-absorbed as H2PO(4-) & HPO4(2-) -Deficiency= slow growth & purple color -function: phospholipids, ATP, nucleic acids, co-enzymes
Nitrogen
-absorbed as NO3- & NH4 -Deficiency= stunted growth & pale yellow leaves -structure: chlorophyl, amino acids, co-enzymes
Fight or flight
-adrenal medula releases epinephrine & norepinephrine -releases glucose & fatty acids (increase energy) -blood flow to heart/lungs/muscles
Ectothermic
-amphibians, lizards, snakes, turtles, many fish, most invertebrates. -gain most of heat from outside sources -need to consume much less food than equally sized endotherms
Double loop circulatory system
-amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals -pulmonary circuit (lungs) -systemic loop (target tissue)
primary producers
-autotrophs (photosynthetic organisms)
Endothermic
-birds and mammals (Some fish, insects, reptiles) -warmed by heat generated by metabolism -can maintain body heat in extreme external conditions.
Single loop circulatory system
-bony fish, rays, sharks -less efficient oxygen delivery -blood slows at gills
eurohaline
-broad range tolerance for salinity -can conform
food types used for energy & building blocks
-carbs -proteins -fats
Why do animals eat?
-chemical energy -building blocks -essential nutrients
K-selection
-density dependent selection -small # offspring -parental care
R-selection
-density independent selection -large # offspring -little/no parental care
Guard cells
-determine stomata opening -K+ is pumped in, causing H2O to flow in -can only expand vertically, but ends are connected -so they bow open when H2O flows in
Defining characteristics of chordates
-dorsal hallow nerve cord -segmentation -post-anal tail -pharyngeal slits
Benefits of closed circulatory system
-efficient oxygen delivery -thermoregulation -differential distribution (target tissues)
sex reversal (oysters)
-females have stronger correlation between gamete production and body size -male->female to optimize gametes
types of asexual reproduction
-fission -budding -fragmentation -parthenogenesis
In small population sizes
-genetic drift -bottleneck effect -founder effect
Arbuscular mycorrhiza
-goes through cell walls (NOT cell membranes)
Taproot
-gymnosperms & eudicots -develops from embryo -main vertical root
Pre-zygotic reproductive barriers
-habitat -temporal -behavioral *(mating attempted)* -mechanical -gametic
Types of sexual reproduction
-hermaphrodites -sex reversal -external & internal fertilization
ATP
-highly ordered -not stable -spontaneously reacts -release of energy -new ADP is more stable
Ectomycorrhiza
-increase surface area for absorption -helpful for less mobile nutrients (phosphate)
Nervous tissue
-information processing -neurons: transmit nerve impulses -glial cells: nourish, insulate, replenish neurons
4 phases of digestion
-ingestion -digestion -absorption -elimination
Type 1 diabetes
-insulin dependent (inject insulin) -autoimmune disorder -immune system destroys beta cells (cannot produce insulin)
digestive compartments
-intracellular (endocytosis) -extracellular (outside cells)
Fibrous root systems
-monocots -embryonic root dies, small root grow from stem
Lungs
-more control over exchange cite than trachea -most land animals + pressure pushes - pressure pulls
Three major macronutrients
-nitrogen -phosphorus -potassium
Type 2 diabetes
-non insulin dependent (NO INJECT) -reduced response to insulin because of changes in receptors
Primates characteristics
-opposable thumbs -large brain & short jaws -forward looking eyes -parental care -complex social behavior
Carnivorous plants
-photosynthetic -parasitic for nitrogen
pressure potential:
-physical pressure on solute (can be positive or negative) -cell contents press the plasma membrane against the cell wall which presses against the protoplast.
Bowman's capsule
-plasma leaks out of filtration slits in glomerulus -filtrate is made in junction between glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
Water soluble hormones
-polypeptides (insulin) -receptor->2nd messenger->activation of existing proteins -fast acting & short lived
food types used to get essential nutrients
-proteins -fats -vitamins -minerals
Plant sugar movement
-proximity: source feeds closest sink -vascular connection tube must exist -sucrose concentration gradient *sugars can be actively loaded into phloem
Hardy-Weinberg assumptions
-random mating -large population -no mutation -no gene flow -no geographical structure -no natural selection -no sexual selection
Post-zygotic reproductive barriers
-reduced hybrid viability -reduced hybrid fertility -hybrid breakdown
semelparity
-reproduce once, then die -highly variable environments
iteroparity
-reproduce repeatedly -dependable environments
alimentary canal
-separate opening for ingestion and elimination with a tube between for digestion
stenohaline
-small salinity tolerance limits -conforms within small range
Lipid soluble hormones
-steroids (cortisol) -cytoplasmic receptors-> enter nucleus->modifies gene transcription -slow acting & long lasting
4 eating mechanisms
-suspension -substrate -fluid -bulk
Mammalian adaptations
-teeth for cutting -rapid and more efficient locomotion -larger brains -hair for insulation -milk glands to nourish young
Trachea
-universal exposure to toxins -susceptible to desiccation
Epiphytes
-use other plants for structure -gets nutrients from rain
Blood plasma
-water -ions (osmotic pressure & nervous system) -plasma proteins (osmotic pressure & lipid transport) -nutrients, waste products, hormones
START HERE FOR TEST 4!
...
What percentage of the population has type O blood?
0
In the year 2500, five male space colonists and five female space colonists from Earth settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and their offspring randomly mate for generations. All ten of the original colonists had free ear lobes, and two are heterozygous for that trait. The allele for free ear lobes is dominant to the allele for attached ear lobes. Which of these is closest to the allele frequency in the founding population?
0.1 a, 0.9 A
What is the frequency of the A allele?
0.400
In a Hardy-Weinberg population, the frequency of the a allele is 0.4. What is the frequency of individuals with Aa genotype?
0.48
What is the estimated frequency of allele a in the gene pool?
0.70
If there are 4,000 children produced by this generation, how many would be expected to have AB blood under the conditions of Hardy - Weinberg equilibrium?
1,920
Parasitic plants (2 types)
1. Absorb sugars, water, minerals from plant (nonphotosynthetic) 2. Only absorb water and minerals (photosynthetic)
THREE routes for short distance transport in a plant
1. Apoplastic: just traveling from cell wall to cell wall (not a filtering process). Forces solute to pass through membrane at least ONCE. 2. Symplastic: water and solutes traveling through cytosol to cytosol. Must cross a membrane. (Filtering process) 3. Transmembrane: water and solutes move out of one cell, across the cell wall, and into the neighboring cell. May pass on to the next cell in the same way.
basic process of the calvin cycle
1. Carbon fixation: -Rubisco (enzyme) catalyze RuBP and Carbon Dioxide -Creates a 6 Carbon molecule -Easily breaks down into 3 Carbon molecules. -Phosphorelate the molecule- A phosphate is added onto that 3 Carbon molecule 2. Reduction: -The molecule is reduced with NADPH -The end product is a G3P -There are actually 6 made, only one is a product 3. Regeneration of RuBP: -The other 5 G3P's (15 carbons) are recycled back to make 3 RuBP's (15 carbons)
Blood cellular elements
1. Erythrocytes: Red blood cells (O2&CO2 transport) 2. Leukocytes: white blood cells 3. Platelets: cytoplasmic fragments (blood clotting)
Growth hormone cycle
1. Hypothalamus secretes GHRH -> anterior pituitary 2. AP secretes GH 3a. GH-> liver-> produces IGF = growth 3b. GH... -inhibits GHRH production -stimulates samatostatin (inhibits GH production at AP)
Lamarck's ideas
1. Use and disuse 2. Inheritance of acquired traits
basic process of light cycle
1. light hits a chlorophil molecule, exciting the electron. 2. as the electron falls back down, it passes energy on to the next chlorophil molecule 3. this continues until energy is transferred to the P680 chlorophil... where it's electron get boosted up to the primary accepter (this electron will then be replaced by one from H2O) 4. the electron then gets passed through the ETC to photosystem 1. 5. Basically the same thing occurs in photosystem 2 EXCEPT: -P700 chlorophil gets its electron from photosystem 2 -the electron transport chain sends the electron to NADP+ to form NADPH (which is sent to the calvin cycle)
Mammalian groups
1. monotremes: lay eggs, no nipples 2. marsupials: pouch, where embryo completes development 3. Eutherians: placental animals, primates etc.
bulk flow from sugar source to sugar sink process
1. sugar enters the phloem sieve tube from the leaf, causing the tube to take up water by osmosis 2. this uptake of water generates positive pressure that forces the sap downward 3. pressure is relieved by the uptake of sugar by the root cells, and water diffuses back into the xylem. 4. xylem recycles water from sink to source
Plant species A has a diploid number of 8. A new species, B, arises as an autopolyploid from A. The diploid number of B would probably be
16
59) Atmospheric pressure at sea level is equal to a column of 760 mm Hg. Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere by volume. The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in such conditions is ___
160 mm Hg.
69) At sea level, atmospheric pressure is 760 mm Hg. Oxygen gas is approximately 21% of the total gases in the atmosphere, so the approximate partial pressure of oxygen is ___
160.0 mm Hg.
68) At an atmospheric pressure of 870 mm Hg of 21% oxygen, the partial pressure of oxygen is ___
182 mm Hg.
Darwin's 2 inferences
1: Individuals whose inherited traits give them a higher probability of surviving and reproducing in a given environment tend to leave more offspring than other individuals. 2: This unequal ability of individuals to survive and reproduce will lead to the accumulation of favorable traits in the population over generations.
Darwin's 4 observations
1: Members of a population often vary greatly in their traits 2: Traits are inherited from parents to offspring 3: All species are capable of producing more offspring that their environment can support 4: Owing to lack of food or other resources, many of these offspring do not survive.
Nitrification process
1a. N2->nitrogen fixing bacteria->NH3 1b. O.M.(humus)->amonifying bacteria->NH3 2. NH3 + H+(in soil)-> NH4+ 3. NH4+ ->nitrifying bacteria->NO3- (absorbed by roots) ... 4. NO3- -> denitrifying bacteria-> N2
Given a population that contains genetic variation, what is the correct sequence of the following events, under the influence of natural selection? 1. Differential reproduction occurs. 2. A new selective pressure arises. 3. Allele frequencies within the population change. 4. Poorly adapted individuals have decreased survivorship.
2, 4, 1, 3
Arrange the following five events in an order that explains the mass flow of materials in the phloem. 1. Water diffuses into the sieve tubes. 2. Leaf cells produce sugar by photosynthesis. 3. Solutes are actively transported into sieve tubes. 4. Sugar is transported from cell to cell in the leaf. 5. Sugar moves down the stem
2, 4, 3, 1, 5
18) A patient with a blood pressure of 120/75, a pulse rate of 40 beats/minute, a stroke volume of 70 mL/beat, and a respiratory rate of 25 breaths/minute will have a cardiac output of ___
2,800 mL/minute.
*Refer to figure for question 14 at: http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/case/biol215/qz02.html * If this figure is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then which taxon is unacceptable, based on cladistics?
3
Blood osmolarity
300 = normal 450= too concentrated, more aquaporins needed to reabsorb more H2O from tubule 200 = too dilute, limit aquaporins so less H2O is reabsorbed, and more H2O is excreted
51) The typical osmolarity of human blood is ___
300 mosm/L.
*Refer to figure for questions 12&13 at: http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/case/biol215/qz02.html * A common ancestor for both species C and E could be at position number
4
48) When the air in a testing chamber is specially mixed so that its oxygen content is 10% and its overall air pressure is 400 mm Hg, then PO2 is ___
40 mm Hg.
Plant species A has a diploid number of 28. Plant species B has a diploid number of 14. A new, sexually reproducing species C arises as an allopolyploid from hybridization of A and B. The diploid number of C would probably be
42
Topsoil composition % breakdown
45% minerals 25% water 25% air 5% organic matter
65) A person with a tidal volume of 450 mL, a vital capacity of 4,000 mL, and a residual volume of 1,000 mL would have a potential total lung capacity of ___
5,000 mL.
20) A stroke volume in the heart of 70 mL/cycle, with a pulse of 72 cycles per minute, results in a cardiac output of ___
5L/min
70) At the summit of a high mountain, the atmospheric pressure is 380 mm Hg. If the atmosphere is still composed of 21% oxygen, then the partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is ___
80 mm Hg.
24) Which of the following cell types are responsible for initiating a secondary immune response? A) memory cells B) macrophages C) stem cells D) B cells E) T cells
A
26) The MHC is important in a T cellʹs ability to A) distinguish self from nonself. B) recognize specific parasitic pathogens. C) identify specific bacterial pathogens. D) identify specific viruses. E) recognize differences among types of cancer.
A
29) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of A) protonephridia. B) metanephridia. C) Malpighian tubules. D) nephrons. E) ananephredia.
A
35) These cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, and they respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes: A) cytotoxic T cells B) natural killer cells C) helper T cells D) macrophages E) B cells
A
48) When antibodies attack antigens, clumping of the affected cells generally occurs. This is best explained by A) the shape of the antibody with at least two binding regions. B) disulfide bridges between the antigens. C) complement that makes the affected cells sticky. D) bonds between class I and class II MHC molecules. E) denaturation of the antibodies.
A
59) A bone marrow transplant may not be appropriate from a given donor (Jane) to a given recipient (Janeʹs cousin Bob), even though Jane has previously given blood for one of Bobʹs needed transfusions. Which of the following might account for this? A) Janeʹs blood type is a match to Bobʹs but her MHC proteins are not. B) A blood type match is less stringent than a match required for transplant because blood is more tolerant of change. C) For each gene, there is only one blood allele but many tissue alleles. D) Janeʹs class II genes are not expressed in bone marrow. E) Bobʹs immune response has been made inadequate before he receives the transplant.
A
61) Regulatory T cells ________. A) may function in preventing autoimmune reactions B) decrease their activity as antigenic stimulus decreases C) release cytokines that increase the activity of cytotoxic T cells and activated B cells D) are the most thoroughly understood T cells
A
64) An immune response to a tissue graft will differ from an immune response to a bacterium because A) MHC molecules of the donor may stimulate rejection of the graft tissue. B) the tissue graft, unlike the bacterium, is isolated from the circulation and will not enter into an immune response. C) a response to the graft will involve T cells and a response to the bacterium will not. D) a bacterium cannot escape the immune system by replicating inside normal body cells. E) the graft will stimulate an autoimmune response in the recipient.
A
65) Which of the following is a part of the second line of defense against microorganisms? A) phagocytes B) gastric juice C) keratin D) cilia
A
66) Which of the following could prevent the appearance of the symptoms of an allergy attack? A) blocking the attachment of the IgE antibodies to the mast cells B) blocking the antigenic determinants of the IgM antibodies C) reducing the number of helper T cells in the body D) A and B only E) B and C only
A
71) Some pathogens can undergo rapid changes resulting in antigenic variation. Which of the following is such a pathogen? A) the influenza virus, which expresses alternative envelope proteins B) the strep bacteria, which can be communicated from patient to patient with high efficiency C) human papilloma virus, that can remain latent for several years D) the causative agent of an autoimmune disease such as rheumatoid arthritis E) multiple sclerosis, that attacks the myelinated cells of the nervous system
A
77) Fever ________. A) production is regulated by chemicals that reset the body's thermostat to a higher setting B) causes the liver to release large amounts of iron, which seems to inhibit bacterial replication C) decreases the metabolic rate of the body to conserve energy D) is a higher-than-normal body temperature that is always dangerous
A
86) Natural killer (NK) cells ________. A) can kill cancer cells before the immune system is activated B) are also called cytotoxic T cells C) are cells of the adaptive immune system D) are a type of phagocyte
A
87) Select the correct statement about antigens. A) One antigen may have many different antigenic determinants and may therefore cause the formation of more than one antibody. B) "Self-antigens" is another name for incomplete antigens. C) Only small antigens exhibit reactivity. D) The largest type of antigen is called a hapten.
A
94) Select the correct statement about complement. A) An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target. B) Complement can be activated through three pathways: classical, secondary, and alternate. C) Complement proteins C1 through C9 act exclusively in the classical pathway. D) The membrane attack complex consists of complement proteins C3a through C5.
A
Which of the following is likely to have been produced by sexual selection?
A male lion's mane.
42) A toxin that specifically blocks active transport in the loop of Henle might result in which of the following? A) a decrease in the interstitial concentration of NaCl B) a decrease in the filtrate concentration ability of the kidney C) an increase in the amount of interstitial urea to maintain interstitial osmolarity D) A and C only E) A, B and C
A) a decrease in the interstitial concentration of NaCl B) a decrease in the filtrate concentration ability of the kidney C) an increase in the amount of interstitial urea to maintain interstitial osmolarity
59) ADH and RAAS work together in maintaining osmoregulatory homeostasis through which of the following ways?
ADH regulates the osmolarity of the blood by altering renal reabsorption of water, and RAAS maintains the osmolarity of the blood by stimulating Na+ reabsorption.
104) ________ is the most common type of immediate hypersensitivity.
Allergy
94) Select the correct statement about complement.
An adaptive immune mechanism is often involved in directing complement to its target.
A series of enzymes catalyze the reaction X->Y->Z->A. Product A binds to the enzyme that converts X to Y at a position remote from its active site. This binding decreases the activity of the enzyme. Substance A functions as...
An allosteric inhibitor.
The secretion of hormone A causes a change in the amount of protein X in an organism. If this mechanism works by positive feedback, which of the following statements represents that fact.
An increase in A, produces and increase in X.
3) Which choice best describes a reasonable mechanism for animal structures becoming better suited over evolutionary time to specific functions?
Animals with mutations that give rise to effective structures will become more abundant.
37) Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells? A) B cell contact antigen → helper T cell is activated → clonal selection occurs B) body cell becomes infected with a virus → new viral proteins appear → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface C) self-tolerance of immune cells → B cells contact antigen → cytokines released D) complement is secreted → B cell contacts antigen → helper T cell activated → cytokines released E) cytotoxic T cells → class II MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed → cytokines released → cell lysis
B
4) Which of the following is not true about helper T cells? A) They function in cell-mediated and humoral responses. B) They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. C) They bear surface CD4 molecules. D) They are subject to infection by HIV. E) When activated, they secrete cytokines.
B
47) Antibodies of the different classes IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, and IgE differ from each other in the A) way they are produced. B) way they interact with the antigen. C) type of cell that produces them. D) antigenic determinants that they recognize. E) number of carbohydrate subunits they have.
B
52) What happens to people who receive flu vaccinations? A) They develop active immunity to the flu. B) They develop passive immunity to the flu. C) They have immunity to smallpox infection. D) They have an increased number of natural killer (NK) cells. E) They develop a hypersensitive humoral immune response.
B
53) The process whereby neutrophils and other white blood cells are attracted to an inflammatory site is called ________. A) margination B) chemotaxis C) diapedesis D) phagocytosis
B
57) Osmoregulatory adjustment via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system can be triggered by A) sleeping for one hour. B) severe sweating on a hot day. C) eating a bag of potato chips. D) eating a pizza with olives and pepperoni. E) drinking several glasses of water.
B
58) What would be the major concern for an individual with type A blood who receives a transfusion of type B blood? A) the antibodies in the serum of the donor B) the antibodies in the serum of the recipient C) the anti-A antibodies produced by the donor D) the production of memory cells that will occur in the recipient E) antibodies in both the donor's and recipient's serum
B
59) A transfusion of type A blood given to a person who has type O blood would result in which of the following? A) the recipient's B antigens reacting with the donated anti-B antibodies B) the recipient's anti-A antibodies clumping the donated red blood cells C) the recipient's anti-A and anti-O antibodies reacting with the donated red blood cells if the donor was a heterozygote (Ai) for blood type D) no reaction because type O is a universal donor E) no reaction because the O-type individual does not have antibodies
B
7) All of the following represent adaptations by terrestrial animals to drying conditions except A) anhydrobiosis. B) salt glands. C) efficient kidneys. D) impervious surfaces. E) increased thirst.
B
70) A person with AIDS would be unlikely to suffer from which of the following diseases? A) cancer B) rheumatoid arthritis C) hepatitis D) tuberculosis E) influenza
B
70) Complement proteins and antibodies coat a microorganism and provide binding sites, enabling macrophages and neutrophils to phagocytize the organism. This phenomenon is termed ________. A) diapedesis B) opsonization C) agglutination D) chemotaxis
B
75) The genetic material of HIV consists of A) single-stranded DNA. B) single-stranded RNA. C) double-stranded DNA. D) double-stranded RNA. E) none of the above
B
75) Which of the following statements is incorrect or false? A) MHC proteins are the cell's identity markers. B) Class II MHC molecules appear only on the surface of antigen-presenting cells, thymic cells, and T cells that have been activated by exposure to antigens. C) Haptens lack immunogenicity unless attached to protein carriers. D) Class 1 MHC molecules are built into the plasma membranes of all body cells.
B
76) Double-stranded viral DNA is incorporated into a host cell as a A) promoter. B) provirus. C) transposon. D) lac. E) homeobox.
B
80) Select the correct statement about active and passive immunity. A) Immunological memory is established by passive immunization. B) Active and passive humoral immunity are both mechanisms of adaptive immunity that use antibodies. C) A vaccination is an example of the introduction of passive immunity into the body. D) The antibodies utilized in active immunity are acquired from another organism.
B
81) Which of the following is not true about helper T cells? A) They function in both cell-mediated and humoral immune responses. B) They recognize polysaccharide fragments presented by class II MHC molecules. C) They bear surface CD4 molecules. D) They are subject to infection by HIV. E) When activated, they secrete cytokines.
B
86) HIV targets include all of the following except A) macrophages. B) cytotoxic T cells. C) helper T cells. D) cells bearing CD4 and fusin. E) brain cells.
B
89) The primary immune response ________. A) occurs when memory cells are stimulated B) has a lag period while B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells C) is another name for immunological memory D) occurs more rapidly and is stronger than the secondary response
B
KNOW PROCESS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
BOTH LIGHT CYCLE AND CALVIN CYCLE
Gills- concurrent exchange
Blood & water flow in same direction (less efficient) -mostly in O2 rich environments
Gills- countercurrent exchange
Blood & water travel in opposite direction in gill capillaries (more efficient)
What happens when beta cells of the pancreas release insulin into the blood?
Body cells take up more glucose.
Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs........
Both B and C are correct
Which structure possesses specialized cells called podocytes?
Bowman's capsule
13) Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
Bsecretion of urea
19) The clonal selection theory is an explanation for how A) a single type of stem cell can produce both red blood cells and white blood cells. B) V gene and J gene segments are rearranged. C) an antigen can provoke development of very few cells to result in production of high levels of specific antibodies. D) HIV can disrupt the immune system. E) macrophages can recognize specific T cells and B cells.
C
20) A person exposed to a new cold virus would not feel better for one to two weeks because A) specific B cells and T cells must be selected prior to a protective response. B) it takes up to two weeks to stimulate immunologic memory cells. C) phagocytic cells must first be activated by the complement system. D) antigen receptors are not the same. E) V-J gene rearrangement must occur prior to a response.
C
31) The osmoregulatory process called secretion refers to the A) formation of filtrate at an excretory structure. B) reabsorption of nutrients from a filtrate. C) selective elimination of excess ions and toxins from body fluids. D) formation of an osmotic gradient along an excretory structure. E) expulsion of urine from the body.
C
33) The EBV antigen fragments will be presented by the virus-infected cells along with which of the following? A) complement B) antibodies C) class I MHC molecules D) class II MHC molecules E) Dendritic cells
C
33) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an insect is based on the operation of A) protonephridia. B) metanephridia. C) Malpighian tubules. D) nephrons. E) ananephredia.
C
46) Which of the following is not a type of T cell? A) regulatory B) cytotoxic C) antigenic D) helper
C
52) Which of the following statements regarding NK cells is a false or incorrect statement? A) NK cells attack cancer cells and virus-infected body cells. B) NK cells attack cells that display abnormal MHC antigens. C) NK cells are a type of neutrophil. D) NK cells are present in the blood, spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow.
C
53) Naturally acquired passive immunity would involve the A) injection of vaccine. B) ingestion of interferon. C) placental transfer of antibodies. D) absorption of pathogens through mucous membranes. E) injection of antibodies.
C
54) Small molecules that bind with self-proteins to produce antigenic substances are called ________. A) reagins B) antibodies C) haptens D) ions
C
55) Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in phagocytosis? A) chemotaxis, ingestion, digestion, adherence, killing B) adherence, digestion, killing, ingestion, chemotaxis C) chemotaxis, adherence, ingestion, digestion, killing D) ingestion, adherence, chemotaxis, digestion, killing
C
57) Which of the following does not respond to cell-mediated immunity? A) foreign tissue transplants B) some cancer cells C) pathogens in the CNS D) intracellular pathogens that reside within host cells
C
58) The number of MHC protein combinations possible in a given population is enormous. However, an individual in that population has only a couple of MHC possibilities. Why? A) The MHC proteins are made from several different gene regions that are capable of rearranging in a number of ways. B) MHC proteins from one individual can only be of class I or class II. C) Each of the MHC genes has a large number of alleles, but each individual only inherits 2 for each gene. D) Once a B cell has matured in the bone marrow, it is limited to two MHC response categories. E) Once a T cell has matured in the thymus, it can only respond to two MHC categories.
C
68) Graft rejection may be caused by ________. A) total body irradiation B) use of immunosuppressive drugs C) using a xenograft D) treatment with antilymphocyte serum
C
71) Which choice could be used as an analogy to describe how HIV affects the body? A) bypassing a light switch so that electricity is constantly flowing to a light B) rebooting a computer after getting a program error message C) snipping the wires coming from a car battery so that no electricity flows to the car components D) an elevator stopping at the floor for which the button has been pushed E) changing the color of your house to match the color of your car
C
76) Phagocyte mobilization involves ________. A) diapedesis, during which cells line up against the capillary wall B) monocytes as the most active phagocyte C) mainly neutrophil and macrophage migration into inflamed areas D) margination, which is the process of white cell movement through the walls of capillaries into injured tissues
C
79) Select the correct statement about the prevention of immune attack on "self." A) Neutrophils capable of binding to self-antigens are chemically inactivated. B) The development of tolerance is specific to B cells only. C) Tolerance is developed during fetal life. D) Tolerance to self is due to the action of foreign antigens that inactivate the immune response to one's own tissues.
C
99) Which of the following is not a method by which antibodies work? A) agglutinating and precipitating antigen B) neutralizing antigen C) activating cytokines D) enhancing phagocytosis
C
*Refer to figure for questions 12&13 at: http://www.smccd.edu/accounts/case/biol215/qz02.html * The two extant species that are most closely related to each other are
C and D
Typically mutations that modify the active site of an enzyme are more likely to be harmful than mutations that affect other parts of the enzyme. A hypothetical enzyme consists of four domains (A-D), and the amino acid sequences of these four domains have been determined in five related species. Given the proportion of amino acid homologies among the five species at each of the four domains, which domain probably contains the active site? Enzymes A: 38% B: 8% C: 78% D: 45%
C, because it has the highest percentage
Consider the following: Succinate dehydrogenase catalyzes the conversion of succinate to fumarate. The reaction is inhibited by malonic acid, which resembles succinate but cannot be acted upon by succinate dehydrogenase. Increasing the ratio of succinate to malonic acid reduces the inhibitory effect of malonic acid. Which of the following is correct? A) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and fumarate is the substrate B) Succinate dehydrogenase is the enzyme, and malonic acid is the substrate C) Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product D) Fumarate is the product, and malonic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor E) Malonic acid is the product, and fumarate is a competitive inhibitor
C.) Succinate is the substrate, and fumarate is the product
Alternative mechanisms for carbon fixation (in hot/arid climates)
C4 plants: PEP carboxylase selectively fixes CO2 to PEP instead of RuBP (because it is more efficient and doesn't waste energy fixing O2) CAM plants: Only open stomata at night. Perform light cycle during the day, and calvin at night.
Cell respiration formula
C6H12O6 + O2 -> CO2 + H2O + Energy
67) Breathing is usually regulated by ___
CO2 and O2 concentration and pH-level sensors.
What is the name of the person who devised a taxonomic system that used morphological features as the primary criteria for classifying organisms?
Carolus Linnaeus
When 10,000 molecules of ATP are hydrolyzed to ADP and P in a test tube, about twice as much heat is liberated as when a cell hydrolyzes the same amount of ATP. Which of the following is the best explanation for this observation?
Cells convert some of the energy of ATP hydrolysis into other forms of energy besides heat.
During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, "The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result." Which statement would you use to correct this student's misconception?
Characteristics acquired during an organism's life are generally not passed on through genes.
17) Major innate mechanism that mediates destruction of foreign substances in the body.
Complement
Major innate mechanism that mediates destruction of foreign substances in the body.
Complement
90) Select the correct statement about the function of antibodies.
Complement fixation is the main mechanism by which antibodies provide protection.
Causes of variation in sexual reproduction
Crossing over Independent assortment Random mating Random fertilization
14) What is the single most important event establishing a primary immune response? A) the presentation of viral protein complexed to class I MHC B) the lyses of virally infected cells by cytotoxic T cells C) the phagocytosis of microbes by antigen-presenting cells D) the recognition of self versus foreign E) apoptosis of virally infected cells
D
17) If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen? A) His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface. B) His humoral immunity would be missing. C) Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur. D) His T cells would not mature and differentiate appropriately. E) His B cells would be reduced in number and antibodies would not form.
D
17) If a newborn were accidentally given a drug that destroyed the thymus, what would most likely happen? A) His cells would lack class I MHC molecules on their surface. B) His immune system would not function. C) Genetic rearrangement of antigen receptors would not occur. D) His T cells would not undergo the test of self-tolerance. E) His B cells would be reduced in number.
D
50) What is the primary function of humoral immunity? A) It primarily defends against fungi and protozoa. B) It is responsible for transplant tissue rejection. C) It protects the body against cells that become cancerous. D) It produces antibodies that circulate in body fluids. E) It primarily defends against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells.
D
51) Which of the following statements about humoral immunity is correct? A) It primarily defends against fungi and protozoa. B) It is responsible for transplant tissue rejection. C) It protects the body against cells that become cancerous. D) It is mounted by lymphocytes that have matured in the bone marrow. E) It primarily defends against bacteria and viruses that have already infected cells.
D
54) A major difference between active and passive immunity is that active immunity requires A) acquisition and activation of antibodies. B) proliferation of lymphocytes in bone marrow. C) transfer of antibodies from the mother across the placenta. D) direct exposure to a living or simulated pathogen. E) secretion of interleukins from macrophages.
D
55) Jenner successfully used cowpox virus as a vaccine against the virus that causes smallpox. Why was he successful even though he used viruses of different kinds? A) The immune system responds nonspecifically to antigens. B) The cowpox virus made antibodies in response to the presence of smallpox. C) Cowpox and smallpox are antibodies with similar immunizing properties. D) There are some antigenic determinants common to both pox viruses. E) All of the above are true.
D
63) Which of the statements below does not describe antigens? A) Antigens can include proteins, nucleic acids, lipoproteins, glycoproteins, and certain large polysaccharides. B) Antigens exhibit immunogenicity and reactivity. C) The parts of antigen molecules that initiate immune responses are called epitopes or antigenic determinants. D) Antigens only come from microbes.
D
74) Innate immune system defenses include ________. A) plasma cells B) B cells C) T cells D) phagocytosis
D
81) Cytotoxic T cells ________. A) function mainly to stimulate the proliferation of other T cell populations B) self-destruct once the antigen has been neutralized C) require the double recognition signal of I MHC plus II MHC on the target cell in order to function D) are the only T cells that can directly attack and kill other cells
D
82) Which of the following molecules is incorrectly paired with a source? A) lysozyme—tears B) interferons—virus-infected cells C) antibodies—B cells D) chemokines—cytotoxic T cells E) cytokines—helper T cells
D
97) Which statement is true about T cells? A) Once activated, they cannot secrete cytokines. B) They usually directly recognize antigens, which then activates a subpopulation of killer cells. C) They will develop into cytotoxic T cells if antigen is complexed with class II MHC proteins. D) Their proliferation is enhanced by interleukins 1 and 2.
D
Which of the following is one important evolutionary feature of the diploid condition?
Diploid organisms express less of their genetic variability than haploid organisms.
46) Why can normal immune responses be described as polyclonal?
Diverse antibodies are produced for different epitopes of a specific antigen.
27) The MHC is important in A) distinguishing self from nonself. B) recognizing parasitic pathogens. C) identifying bacterial pathogens. D) identifying cancer cells. E) both A and D
E
38) The following events occur when a mammalian immune system first encounters a pathogen. Place them in correct sequence and then choose the answer that indicates that sequence. I. Pathogen is destroyed. II. Lymphocytes secrete antibodies. III. Antigenic determinants from pathogen bind to antigen receptors on lymphocytes. IV. Lymphocytes specific to antigenic determinants from pathogen become numerous. V. Only memory cells remain. A) I, III, II, IV, V B) III, II, I, V, IV C) II, I, IV, III, V D) IV, II, III, I, V E) III, IV, II, I, V
E
39) Which cell type interacts with both the humoral and cell-mediated immune pathways? A) plasma cells B) cytotoxic T cells C) natural killer cells D) CD8 cells E) helper T cells
E
42) A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to A) respond to T-independent antigens. B) lyse tumor cells. C) stimulate a cytotoxic T cell. D) interact with a class I MHC-antigen complex. E) interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.
E
68) What aspect of the immune response would a patient who has a parasitic worm infection and another patient responding to an allergen such as ragweed pollen have in common? A) Both patients would have an increase in cytotoxic T cell number. B) Both patients would suffer from anaphylactic shock. C) Both patients would risk development of an autoimmune disease. D) Both patients would be suffering from a decreased level of innate immunity. E) Both patients would have increased levels of IgE.
E
3) To become bound to hemoglobin for transport in a mammal, atmospheric molecules of oxygen must cross ___
E) five membranes in and out of the cell lining the lung, in and out of the endothelial cell lining the pulmonary capillary, and into the red blood cell to bind with hemoglobin.
Which of the following is NOT true of vertically oriented phylogenic trees?
Each branch point represents a point in absolute time.
First law of thermodynamics
Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
Which of the following is not true of enzymes?
Enzymes provide activation energy for the reaction they catalyze.
Second law of thermodynamics
Every energy transfer or transformation increases the entropy of the universe.
33) A given pathogen will provoke either a cell-mediated response or an antibody-mediated response but not both.
FALSE
34) Fever is seldom beneficial because it speeds up the cellular metabolic rate and will not allow antigen-antibody reactions to occur.
FALSE
35) Monoclonal antibodies can be specific for several antigenic determinants.
FALSE
37) Urea is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle.
FALSE
44) The macula densa cells are chemoreceptors that respond to changes in the urea content of the filtrate.
FALSE
Transformation
Genotype and sometimes phenotype of a prokaryote is changed by foreign DNA. Pathogenic strand of DNA is encorporated into its own genome. * Intentional, they have receptors and purposefully try to attain foreign DNA
If penicillin is an antibiotic that inhibits enzymes from catalyzing the synthesis of peptidoglycan, then which prokaryotes should be most vulnerable to inhibition by penicillin?
Gram-positive bacteria
In an environment in which members of a popultion compete with each other for resources, a change occurs that selects agains members that exhibit a particular dominant trait (the trait exhibits complete dominance). Which graph best depicts the trends in genotypic frequencies that would be expected to occur over time?
Graph where: -Homozygous dominant is decreasing -Heterozygous is decreasing -Homozygous recessive is increasing (Graph B on our original test)
Distal tubule
H+ & K+ pumped into tubule NaCl pumped out of tubule H2O reabsorption out of tubule
prezygotic barriers
Habitat isolation Temporal isolation Behavioral isolation (mating attempted) Mechanical isolation Gametic isolation -Sperm is unable to fertilize ova (fertilization occurs)
90) Which of the following reactions prevails in red blood cells traveling through alveolar capillaries? (Hb = hemoglobin)
Hb + 4 O2 → Hb(O2)4
Which of the following is true
Hormones regulate cellular functions, and negative feedback regulates hormone leves.
41) Dissolved proteins in human plasma include which of the following? I. fibrinogen II. hemoglobin III. immunoglobulin
I and III only
In which region would nutrients be actively transported to the blood?
II (directly next to crescent)
21) Main antibody of both primary and secondary immune response.
IgG
How does positive feedback differ from negative feedback?
In positive feedback, the effector's response is in the same direction as the initiating stimulus rather than the opposite to it
Paraphyletic group
Includes ancestral species and SOME of it's descendants. Missing some
Clad/ Monophyletic group
Includes ancestral species and all of its descendants . There are smaller clads that belong to larger groups of other clads.
Polyphyletic group
Includes members who have different ancestors.
14) Innate defense system.
Inflammatory response and skin and mucous membranes
In plant roots, the Casparian strip is correctly described by which of the following?
It ensures that all water and dissolved substances must pass through a cell before entering the stele.
12) Which of the following is true of ammonia?
It is soluble in water.
Which of the following is true to ammonia?
It is soluble in water.
Why is ATP an important molecule in metabolism?
It provides energy coupling between exergonic and endergonic reactions
Which of the following statements about xylem is incorrect?
It transports mainly sugars and amino acids
Upon their discovery by Europeans, koalas were classified as bears (Ursidae). Later, it became apparent that koalas are not bears but marsupial mammals of the family Phascolarctidae. For as long as the koalas were classified as bears, what was true of the family Ursidea?
It was polyphyletic.
UV IRRADIATION CAUSE THE SKIN..
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
94) Select the correct statement about urinary system development.
Kidneys develop from urogenital ridges.
Marine verses Freshwater fish
LEARN THIS WUT?
In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko exposed winter wheat plants to ever-colder temperatures,collected their seeds, and then exposed the seedlings to ever-colder temperatures. He repeated his attempts over the course of decades in an attempt to evolve cold-tolerant winter wheat.Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of
Lamark
Photosynthesis formula
Light Energy + 6H2O + 6CO2 -> C6H12O6 + 6O2
Bulk flow
Long distance transport in plants, driven by pressure in the xylem *This is acquired with transpiration
An enzyme catalyzes a reaction by
Lowering the energy of activation of a reaction.
ESTIMATING DENSITY FORMULA
N = (n1xn2)/m N= total population n1= number animals first marked and released n2=number animals caught in second sample m= number of marked animals in second sample
Which of the following statement about NAD+ is false?
NAD+ has more chemical energy than NADH
In addition to ATP, what are the end products of glycolysis?
NADH and pyruvate
Poikilothermic ectoderm
NORMAL COLD BLOODED conforms to great range of temp gets heat from outside world
Homeothermic endoderm
NORMAL MAMMAL regulates body temp makes own heat
Conditions of Hardy-Weinberg
No mutations Random mating No natural selection Large population size No gene flow
The endocrine system and nervous system are chemically related. Which of the following best illustrates this relationship?
Norepinephrine
Changes to the nucleotide sequence within a gene can occur through which processes?
Only A and B are correct.
Transduction
Phages carry random pieces of chromosome containing bacterial genes from one cell to another. This causes that DNA to be inserted to the new genome. * Viruses infect bacteria, attain some of that bacteria's DNA. Then when it infects another bacterial cell, bringing the others DNA to the new bacteria.
Which of teh following statements best describes the relationship between photosynthesis and respiration?
Photosynthesis stores energy in complex organic molecules, while respiration releases it.
Which of the following is the unit of evolution? In other words, which of the following can evolve in the Darwinian sense?
Population
You are studying three populations of birds. Population 1 has ten birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait) rather than red. Population 2 has 100 birds. In that population, ten of the birds are brown. Population 3 has 30 birds, and three of them are brown. Use the following options to answer the questions: A. Population 1 B. Population 2 C. Population 3 D. They are all the same. E. It is impossible to tell from the information given. Which population is most likely to be subject to the bottleneck effect?
Population 1
Prolactin stimulates mammary gland growth and development in mammals and regulates salt and water balance in freshwater fish. Many scientists think that this wide range of functions indicates which of the following?
Prolactin is an evolutionary conserved hormone
A researcher wants to determine the genetic relatedness of several breeds of dog. The researcher should compare homologous sequences of ___ that are known to be ___.
Proteins or nucleic acids; poorly conserved
96) Which statement is correct? A) Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled. B) The excretion of sodium ions is one of the mechanisms that maintains the pH balance of the blood. C) Most of the water passing through the kidney is eliminated as urine. D) Normal filtrate contains a large amount of protein.
Reabsorption of water is hormonally controlled.
postzygotic barriers
Reduced hybrid viability Reduced hybrid fertility Hybrid breakdown - if first hybrid generation is viable, but when they reproduce... The second generation is feeble or sterile
Regulators verses conformers
Regulators: Regulate internal change based on external change (body temp of an otter) Conformers: allows external fluctuation to influence its internal conditions (fish body temp changes with water temp)
In a practice known as crop rotation, farmers alternate a crop of legumes (plants whose roots bear nodules containing Rhizobium) with a crop of non-legumes. What is the benefit of this practice?
Rhizobium fixes nitrogen, and the fixed nitrogen will fertilize the soil.
62) African lungfish, which are often found in small stagnant pools of fresh water, produce urea as a nitrogenous waste. What is the advantage of this adaptation?
Small stagnant pools do not provide enough water to dilute the toxic ammonia.
Explain root/soil/mineral interaction and absorption process
Soil is - charged + minerals cling root hair pumps out protons to exchange for essential cations in soil
22) In the kidneys, the countercurrent mechanism involves the interaction between the flow of filtrate through the loop of Henle of the juxtamedullary nephrons (the countercurrent multiplier) and the flow of blood through the limbs of adjacent blood vessels (the countercurrent exchanger). This relationship establishes and maintains an osmotic gradient extending from the cortex through the depths of the medulla that allows the kidneys to vary urine concentration dramatically.
TRUE
27) The mechanism of the "lethal hit" of cytotoxic T cells and NK cells involves a protein called perforin.
TRUE
28) Cellular ingestion and destruction of particulate matter is called phagocytosis.
TRUE
38) Anaphylactic shock can result from an immediate hypersensitivity where the allergen enters the blood.
TRUE
When using cladistic approach to systematics, which of the following is considered most important for classification?
The degree of evolutionary divergence
In DNA molecules, A-T base pairs are held to each other by two hydrogen bonds, whereas the more stable G-C base pairs are held to each other by three hydrogen bonds. If DNA mutability increases as DNA stability decreases, then which of the five exons of a hypothetical gene should be most highly conserved over evolutionary time (assuming no selection and no transposition occurs)? Data chart given with each exon and it's % A-T pairs & % G-C pairs
The exon with the least % of A-T pairs, and the most % G-C pairs... (Exon C)
Both Darwin's and Lamarck's ideas regarding evolution suggest which of the following?
The interaction of organisms with their environment is important in the evolutionary process
Which statement is true about marine fishes?
The kidneys of marine fishes excrete little urine.
A marine sea star was mistakenly placed in freshwater and it died. What is the most likely explanation?
The sea star is hypertonic to the freshwater, and it could not osmoregulate.
37) Which of the following is not true concerning transport epithelia involved in water balance?
The surface area is small, which prevents excessive water loss.
Which of the following is not true concerning transport epithelia involved in water balance?
The surface area is small, which prevents excessive water loss.
All of the following statements are correct regarding the Calvin cycle EXCEPT:
These reactions begin soon after sundown and end before sunrise.
You are studying three populations of birds. Population 1 has ten birds, of which one is brown (a recessive trait) rather than red. Population 2 has 100 birds. In that population, ten of the birds are brown. Population 3 has 30 birds, and three of them are brown. Use the following options to answer the questions: A. Population 1 B. Population 2 C. Population 3 D. They are all the same. E. It is impossible to tell from the information given. In which population is the frequency of the allele for brown feathers highest?
They are all the same.
Why do nitric oxide and epinephrine have in common?
They both function as neurotransmitters and hormones (a and b)
Two closely related populations of mice have been separated for a long period by a river. Climatic change causes the river to dry up, thereby bringing the mice populations back into contact in a zone of overlap. Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome when they meet?
They interbreed in the region of overlap, producing an inferior hybrid. Subsequent interbreeding between inferior hybrids produces progressively superior hybrids over several generations.
84) Which of the following is true of immediate hypersensitivities?
They involve IgE antibodies and the release of histamine from mast cells and basophils.
13) Which of the following is a false statement about innate immunity?
They must be primed by the presence of antigen.
Which of the following statements correctly describes catabolic pathways?
They release energy as they degrade polymers to monomers.
Why are C4 plants able to photosynthesize with no apparent photorespiration?
They use PEP carboxylase to initially fix CO2
Shared Derived Characters
Trait shared by all in the group, but the ancestor did not have that trait. (hair on mammals, all mammals have hair but their common ancestor did not)
Shared Ancestral Characters/Shared Primitive characters
Trait that originated in an ancestor of that group. (backbone of mammals, all mammals and their common ancestor share the same backbone structure)
In which region would urine become more concentrated?
VII (farthest from crescent)
LEARN THESE CYCLES
WATER CARBON NITROGEN PHOSPHOROUS
Water potential formula
Water potential = solute potential + pressure potential
Which statement about natural selection is most correct?
Well-adapted individuals leave more offspring, and thus contribute more to the gene pool, than poorly adapted individuals.
Genetic drift
When allele frequencies fluctuate unpredictably -Founder affect -Bottleneck affect
76) You are studying a large tropical reptile that has a high and relatively stable body temperature. How would you determine whether this animal is an endotherm or an ectotherm?
You subject this reptile to various temperatures in the lab and find that its body temperature and metabolic rate change with the ambient temperature. You conclude that it is an ectotherm.
56) In mammals this response is known as fever, but it is known to raise body temperature in other bacterially infected animals, including lizards, fishes, and cockroaches.
a change in the body's thermostat "set point"
The decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of
a cline
8) Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have ___
a closed circulatory system
49) The sun shining on a tidal pool during a hot day heats the water. As some water evaporates, the pool becomes saltier, causing A) a decrease in its carbon dioxide content. B) a decrease in its oxygen content. C) an increase in its ability to sustain aerobic organisms. D) a decrease in the water's density. E) a decrease in the movement of the water molecules.
a decrease in its oxygen content.
7) A significant increase in the amount of interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary beds of a human's lungs will cause ___
a decrease in the amount of oxygen moving from the lungs into the blood
A toxin that specifically blocks active transport in the loop of Henle might result in which of the following?
a decrease in the interstitial concentration of NaCl and in the filtrate concentration abilities of the kidney and an increase in the amount of interstitial urea to maintain interstitial osmolarity (A B C)
63) The exhalation of air from human lungs is driven by ___
a decrease in the volume of the thoracic cavity.
Hormone x produces its effect in its target cells via the cAMP second messenger system. which of the following will produce the greatest effect in the cell?
a molecule of hormone x applied to the extracellular fluid surrounding the cell
79) In an animal species known for endurance running rather than fast sprinting, you would expect to find ___
a much higher rate of oxygen consumption for its size.
the endocrine system and the nervous system are structurally related. which of the following cells best illustrates this relationship?
a neurosecretory cell in the hypothalamus
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium,
a new species accumulates most of its unique features as it comes into existence.
59) The body fluids of freshwater crustaceans generally have a lower osmolarity than the body fluids of their nearest marine crustacean relatives. Which of the following is a benefit of reduced osmolarity of body fluids in freshwater crustaceans?
a reduction in energy expenditures for osmoregulation
93) Which of the following is not a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?
a second exposure to an allergen
Which is it that some body cells respond differently to the same peptide hormones?
a target cell's response is determined by the product of a signal transduction pathway
40) Stomach cells are moderately well adapted to the acidity and protein-digesting activities in the stomach by having ___
a thick, mucous secretion and active mitosis of epithelial cells.
12) A portal system is ___
a vessel or vessels connecting two capillary beds
Which of the following would be a position held by an adherent of the punctuated equilibrium theory?
a. A new species forms most of its unique features as it comes into existence and then changes little for the duration of its existence.
Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from the same embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret theses similarities?
a. By identifying the bones as being homologous AND c. By proposing that humans, bats, and dolphins share a common ancestor
When electrons move closer to a more electronegative atom, what happens? a. Energy is released b. Energy is consumed c. The more electronegative atom is reduced. d. the more electronegative atom is oxidized. e. A and C are correct
a. Energy is released AND c. The more electronegative atom is reduced. So... e. A and C are correct.
Endergonic reactions
absorbs free energy from surroundings, stores free energy in molecules. *Every exergonic reaction needs an endergonic reaction to get its energy from* (Example of photosynthesis)
Large intestine
absorption of water
conduction
acquire/lose heat through a hard surface
57) Air-breathing insects carry out gas exchange ___
across the membranes of their cells.
The primary role of oxygen in cellular respiration is to
act as an acceptor for electrons and hydrogen, forming water.
47) A normal event in the process of blood clotting is the ___
activation of prothrombin to thrombin.
Transpiration in plants requires all of the following EXCEPT:
active transport the the xylem cells
tropic hormone
acts on endocrine tissue TSH->thyroid->releases something that acts on hypothalamus
non tropic hormone
acts on somatic tissues
Acclimatization
adaptations that are responses to the changes in the environmental conditions (in the natural environment)
Acclimation
adaptations that occur through experimentally induced stressors (in the lab)
eutrophication
addition of the limiting element to an ecosystem -overproduction of photosynthetic organisms -results in death of ecosystems
Which of the following glands is controlled directly by the hypothalamus or central nervous system but not the anterior pituitary?
adrenal medulla
73) Which of the following would be classified as a delayed hypersensitivity reaction?
allergic contact dermatitis
conformer
allows internal conditions to vary with the changes of the external environment
53) In mammals, most gas exchange between the atmosphere and the pulmonary blood occurs in the ___
alveoli.
30) What substance is secreted by the proximal-tubule cells and prevents the pH of urine from becoming too acidic?
ammonia
33) A species that has a normal resting systolic blood pressure of >260 mm Hg is likely to be ___
an animal that has a very long distance between its heart and its brain.
19) The clonal selection theory is an explanation for how ___
an antigen can provoke development of very few cells to result in production of high levels of specific antibodies.
5) Evolutionary adaptations that help diverse animals directly exchange matter between cells and the environment include ___
an external respiratory surface, a small body size, and a two-cell-layered body.
42) An example of effectors' roles in homeostatic responses is observable when ___
an increase in body temperature results from involuntary shivering.
72) An increase from pH 7.2 to pH 7.4 around hemoglobin causes ___
an increase in the affinity of hemoglobin to bind oxygen molecules.
One reason a person might be severely overweight is due to
an undersecretion of thyroxine
81) An anthropologist discovers the fossilized heart of an extinct animal. The evidence indicates that the organism's heart was large, well-formed, and had four chambers, with no connection between the right and left sides. A reasonable conclusion supported by these observations is that the ___
animal was endothermic and had a high metabolic rate.
endothermy
animals generate heat by metabolism
ectothermy
animals that gain heat through external sources
35) Which of the following is (are) not involved in the activation and functioning of cytotoxic T cells?
antigen-presenting cells
18) The clonal selection theory implies that ___
antigens activate specific lymphocytes.
18) Clonal selection implies that ___
antigens increase mitosis in specific lymphocytes.
53) Most land-dwelling invertebrates and all of the amphibians ___
are ectothermic organisms with variable body temperatures.
5) Circulatory systems in mollusks ___
are open in species of small-sized molluscs and are closed in species of large-sized mollusks.
Analogous structures
are the similarities between species that developed through convergent evolution
Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bat? The
arm of a human
Local signaling: inside body
autocrine: changes self paracrine: changes nearby cells
A new plant species formed from the hybridization between a plant with a diploid number of 16 and a plant with a diploid number of 12 would probably have a gamete chromosome number of
b. 14.
Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails just as fish do, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are
b. Examples of convergent evolution AND c. adaptations to a common environment
Which of the following is a way that allopolyploidy can most directly cause speciation?
b. It can overcome hybrid sterility.
Which of these fly organs, as they exist in current fly populations, best fits the description of an exaptation?
b. halteres
Which of the molecules shown represents urea?
b. o on top. h2n on left. c in middle. nh2 on right.
If these fly species lost the ability to fly independently of each other (the result of separate mutation events in each lineage), then the flightless condition in these species could be an example of
b. species selection.
What kind of speciation has occurred in this example, and what has driven it?
b. sympatric speciation, habitat differentiation
The origin of a new plant species by hybridization coupled with nondisjunction is an example of
b. sympatric speciation.
The value for * in root tissue was found to be -0.15 MPa. If you take the root tissue and place it in a .1 M solution of sucrose (*= -.23), net water flow would
be from the tissue into the sucrose solution
43) Cyanide poisons mitochondria by blocking the final step in the electron transport chain. Human red blood cells placed in an isotonic solution containing cyanide are likely to ___
be unaffected.
25) Pepsin is a digestive enzyme that ___
begins the hydrolysis of proteins in the stomach.
Mating fruit flies recognize the appearance, odor, tapping motions, and sounds of members of their own species, but not of other species.
behavioral
The usual isolating mechanism keeping closely related species of birds re productively isolated from each other is _______ isolation.
behavioral
small intestine
bile from liver-> fats pancreatic amylase, trypsin, nuclease, lipase (carbs, proteins, nucleic acid, fat) -enzymes from epithelial cells- (carbs, proteins, nucleic acids) ABSORPTION INTO VILLI-> BLOODSTREAM
Connective tissue
binds and supports other tissues -extracellular matrix & secretory cells -collagenous (strong&flexible), elastic (stored energy), reticular (joining) -cartilage, adipose, blood, bone, fibrous, loose connective
MONKEYS
biogeography
58) An oil-water mixture works as an insecticidal spray against mosquitoes and other insects because it ___
blocks the openings into the tracheal system.
vasoconstriction
blood flow decreases, reducing heat loss
vasodilation
blood flow increases, facilitating heat loss
37) The diagnosis of hypertension in adults is based on the ___
blood pressure being greater than 140 mm Hg systolic and/or >90 diastolic.
19) An example of a connective tissue is the ___
blood.
36) Which of the following is a pathway that would lead to the activation of cytotoxic T cells?
body cell becomes infected with a virus → synthesis of new viral proteins → class I MHC molecule-antigen complex displayed on cell surface
59) Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) are ___
both measured in animals in a resting and fasting state.
74) Hemoglobin and hemocyanin ___
both transport oxygen.
Parts of mammalian nephron in order
bowman's capsule proximal tubule descending loop of Henle ascending loop of Henle distal tubule collecting duct
Catabolic pathways
break down complex molecules into simpler compounds. (cellular respiration). Energy that was stored in the organic molecules becomes available for the cell's use. "downhill"
degradation
break down of large complex molecules into smaller pollutants
In each fly species, the entire body segment that gave rise to the original flight wings is missing. The mutation(s) that led to the flightless condition probably affected the ____ genes, making the initial mutants examples of ____.
c. Hox; complete metamorphosis
Two closely related populations of mice have been separated for a long period by a river. Climatic change causes the river to dry up, thereby bringing the mice populations back into contact in a zone of overlap. Which of the following is not a possible outcome when they meet?
c. They interbreed in the region of overlap, producing an inferior hybrid. Subsequent interbreeding between inferior hybrids produces progressively superior hybrids over several generations.
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium,
c. a new species accumulates most of its unique features as it comes into existence.
Synthesis of ATP by the chemiosmotic mechanism a. photosynthesis b. respiration c. both photosynthesis and respiration d. neither photosynthesis nor respiration
c. both photosynthesis and respiration
Which of the following would be an example of macroevolution?
c. evolution of modern humans, Homo sapiens, from australopithecine ancestors
44) The osmolarity of human urine ___
can be four times as great as normal osmolarity of human plasma.
23) The set of blood vessels with the slowest velocity of blood flow are ___
capillaries
All of the events bellow occur in the light reactions of photosynthesis EXCEPT:
carbon dioxide is incorporated into PGA
66) During most daily activities, the human respiration rate is most closely linked to the blood levels of ___
carbon dioxide.
secondary consumers
carnivores
tertiary consumers
carnivores that feed on other carnivores
Heterochrony
change in allometric growth
All of the following are mechanisms of thermoregulation in terrestrial mammals EXCEPT
changing the rate of heat exchange by conforming to the environmental temperatures.
All of the following statements are part of the Darwin-Wallace theory of natural selection except
characteristics that are acquired during the life of an individual are passed on to offspring.
External signaling pheremone
chemical signal to same species -sex signaling -trail marking -alarm
22) The material present in arterioles that is not present in capillaries is ___
circular smooth muscle cells that can alter the size of the arterioles
Exaptation
co-opting evolved traits for another function (think feathers for warmth, then camouflage and sexual selection)
23) The fibers responsible for the elastic resistance properties of tendons are ___
collagenous fibers.
Which structure passes urine to the renal pelvis?
collecting duct
Inter-specific competition
competition between different species, for a single resource
Intra-specific competition
competition between one species, all competing for the same resource
Poikilothermic endoderm
conforms to environment has ability to make own heat
A group of F+ bacteria is mixed with a group of F- bacteria. After several days, all of the bacteria are F+ transduction transposition translation transformation conjugation
conjugation
Anabolic pathways
consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones. (protein from amino acids and photosynthesis) "uphill"
58) The descending limb of the loop of Henle ________.
contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla
Hypothalamus
controls thermoregulation (along with endocrine system)
Some molecular data place the giant panda in the bear family (Ursidae) but place the lesser panda in the racoon family (Procyonidae). The morphological similarities of these two species must therefore be due to
convergent evolution.
volatilization
conversion of pollutant to gas, into atmosphere
76) Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is ___
converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells.
luteal phase
corpus luteum gets smaller as it releases progesterone
Epithelial tissue
covers body & lines organs squamous/column/cubodal simple/stratified
Hadley cells
cycles of wind patterns (evaporation near equator, then winds blows toward the poles) -rising air is moist, sinking air is dry
As a research scientist, you measure the amount of ATP and NADPH consumed by the calvin cycle in 1 hour. You find 30,000 molecules of ATP consumed but only 20,000 molecules of NADPH. Where did the extra ATP molecules come from?
cyclic electron flow
33) These cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity, and they respond to class I MHC molecule-antigen complexes.
cytotoxic T cells
Plant species A has a diploid number of 28. Plant species B has a diploid number of 14. A new, sexually reproducing species C arises as an allopolyploid from hybridization of A and B. The diploid number of C would probably be
d. 42.
The splitting of carbon dioxide to form oxygen gas and carbon compounds a. photosynthesis b. respiration c. both photosynthesis and respiration d. neither photosynthesis nor respiration
d. neither photosynthesis nor respiration
If the males' halteres have species-specific size, shape, color, and use in courtship displays, and if the species' ranges overlap, then the speciation events may have been driven, at least in part, by which of the following?
d. sexual selection
According to the concept of punctuated equilibrium, the "sudden" appearance of a new species in the fossil record means that
d. speciation occurred rapidly in geologic time.
population size graph (carrying capacity)
dN/dt = (r)(N) [(K-N)/K] r=constant N=population size K=carrying capacity
saprophytic
decompose organic material
What would account for increased urine production as a result of drinking alcoholic beverages?
decreased amount of antidiuretic hormone (adh)
vasoconstriction
decreased blood flow
11) Each indication below is a clinical characteristic of inflammation except ___
decreased temperature.
Which of the following types of reactions would decrease the entropy within a cell?
dehydration reactions
35) Large proteins such as albumin remain in capillaries rather than diffusing out, resulting in the ___
development of an osmotic pressure difference across capillary walls.
fragmentation
development of new organism from pieces
parthenogenesis
development of unfertilized egg -only female offspring (act male when + progesterone)
natural selection is most closely related to
differential reproductive success.
67) The high osmolarity of the renal medulla is maintained by all of the following except ___
diffusion of salt from the descending limb of the loop of Henle.
56) Countercurrent exchange in the fish gill helps to maximize ___
diffusion.
Positive feedback
does not usually contribute to homeostasis, but magnifies the stimulus
Spontaneous reactions
don't require energy input
leaching
downward movement of pollutant in water
Which of these events seem(s) to have occurred among the fly populations on the island?
e. 1, 2, and 3
Fly species W, found in a certain part of the island, produces fertile offspring with species Y. Species W does not produce fertile offspring with species X or Z. If no other species can hybridize, then species W and Y
e. A, B, and C
Which of the following statements about speciation is correct?
e. Speciation is included within the concept of macroevolution.
If the foods preferred by each species are found on different parts of the island, and if the flies mate and lay eggs on their food sources, regardless of the location of the food sources, then the speciation events involving these fly species may have been driven, at least in part, by which of the following?
e. habitat differentiation
As a result of deforestation, the number of different habitats in a particular locale declines while, at the same time, the rate of cladogenesis in a particular lineage of animals in this locale increases. Choose the feature that most likely accounts for this observation.
e. increased sexual selection
Speciation
e. occurs via anagenesis and cladogenesis, but only the latter increases biodiversity.
ovulation
egg is released from ovaries->phelopian tubes->uterus
24) If you gently twist your earlobe, it does not remain distorted because it contains ___
elastin fibers.
100) Which of the choices below is not a glomerular filtration rate control method?
electrolyte levels
58) Many obese humans produce normal or increased levels of leptin without satiety, so the search for healthy regulation of food intake should focus on ___
eliminating carbohydrates from the diet.
27) The bile salts ___
emulsify fats in the duodenum.
Which of the following would likely not contribute to the surface area available for water absorption from the soil by a plant root system?
endodermis
In chemiosmotic phosphorylation, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + P to ATP?
energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase
44) Heart rate will increase in the presence of increased ___
epinephrine.
18) Most of the exchange surfaces of multicellular animals are lined with ___
epithelial tissue.
Which of one of the following, if present in a urine sample, would likely be caused by trauma?
erythrocytes/
40) The hormone that stimulates the production of red blood cells, and the organ where this hormone is synthesized, are ___
erythropoietin and kidney, respectively.
45) The production of red blood cells is stimulated by ___
erythropoietin.
47) Humans can lose, but cannot gain, heat through the process of ___
evaporation.
34) Dialysis patients, who will have blood withdrawn, dialyzed, then replaced, are always weighed when they enter the facility and then weighed carefully again before they leave, because ___
even small changes in body weight may signify changes in blood volume and therefore blood pressure.
Divergent evolution
evolution during which species share similar traits because they have descended from a recent common ancestor
Global/systemic signaling
exocrine release outside of body & endocrine make hormones and release into bloodstream
31) A nutritional monomer that can be transported in the blood after a typical meal is ___
fatty acid.
Vestigial structure
features that served use to a species ancestor, yet serve no purpose to the species that exists today
46) The meshwork that forms the fabric of a blood clot is
fibrin.
38) Which of the following processes of osmoregulation by the kidney is the least selective?
filtration
46) Low selectivity of solute movement is a characteristic of ___
filtration from the glomerular capillaries.
10) The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the ___
fishes
convection
flowing of air
80) For this unusual capillary bed, ___
fluids will leave the capillaries on the arterial side of the bed and re-enter on the venous side.
31) If, during protein starvation, the osmotic pressure on the venous side of capillary beds drops below the hydrostatic pressure, then ___
fluids will tend to accumulate in tissues.
During aerobic respiration, electrons travel downhill in which sequence?
food->NADH-> electron transport chain-> oxygen
What are antigens?
foreign molecules that trigger the generation of antibodies
39) In a healthy human, the typical life span of a red blood cell is ___
four months
11) To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) ___
four-chambered heart
9) In which of the following organisms does blood flow from the pulmocutaneous circulation to the heart before circulating through the rest of the body?
frogs
Conjugation
genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells (same or different species)
conjugation
genetic material is transferred between two bacterial cells (same or different species)
transformation
genotype and sometimes phenotype of a prokaryote is changed by foreign DNA.
A defining characteristic of allopatric speciation is
geographic isolation
Which of the following is NOT considered an intrinsic isolation mechanism?
geographic isolation
26) Among the following choices, which organism likely has the highest systolic pressure?
giraffe
25) The nourishment, insulation, and support for neurons is the ___
glial cells.
Which part of the vertebrate nephron consists of capillaries?
glomerulus
18) Excessive formation of uric acid crystals in humans leads to ___
gout, a painful inflammatory disease that primarily affects the joints.
Anagenesis
gradual change of species Species A -> Species B
52) An example of an organism that has only behavioral controls over its body temperature is the ___
green frog.
budding
growing small versions of yourself to be detached
Two species of garter snakes live in the same region, but one lives in the water and the other lives on land.
habitat
Compared to a cell with few aquaporins in its membrane, a cell containing many aquaporins will
have a faster rate of osmosis
hermaphrodites
have male & female genetalia 1. self fertilize 2. competition (one male/one female)
85) Pulse is a direct measure of ___
heart rate.
radiation
heat from the sun
convection
heat transfer by movement of air
conduction
heat transfer by surfaces touching
97) What is the function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
help regulate blood pressure and the rate of blood filtration by the kidneys
78) The hemocyanin of arthropods and molluscs differ from the hemoglobin of mammals in that ___
hemocyanin has protein coupled to copper rather than iron.
77) Hydrogen ions produced within human red blood cells are prevented from significantly lowering plasma pH because they bind to ___
hemoglobin.
32) For a nondiabetic person, the glucose concentration in this part of the vasculature varies more than in any other part.
hepatic portal vessel
primary consumers
herbivores
72) Some viruses can undergo latency, the ability to remain inactive for some period of time. Which of the following is an example?
herpes simplex viruses (oral or genital) whose reproduction is triggered by physiological or emotional stress in the host
Blood samples taken from an individual who had been fasting for 24 hours would have which of the following?
high levels of glucagon and low levels of insulin (b and c)
89) Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these cells in arteries has a ___
higher PO2.
The body's automatic tendency to maintain a constant internal environment is termed
homeostasis
70) Most electrolyte reabsorption by the renal tubules is ________.
hormonally controlled in distal tubule segments
The reproductive barrier that maintains the species boundary between horses and donkeys is
hybrid sterility
Depending on the salt intake and water availability, humans can produce urine that is
hyperosmotic, hypoosmotic, and isoosmotic to body fluids ABC
Where is the thermostat of vertebrates located?
hypothalamus
Short blood vessels connect 2 capillary beds lying in which of the following?
hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
54) The temperature-regulating center of vertebrate animals is located in the ___
hypothalamus.
75) An animal's inputs of energy and materials would exceed its outputs
if it is growing and increasing its mass.
39) The cells that secrete acidic fluid in the stomach are ___
in the lumen of the stomach.
6) Inflammatory responses may include which of the following?
increased activity of phagocytes in an inflamed area
27) Small swollen areas in the neck, groin, and axillary region are associated with ___
increased activity of the immune system
vasodilatation
increased blood flow
Natural selection is based on all of the following except
individuals must adapt to their environment.
Darwin's mechanism of evolution differed from Lamarck's by proposing that
inherent variations of the population are more important evolution than variations acquired during individual lifetimes.
26) Upon activation by stomach acidity, the secretions of the parietal cells ___
initiate the digestion of protein in the stomach.
Which organism(s) has excretory organs known as Malphighian tububles?
insects
28) Excretory organs known as Malpighian tubules are present in ___
insects.
42) A nonfunctional CD4 protein on a helper T cell would result in the helper T cell being unable to ___
interact with a class II MHC-antigen complex.
34) All types of muscle tissue have ___
interactions between actin and myosin.
poikilotherm
internal temperature varies greatly
50) Endothermy ___
is a characteristic of animals that have a fairly constant body temperature.
84) The regulation of sodium ________.
is linked to blood pressure
16) Among vertebrate animals, urea ___
is made in the liver by combining two ammonia molecules with one carbon dioxide.
The transfer of fluid from the glomerulus to Bowman's capsule
is mainly a consequence of blood pressure force-filtering the fluid.
The temperature difference between arterial blood and venous blood near the goose's body..
is minimized by countercurrent exchange.
58) Seasonal changes in snake activity are due to the fact that the snake ___
is more active in summer because it can gain body heat by conduction.
obligate anaerobes
is poisoned by O2, some live by fermentation
If a person drinks a large amount of water in a short period of time, he or she may die from water toxicity. ADH can help prevent water retention through interaction with target cells in the
kidney.
21) Which of the following excretory systems is partly based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure?
kidneys of vertebrates
Which of the following excretory systems is based on the filtration of fluid under high hydrostatic pressure?
kidneys of vertebrates
fission
large organism divides into equal pieces
parasitoid
lays eggs in a host, the eggs often kills the host
84) Blood returning to the mammalian heart in a pulmonary vein drains first into the ___
left atrium.
74) Compared with a smaller cell, a larger cell of the same shape has ___
less surface area per unit of volume.
10) Where and from what compound(s) is urea produced?
liver from NH3 and CO2
51) A fasting animal whose energy needs exceed those provided in its diet draws on its stored resources in which order?
liver glycogen, then muscle glycogen, then fat
Which structure descends deep into the renal medulla only in juxtamedullary nephrons?
loop of Henle
15) Ammonia is likely to be the primary nitrogenous waste in living conditions that include ___
lots of fresh water flowing across the gills of a fish.
Th eprobability of a mutation at a particular gene locus is _______ and the probability of a mutation in the genome of a particular individual is _____.
low... high
60) Some human infants, especially those born prematurely, suffer serious respiratory failure because of ___
lung collapse due to inadequate production of surfactant.
42) The plasma proteins in humans ___
maintain the blood's osmotic pressure.
49) Processing of filtrate in the proximal and distal tubules ___
maintains homeostasis of pH in body fluids.
homeotherm
maintains stable body temperature
Organisms categorized as osmoconformers are most likey
marine.
5) Which cells and which signaling molecules are responsible for initiating an inflammatory response?
mast cells: histamines
Mouth
mechanical (chewing) chemical (salivary amylase) -carb digestion-
stomach
mechanical (grinding) chemical (hydrochloric acid pepsin) -protein digestion-
Plant reproduction
megasporangium (female) sporocyte spore Microsporangium (male) sporocyte spore
Autopolyploidy is a speciation process that begins with an event during..
meiosis
Water potential is generally most negative in which of the following parts of a plant?
mesophyll cells of the leaf.
32) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of an earthworm is based on the operation of ___
metanephridia.
Gene flow
migration of individuals in or out of the population
Competitive inhibiters
molecule (not substrate) that binds to the active site of an enzyme inhibiting the actual substrate from being catalyzed
28) Complex nutrients are digested and then absorbed into the lymph ___
monomers.
Linnaeus' concept of taxonomy is that the more closely two organisms resemble each other, the more closley related they are in a classification scheme. In evolutionary terms, the more closely related two organisms are, the
more recently they shared a common ancestor
The species concept used by Linnaeus was the _______ species concept.
morphological
You are confronted with a box of pinned (preserved) grasshoppers of various species that are undescrived (new to science). Your assignment is to seperate them into what you think are species. The specimens have no information with them as to where or when they were collected. Which species concept will you have to use?
morphological
30) The absorption of fats differs from that of carbohydrates in that the ___
most absorbed fat first enters the lymphatic system, whereas carbohydrates directly enter the blood.
carbs digested in
mouth, small intestine
Plant water movement
moves from high to low pressure leaves = -100 (Super negative) roots = -.3 (small negative)
Which of the following have nontropic effects only
msh
73) An "internal reservoir" of oxygen in rested muscle is found in oxygen molecules bound to ___
myoglobin.
50) Sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms lack a specialized gas exchange surface because ___
nearly all of their cells are in direct contact with the external environment.
Exergonic reactions
net release of free energy (cell resp)
posterior pituitary
neural hormones (vasopressin & oxytocin)
Which of the following is a local regulator responsible for activating an enzyme that relaxes smooth muscle cells?
nitric oxide
66) Catabolism of specialized brown fat depots in certain animals is substantially increased during ___
nonshivering thermogenesis.
Noncompetitive inhibiters
obstruct enzymatic reactions by binding to another part of the enzyme... This denatures the shape, preventing the substrate from fitting into the active site properly
What is true of speciation? It
occurs via anagenesis or cladogensis, but only the latter increases biodiversity
Exploitive competition
one individual consumes all of the resource for itself, preventing any others to get it
Interference competition
one individual gets resource before another can
commensalism
one organism benefits, while the other is unaffected
follicular phase
oocytes mature into eggs
convection
organism exchanges heat through air or water
conduction
organism exchanges heat through skin surface
bioaccumulation
organisms get pollutants into their tissues
biotic factors
other species, predation, competition
The function of both alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation is to...
oxidize NADH to NAD+
Hormones from the hypothalamus effect the release of all of the following except
oxytocin
75) The Bohr shift on the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve is ___
pH.
Which of the following glands shows both endocrine and exocrine activity?
pancreas
parasitism
parasite relies on host for nutrients, can't survive if it kills the host
which of the following is an endocrine gland?
parathyroid gland
29) An enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment is ___
pepsin.
evaporation
perspiration
Substance x is secreted by one cell, travels a short distance through interstitial fluid, and produces an effect in a cell immediately adjacent to the original secreting cell. All of the following terms could describe this substance except
pheromone
38) Among these choices, the biggest set that includes only those "cells" that lack nuclei is ___
platelets and erythrocytes.
what affects bioaccumulation
pollutant properties soil properties environment conditions time species differences organism interactions
A rapid method of speciation that has been important in the history of flowering plants is
polyploidy
21) The semilunar valves of the mammalian heart ___
prevent backflow of blood in the aorta and pulmonary arteries
Collecting duct
processes filtrate into urine
56) Which of the following is not a normal response to increased blood osmolarity in humans?
production of more dilute urine
35) All of the following are functions of the mammalian kidney except ___
production of urea as a waste product of protein catabolism.
All of the following are functions of the mammalian kidney except
production of urea as a waste product of protein catabolism.
38) A significant contribution of intestinal bacteria to human nutrition is the benefit of bacterial ___
production of vitamin K.
Based on their effects, which pair could be considered antagonistic?
prostaglandin F and nitric oxide
Which of the following examples is incorrectly paired with its class?
prostaglandin-peptide hormone
100) What is the role of interferon in defense against disease?
protects cells that have not yet been infected by viruses
The digestions and utilization of which nutrient creates the greatest need for osmoregulation by the kidneys?
protein
33) Glandular secretions that are released initially as inactive precursors of digestive enzymes are the ___
protein-digesting enzymes.
26) Fibroblasts secrete ___
proteins for connective fibers.
29) The osmoregulatory/excretory system of a freshwater flatworm is based on the operation of ___
protonephridia.
Which structure is the first section of the nephron tubule into which filtrate enters?
proximal tube
osmotic pressure
pulls fluid into bloodstream from interstitial fluid
49) If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe travels out of your nose, it must pass through all of the following structures except the ___
pulmonary vein
hydrostatic pressure
pushes fluid into bloodstream out into interstitial fluid
Proximal tubule
reabsorption of ions, water, nutrients
Descending loop of Henle
reabsorption of water
Glycolysis reactants and products
reactants: -glucose products: -2 pyruvate -net 2 ATP -2 NADH - 2H+ (protons)
reactants/products of the calvin cycle
reactants: CO2, NADPH, ATP products: CH2O (G3P sugar), NADP, ADP
Reactants/products of the light cycle
reactants: Light energy, H2O products: O2 waste, NADPH, and ATP
10) Inflammatory responses may include all of the following except ___
reduced permeability of blood vessels to conserve plasma.
Homeothermic ectoderm
regulates its temp (by choosing micro-climate) gets heat from outside
63) The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for ________.
regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure
22) Connective tissues typically have ___
relatively few cells and a large amount of extracellular matrix.
2) Which of the following is a characteristic of the early stages of local inflammation?
release of histamine
the hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by means of
releasing hormones
Which of the following must occur during a period of geographic isolation in order for two sibling species to remain genetically distinct following their geographic reunion in the same home range?
reproductive isolation
Two closely related species can best remain distinct biological species by
reproductive isolation from one another.
Negative feedback
response that reduces the stimulus
Paedomorphis
retention of juvenile characters in adults
95) Which of the choices below does not describe the importance of tubular secretion?
ridding the body of bicarbonate ions
Cladogenesis
rise of new species Species A-> Species A & Species B
86) When you hold your breath, which of the following blood gas changes first leads to the urge to breathe?
rising CO2
All of the following represent adaptations by terrestrial animals to drying conditions except
salt glands.
Membrane fluidity
saturated tail: decreased fluidity unsaturated: not all H+ filled, more fluid cholesterol: -lower temp = resists solidification -higher temp= keeps membrane together
5) The fluid with the highest osmolarity is
seawater in a tidal pool.
84) Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by ________.
secondary active transport
Hormones involved in the production of urine include all of the following except
secretin
Which of the following is not a function of the liver?
secretion of urea.
Two fold cost
sexual reproduction gives 1/2 the daughters an asexual organism gives
Brightly colored peacocks mate more frequently that do drab peacocks
sexual selection
gastric cavity
shared opening for ingestion & elimination -batch processing
55) A female Burmese python incubating her eggs can warm them using ___
shivering thermogenesis.
67) A moth preparing for flight on a cold morning warms its flight muscles via ___
shivering thermogenesis.
Analogy
similarities between species due to convergent evolution (similar environments selecting for similar traits)
Homology
similarities between species due to divergent evolution (relatedness)
1) Gas exchange in the aquatic salamander known as the axolotl is correctly described as ___
simple diffusion of oxygen into the salamander from water
39) The cells lining the air sacs in the lungs make up a ___
simple squamous epithelium.
27) Breathing is accomplished via the rhythmic contraction and relaxation of ___
skeletal muscle.
Muscle tissue
skeletal: movement, posture, tension length changes -cardiac: synchronous contraction -smooth: intestinal, organ walls
82) A group of students was designing an experiment to test the effect of smoking on grass frogs. They hypothesized that keeping the frogs in a smoke-filled environment for defined periods would result in the animals developing lung cancer. However, when they searched for previously published information to shore up their hypothesis, they discovered they were quite wrong in their original assessment. Even though they were never going to go ahead with their experiment (so as not to harm frogs needlessly), they knew that a more likely outcome of putting carcinogens in the air would be the development of ___
skin cancer.
fats digested in
small intestine from ONLY enzymes from pancreas
39) A person with alkalosis will likely excrete urine that has abnormally high levels of ___
sodium ions.
The average birth weight for human babies is about 7 pounds
stabilizing selection
Homeostasis
steady state, internal balance -An animal achieves homeostasis by maintaining a variable at/near a certain value: set point. -Fluctuations above/below that set point are the stimulus. -receptor detects the stimulus and triggers a response.
If the adrenal cortex were removed, which group of hormones would be most affected?
steroid
which of the following statements about hormones is correct?
steroid hormones affect the synthesis of proteins, whereas peptide hormones affect the activity of proteins already present in the cell
Insulin cycle
stimulus: high blood sugar beta cells of pancreas release insulin insulin= body cells take up more glucose insulin=glucose->liver (converts to glycogen) ... = lower blood sugar
Glucagon cycle
stimulus: low blood sugar alpha cells of pancreas release glucagon glucagon= breaks down glycogen in liver ...= glucose into blood = rises blood sugar
proteins digested in
stomach, small intestine
34) Because adult lampreys attach onto the surface of large fish for long periods of time to feed on body fluids, they can accomplish nutritional balance without need for a ___
stomach.
36) Vasoconstriction in the gut is a likely response when an individual is ___
stressed and secreting stress hormones.
Allometry
study of relationship between body parts and body (usually non-linear)
The ATP made during fermentation is generated by which of the following?
substrate-level phosphorylation
An increase in which of the following parameters is most important in the evolution of specialized exchange surfaces such as the linings of the lungs or intestines?
surface area
52) The epiglottis of a human covers the glottis when he or she is ___
swallowing.
54) Increased ADH secretion is likely after ___
sweating-induced dehydration increases plasma osmolarity.
11) Which of the following are symptoms of inflammation that might appear in such art?
swelling, heat, redness, and pain
51) Flying insects do all of the following except ____
switch from diffusion of tracheal gases to active transport during flight.
The origin of a new plant species by hybridization coupled with nondisjunction is an example of
sympatric speciation
Beetle pollinators of a particular plant are attracted to its flowersʹ bright orange color. The beetles not only pollinate the flowers, but they mate while inside of the flowers. A mutant version of the plant with red flowers becomes more common with the passage of time. A particular variant of the beetle prefers the red flowers to the orange flowers. Over time, these two beetle variants diverge from each other to such an extent that interbreeding is no longer possible. What kind of speciation has occurred in this example (allopatric/sympatric) , and what has driven it?
sympatric speciation, habitat differentiation
13) Which of the following develops the greatest pressure on the blood in the mammalian aorta?
systole of the left ventricle
A cell that contains proteins enabling a hormone to selectively bind to its plasma membrane is called
target cell
abiotic factors
temperature, light, water, nutrients, light, soil
two species of trout that breed in different seasons
temporal
29) Muscles are joined to bones by ___
tendons.
32) What will be the long-term effect of blocking the lymphatic vessels associated with a capillary bed?
the accumulation of more fluid in the interstitial areas
In a large, sexually reproducing population, the frequency of an allele changes from 0.6 to 0.2. From this change, one can most logically assume that, in this environment,
the allele reduces fitness.
Consider an ectotherm and an endotherm of equal body size. The ectotherm is more likely to survive an extended period of food deprivation than the endotherm because
the ectotherm will expend less energy/kg body weight than the endotherm AND the ectotherm will invest little to no energy in temperature regulation
16) Which of the following is not a part of an antibody molecule?
the epitope
55) Countercurrent exchange is evident in ___
the flow of water across the gills of a fish and that of blood within those gills.
Catastrophism was Cuvier's attempt to explain
the fossil record
All of the following are criteria for maintaining Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium involving two alleles EXCEPT:
the frequency of all genotypes must be equal.
30) Fluid is filtered out of the bloodstream into the surrounding interstitial fluid at the arteriole end of systemic capillaries because ___
the hydrostatic pressure of the blood is greater than the osmotic pressure of the blood.
4) The fluid that moves around in the circulatory system of a typical arthropod is ___
the interstitial fluid
frequently, very few molecules of a hormone are required to affect changes in a target cell. this is because
the mechanism of hormonal action involves an enzyme cascade that amplifies the response to a hormone.
61) Of the following choices, impairment of a mammal's breathing cycle is most likely following neural damage in ___
the medulla oblongata and the pons.
71) Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect its pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as ___
the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing.
87) One feature that amphibians and humans have in common is ___
the number of circuits for circulation.
The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measure by
the number of its offspring that survive to reproduce.
Which of the following statements about endocrine glands is incorrect?
the parathyroids regulate metabolic rate.
6) The circulatory system of bony fishes, rays, and sharks is similar to ___
the portal systems of mammals, where two capillary beds occur sequentially, without passage of blood through a pumping chamber
11) Which of the following is true of urea? It is A) insoluble in water. B) more toxic to human cells than ammonia. C) the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans. D) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most birds. E) the primary nitrogenous waste product of most aquatic invertebrates.
the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
Which of the following is true of urea? It is
the primary nitrogenous waste product of humans.
14) Which of the following pairs of mammalian blood vessels has blood that is the least similar in its gas content?
the pulmonary vein and the jugular vein
88) If a molecule of CO2 released into the blood in your left toe is exhaled from your nose, it must pass through all of the following except ___
the pulmonary vein.
In a hypothetical situation, the genes for sex pilus construction and for tetracycline resistance are located together in the same plasmid within a particular bacterium. If this bacterium performs conjugation involving a copy of this plasmid, then the result should be
the rapid spread of tetracycline resistance to other bacteria in that habitat.
62) Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because ___
the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.
12) Interstitial fluid is ___
the route for the exchange of materials between blood and body cells.
4) Penguins, seals, and tuna have body forms that permit rapid swimming, because ___
the shape is a convergent evolutionary solution to the need to reduce drag while swimming.
2) Circulatory systems have the primary benefit of overcoming the shortcomings of ___
the slow rate at which diffusion occurs across cells
15) After several weeks of exercise, a human athlete's resting heart rate is typically lower than before because ___
the stroke volume has increased
28) The velocity of blood flow is the lowest in capillaries because ___
the total cross-sectional area of the capillaries is greater than the total cross-sectional area of the arteries or any other part of the circulatory system.
83) Which of the following respiratory systems is not closely associated with a blood supply?
the tracheal system of an insect
80) An epitope associates with which part of an antibody? A) the antibody-binding site B) the heavy-chain constant regions only C) the variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined D) the light-chain constant regions only E) the antibody tail
the variable regions of a heavy chain and light chain combined
24) The set of blood vessels with the lowest blood pressure driving flow are ___
the veins
What is the mode of action of aspirin and ibuprofen?
they inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandins
7) The specialized structures of complex animals have evolved because ___
they permit adjustments to a wide range of environmental changes.
If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, the one should expect that
they should share fewer homologous origins that two closely related organisms.
Ascending loop of Henle
thin= diffusion NaCl out thick= active transport NaCl out
6) The similar fusiform body shape of diverse animals, such as sharks, penguins, and aquatic mammals, has evolved because ___
this is the body shape that makes it possible for aquatic animals to swim rapidly.
Iodine is added to commercially-prepared table salt to help prevent deficiencies of this essential mineral. Which gland(s) require(s) iodine to function properly?
thyroid
Tropic hormones from the anterior pituitary directly affect the release of which of the following?
thyroxine
64) As a person goes from rest to full-effort exercise, there is an increase in the ___
tidal volume.
What is the primary function of the light reactions of photosynthesis?
to produce ATP and NADPH
10) Unlike most bony fishes, sharks maintain body fluids that are isoosmotic to seawater, so they are considered by many to be osmoconformers. Nonetheless, these sharks osmoregulate at least partially by ___
tolerating high urea concentrations that balance internal salt concentrations to seawater osmolarity.
64) Hibernation and estivation during seasons of environmental stress are both examples of ___
torpor.
48) All of the following respiratory surfaces are associated with capillary beds except the ___
traechae of insects
DNA is transferred from one bacterium to another by a virus transduction transposition translation transformation conjugation
transduction
countercurrent heat exchange
transfer heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions
External DNA is assimilated by a cell transduction transposition translation transformation conjugation
transformation
In biotechnology, genes are commonly introduced into bacterial cells by incubating the cells together with DNA and high concentrations of calcium ions. This is an example of transformation translocation transduction conjugation transposition
transformation
Aquaporins
transport proteins that help with the diffusion of water through membranes.. The rate of water movement is regulated by the phosphorylation of these proteins
16) A human red blood cell in an artery of the left arm is on its way to deliver oxygen to a cell in the thumb. To travel from the artery in the arm to the left ventricle, this red blood cell must pass through ___
two capillary beds
mutualism
two organisms coexist and both benefit from the living relationship
Convergent Evolution
two species develop similar traits based on similar environments which "select" for similar traits.
Survivorship curves types 1,2,3
type 1: low death rates at early and middle ages, increased at old age type 2: constant death rate throughout lifetime type 3: high death rates when young, then decreased rate for survivors
Honey bees reproduction (sexual & asexual)
unfertilized egg (hemi-zygous) = haploid reproductive male fertilized egg 1 = homozygous male *KILLED* fertilized egg 2 = heterozygous female *ALL BEES YOU SEE*
53) The most abundant solute in urine is ___
urea (and other nitrogenous wastes).
14) The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that ___
urea is less toxic than ammonia.
The advantage of excreting wastes as urea rather than as ammonia is that
urea is less toxic than ammonia.
58) Select the pair in which the nitrogenous waste is incorrectly matched with the benefit of its excretion.
urea—very insoluble in water
14) Which nitrogenous waste has the greatest number of nitrogen atoms?
uric acid
22) Which nitrogenous waste requires hardly any water for its excretion?
uric acid
Which of the following is a nitrogenous waste that requires hardly any water for its excretion?
uric acid
17) The nitrogenous waste that requires the most energy to produce is ___
uric acid.
21) The primary nitrogenous waste excreted by birds is ___
uric acid.
obligate aerobes
uses O2 for cell respiration
regulator
uses internal control mechanisms to maintain homeostasis regardless of environment conditions
Which of the following normally contains blood?
vasa recta
25) An increased concentration of nitric oxide within a vascular bed is associated with ___
vasodilation
17) Which of the following is the correct sequence of blood flow in reptiles and mammals?
vena cava → right atrium → right ventricle → pulmonary circuit
29) The blood pressure is lowest in the ___
venae cavae
transduction
virus inserts it's DNA into a bacteria
54) Gas exchange is more difficult for aquatic animals with gills than for terrestrial animals with lungs because ___
water contains much less O2 than air per unit volume.
cohesion
water-water bonds
adhesion
water-xylem wall bonds
28) In which of the following situations will helper T cells be activated?
when an antigen is displayed by a dendritic cell
19) Damage to the sinoatrial node in humans ___
would disrupt the rate and timing of cardiac muscle contractions
Free energy change formula
ΔG = ΔH -TΔS ΔG= Free energy ΔH = Systems enthalpy (total energy) T = absolute temperature in Kelvin (K=ºC + 273) ΔS = change in systems entropy