Combo with "Psychology 101 Exam 2" and 1 other

Galton's intelligence test items are to ________________ as Binet and Simon's intelligence test items are to ________________. a. abstract thinking; concrete thinking b. general intelligence; specific intelligences c. sensation; higher mental processes d. crystallized intelligence; fluid intelligence

c

Gardner and his associates are known for proposing a. the generalized theory of intelligence. b. the Triarchic theory of intelligence. c. the theory of multiple intelligences. d. the theory of emotional intelligence.

c

Goleman would argue that ____________ intelligence exerts a more powerful influence on effective functioning in the world than IQ alone. a. analytical b. creative c. emotional d. practical

c

In Erikson's __________ stage of psychosocial development, preschoolers are challenged to control their own behaviour. a. trust versus mistrust b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. initiative versus guilt d. industry versus inferiority

c

In Piaget's theory, the stage of development between birth and 2 years of age, in which the individual uses senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment, is called the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

c

In contrast to attachment style, temperament is ___________________. a. late appearing and environmentally determined b. early appearing and environmentally determined c. early appearing and genetic in origin d. late appearing and genetic in origin

c

Infants are extremely sociable and seek out interactions with others until approximately 8 months of age, when they start to experience _______________. a. imprinting b. attachment c. stranger anxiety d. critical periods

c

Jerry is considered a reckless 17-year old by his parents. He often engages in risky behaviour, drives too fast, has been caught experimenting with drugs and alcohol, and has gotten into numerous fights with peers. From a biological perspective, Jerry's behaviour can be explained by a lack of maturation of the ______________ until late adolescence or early adulthood. a. hypothalamus b. parietal lobes c. frontal lobes d. limbic system

c

Johnny has two mini-donuts and his sister has two full-sized donuts. Johnny's understanding that he and his sister have the same number of donuts even though hers are bigger illustrates that he a. knows that numbers are an amount. b. knows that number words refer to specific quantities. c. knows that the size of entities isn't relevant to quantity. d. knows that numbers are ordered from smallest to largest in quantity.

c

Karla can speed on a certain stretch of the highway without being ticketed, yet she decides not to speed because it is unlawful. Karla's reasoning reflects ________ reasoning. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

c

Genetics is defined as _______.

The science of heredity

After experiencing fear that morning at school due to the loud noise of the fire alarm before a fire drill, a little boy later jumps at the sound of the phone ringing at home. After he realizes it was just the phone, the boy relaxes. According to the research of Dr.Joseph LeDoux, how is the boy's initial reaction to the phone

The stimulus traveled to the boy's amygdala first through the subcortical route, which notified his brain of the potential danger before he could assess the situation more carefully and take control of his emotions

Which psychological test asks the subject to tell a story based on a picture of one or more people in which it is unclear what is going on?

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Which of the following was NOT one of the reasons that Masters and Johnson's research was considered controversial?

They participated in sexual activity with their subjects

Which of the following terms is associated with social cognition?

Thinking about others

Karla understands her world by grasping, sucking, and physically handling objects in her path. Karla is in Piaget's ________ stage of development. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

c

Ken is able to perform mathematical operations only if he can use manipulatives and familiar examples in working up his answers. Ken is in Piaget's ________ stage. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. concrete operations d. preoperational

c

Kevin is a 65-year-old college professor. Compared to when he was 30, Kevin is now likely to a. struggle verbalizing his thoughts when responding to students' questions. b. struggle formulating his thoughts when responding to students' questions. c. struggle hearing students' questions during lectures. d. struggle analyzing students' questions during lectures.

c

Mark is trying to reason through several spatial problems on an intelligence test. According to Spearman, Mark's ability to solve the problems will depend on a. how fluid or crystallized his intelligence is. b. what types of multiple intelligences he has excelled at in the past. c. his general problem-solving ability and specific talents with spatial tasks. d. his level of analytical intelligence and logical thought.

c

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants a. do not seem to care when the mother leaves the room and do not seek her out on her return. b. protest loudly when the mother leaves but resist contact with her when she returns. c. cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns. d. are not concerned upon separation but cry to be picked up and held on her return.

c

Mild forms of intellectual disability are typically due to a. rare genetic mutations. b. psychological and emotional factors. c. genetic and environmental influences. d. accidents during birth.

c

Miss Johnson gave Mark and Tia equal sized lumps of clay. Tia immediately rolled hers into a long shape. Mark cried and complained that Tia had received more clay. Mark's behaviour represents a. difficulty with formal operational tasks. b. an inability to accommodate. c. an inability to conserve. d. an inability to assimilate.

c

Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that a. follows the normal curve. b. has a positive skew. c. has a negative skew. d. appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency.

c

Older adults who look back on their lives with regrets, wishing they could relive their lives, have not successfully resolved Erikson's psychosocial crisis of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

c

One potential confound in adoption studies is _______, wherein adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of their biological parents. a. adoptive precedent b. adoptive mandate c. selective placement d. restrictive placement

c

Our accumulated knowledge of the world over time is called _______ intelligence. a. aptitude b. abstract c. crystallized d. fluid

c

Piaget acknowledged that some children progressed more in one cognitive domain than another, a phenomenon he called _____________. a. cross-stage progression b. perioperational c. horizontal décalage d. multimodal cognition

c

Piaget's theory applies to such topics as a. predicting cognitive developmental gains in college students. b. exploring gender differences in cognitive development. c. creating lesson plans for first grade students. d. designing high school curricula for gifted and talented students.

c

Puberty is associated with the onset of a. generativity. b. menopause. c. menarche. d. dementia.

c

Regarding IQ similarities between parents and adopted children, which findings are most common? a. Biological parents do not tend to have much influence on their children's IQs. b. Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their adoptive parents than their biological parents. c. Over time, the IQs of adopted children are more similar to their biological parents than their adoptive parents. d. Adoptive parents do not tend to have much influence on their children's IQs.

c

Regarding bell curve assumptions, which of the following is true? a. About 5% of the population will achieve an IQ test score above 150. b. About 15% of the population will achieve an IQ test score above 150. c. About 2% of the population will achieve an IQ test score above 150. d. About 10% of the population will achieve an IQ test score above 150.

c

Regarding the historical misuses of IQ testing in the United States, which is TRUE? a. Most European immigrants were considered geniuses based on their IQ scores. b. Most European immigrants scored in the average range of IQ scores. c. Most European immigrants were considered mentally retarded based on their IQ scores. d. Most European immigrants were intellectually deficient and scored low on IQ tests.

c

Research has demonstrated that children learn ____________________ very early in cognitive development, and prefer novel stimuli to pictures of stimuli they are already familiar with. a. accommodation b. assimilation c. categorization d. conservation

c

Which of the following is representative of Sir Francis Galton's perspective on the causes of IQ? a. Galton believed that intelligence was a trait that changed significantly over time. b. Galton believed that intelligence was determined 50% by environment and 50% by genes. c. Galton was an environmentalist and believed that social factors significantly influenced IQ. d. Galton was a hereditarian and believed that genes significantly influenced IQ.

d

Research on intelligence testing across different cultures has indicated that if tasks (i.e., reproducing visual patterns) are conducted using a medium that is familiar within background culture of the test-taker, then a. children from privileged countries continue to outperform disadvantaged children. b. children from minority groups will outperform non-minority group children. c. scores tend to be similar when tests are administered in a culture-specific manner. d. overall IQ scores are still lower for non-native language children as they do not assess abstract reasoning.

c

Researchers studying infant stress levels using the "Strange Situation" method have found that a. most infants are not upset with the mom when she departs because they know she will return shortly. b. most infants are happy with the mom when she departs and they remain happy with her when she returns. c. most infants are upset with the mom when she departs but are happy when she returns. d. most infants are upset with the mom when she departs and remain upset at her when she returns.

c

Responses to moral dilemmas are only moderately correlated with actual behaviour. Which of the following may be seen to increase the strength of correlations between hypothetical responses and actual behaviour? a. Posing dilemmas focused on life-or-death decisions that will lead to more honest responding b. Posing dilemmas focused on light-hearted subjects that will put respondents more at ease c. Posing dilemmas focused on realistic situations that are likely to be faced on a regular basis d. Posing dilemmas focused on abstract situations not likely to be faced by respondents

c

Which of the following is true concerning the nature-nurture debate? a. Most researchers are either pro-nature or pro-nurture when describing the causes of human behaviour. b. People with genetic predispositions for anxiety will eventually express this type of behaviour. c. Gene expression is not substantially influenced by the environment. d. Most researchers believe that genes and environment interact to influence human behaviour.

d

Which of the following is true regarding parenting research? a. Fathers spend more time with their babies on average than do mothers. b. Children tend to select mothers over fathers as playmates. c. Fathers display similar levels of affection toward their babies as do mothers. d. Children of single fathers do just as well on measures of well-being as do children of single mothers.

d

Which of the following statements is illustrative of the post hoc fallacy? a. Believing that because someone is specially trained, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete b. Believing that because someone has benefitted from the best coaching, he or she will have a good chance of becoming a professional athlete c. Believing that because someone is muscular in body type, he or she is more likely to become a professional athlete d. Believing that because most professional athletes lift weights, weightlifting produces professional athletes

d

Which of the following statements most accurately represents the relationship between sex differences and IQ? a. Women score, on average, 3 to 5 points higher on IQ tests than men. b. Men score, on average, 3 to 5 points higher on IQ tests than women. c. There are few, if any, differences in IQ scores between men and women. d. While mean total scores may be similar across the sexes, men have more variability in their IQ scores

d

Which of the following subscales of the WAIS is most likely to contain culturally biased items? a. Digit span b. Block design c. Arithmetic d. Comprehension

d

Which of these is one of Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. Poetic b. Digital c. Creative d. Naturalistic

d

Which of these women has the highest chance of giving birth to a child with Down Syndrome? a. 14 year old Christine b. 23 year old Jillian c. 36 year old Nadia d. 49 year old Lauren

d

Which one of the following was tentatively proposed by Gardner as a possible ninth type of intelligence? a. Musical b. Interpersonal c. Holistic d. Existential

d

Which statement reflects Arthur Jensen's views concerning IQ and preschool enrichment programs? a. Preschool enrichment programs are likely to negatively affect children's IQ scores. b. Preschool enrichment programs can significantly boost children's IQ scores. c. Exceptional teaching strategies can boost children's IQ scores. d. Preschool enrichment programs cannot appreciably boost children's IQ scores.

d

Which subdivision of the cortex is most active on tasks involving reasoning, planning, and judgment? a. Parietal lobes b. Temporal lobes c. Occipital d. Frontal lobes

d

Which test of intelligence is used for preschool children? a. WIT-II b. WAIS-IV c. WISC-III d. WPPSI-III

d

While women do better than men on _________________, men tend to outperform women on _______________. a. emotion recognition; verbal tasks b. abstract reasoning; logical reasoning c. biological tasks; mathematical tasks d. verbal tasks; mental rotation tasks

d

A circadian cycle is about ________ hours long. a. 1.5 b. 12 c. 6 d. 24

d. 24

Which of the following statements is correct concerning hypnosis? a. The hypnotist is always in control. b. A hypnotized person is in an involuntary condition of suggestion. c. People will do things they would not ordinarily do when under hypnosis. d. A person who is under hypnosis is really in control of his or her behavior.

d. A person who is under hypnosis is really in control of his or her behavior.

Which of the following is a female primary sex characteristic?

Vagina

According to the research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing?

Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong

Which of the following is the term that refers to the difference between what a child can do alone and what that child can do with the help of a teacher?

Zone of proximal development

A male has a thin, frail-looking area on his X chromosome of the 23rd pair. This is known as a. fragile X syndrome. b. Down syndrome. c. fetal alcohol syndrome. d. familial disability.

a

A psychologist who studies the extent to which differences between men and women on IQ scores are heritable is using a ___________ approach. a. between-group heritability b. within-group heritability c. deviation IQ d. cumulative deficit

a

A seven-year-old is asked to imagine he has a third eye, which could be placed anywhere on the body. When asked where he would like to place the extra eye, the seven-year-old is likely to say a. "Between my other two eyes." b. "On my back." c. "In the palm of my hand." d. "In my stomach."

a

A test is said to be reliable if a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it. b. it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure. c. its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict. d. it is culture-fair.

a

A theory of intelligence with nine components was postulated by a. Gardner. b. Spearman. c. Sternberg. d. Terman.

a

A zookeeper finds that a flock of geese follow her wherever she moves because she is the first object that they see after hatching. What is this situation an example of? a. Imprinting b. Trust c. Contact comfort d. Insecure attachment

a

According to David Elkind, adolescents who feel that they are unique, special, and invincible are operating under what he referred to as _____________. a. a personal fable b. false beliefs c. an identity crisis d. a zone of proximal development

a

According to Kohlberg, postconventional morality involves a. behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the greatest number of people. b. behaviour motivated by doing what is best for the individual. c. behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by authority figures. d. behaviour motivated by doing what is expected of you by peers.

a

According to Piaget, egocentrism involves a. the perception that others view the world as you do. b. the perception that things exist even if not picked up by your senses. c. the perception that you might be incorrect in your judgments. d. the perception that others view the world differently than you do.

a

According to Robert Sternberg, __________________ refers to the ability to break problems down into component parts, or analysis, for problem solving. This is the type of intelligence that is measured by intelligence tests and academic achievement tests. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. exponential intelligence

a

According to a panel of experts in 1921, intelligence consists of the abilities to do all of the following except a. reason concretely. b. learn to adapt to environmental circumstances. c. acquire knowledge. d. benefit from experience.

a

Autonomy is to shame and doubt like ________ is to despair. a. ego integrity b. initiative c. identity d. stagnation

a

Based on IQ score information, a student with an IQ score of 120 is likely to a. answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 12 even though the student is only 10. b. answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 10 even though the student is only 8. c. answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 10, even though the student is 12. d. answer IQ test questions like someone who is age 12 even though the student is only 11.

a

Culture-fair tests attempt to measure a. the intelligence of people coming from outside the culture in which the test was devised. b. the intelligence of people coming from inside the culture in which the test was devised. c. cultural background. d. the effects of culture on people's intellectual and creative skills.

a

Dr. Smith believes people who are very aggressive have become so because of their life experiences. Dr. Goldberg believes people are more or less aggressive from birth because of genetic factors. Which of the following terms best describes an issue in human development that is highlighted by their disagreement? a. Nature versus nurture b. Cognition versus emotion c. Classical versus operant conditioning d. Cross-sectional studies versus longitudinal studies

a

Dr. Spinella's research focuses on the effects of early parenting practices on future behavioural tendencies of children. It is most likely that Dr. Spinella is a(n) ________ psychologist. a. developmental b. industrial/organizational c. physiological d. environmental

a

During the 1920s in Canada, which of the following individuals would have been most likely to be accepted for immigration into Canada following IQ testing? a. James, from Britain, who had an IQ of 91. b. Sasha, from Russia, who had an IQ of 100. c. Altan, from Turkey, who had an IQ of 92. d. Renada, from Italy, who had an IQ of 83.

a

During the autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development, the key social agent influencing the resolution of the crisis is likely to be a. parents. b. friends. c. television and media. d. society of peers.

a

Finding multiple different ways to successfully complete a video-game level without losing any lives would be related to what type of creative thinking? a. Divergent thinking b. Emotional intelligence c. Convergent thinking d. Critical thinking

a

Formal operational thinking is likely required to successfully resolve Erikson's a. identity versus role confusion crisis. b. initiative versus guilt crisis. c. autonomy versus shame and doubt crisis. d. trust versus mistrust crisis.

a

Gail has just turned 53 and is beginning menopause. Gail is likely to begin experiencing a. hot flashes. b. depression. c. a significant loss of appetite. d. a significant loss of physical energy.

a

General findings concerning gender differences and IQ scores reveal that a. women tend to score higher on verbal tasks than men. b. women tend to score higher on geographical tasks than men. c. women tend to score higher on advanced math reasoning tasks than do men. d. women tend to score higher on spatial ability tasks than men.

a

Identical twins have IQ correlations around .7, whereas fraternal twins have IQ correlations of about .3. What do these correlations suggest? a. Identical twins have very similar IQs while fraternal twins do not. b. Neither identical twins or fraternal twins have very similar IQs. c. Fraternal twins have very similar IQs while identical twins do not. d. Both identical twins and fraternal twins have similar IQs.

a

If asked whether standardized tests predict grades, what would the authors of your text argue? a. Yes, if we measure a full range of scores. b. No, unless we measure a restricted range of scores. c. Yes, if we only measure a restricted range of scores. d. No, if we measure a full range of scores.

a

If little Timmy is given an object permanence task where his response is not reliant on physical coordination, research suggests that he should demonstrate an understanding of object permanence by a. around 5 months old. b. around 8 months old. c. around 12 months old. d. around 16 months old.

a

In 1996 Alberta resident Leilani Muir was awarded almost $750,000 in damages after she sued the Alberta government for their order to ________ due to what they believed was feeble-mindedness. a. sterilize her b. deny her entry to junior college c. deny her entry to university d. terminate her from high-security government work

a

In general, which of the following individuals would show the highest performance on a series of vocabulary and knowledge tests? a. 73 year old Joan b. 45 year old Leslie c. 26 year old Edward d. 17 year old Sienna

a

In non-Western countries, laypeople view intelligence as reflecting ________________ more than intellectual brilliance. a. wisdom and judgment b. cross-domain skills c. specific skills and abilities d. crystallized knowledge

a

In the process of fertilization the ________ and _________ unite, resulting in a single cell. a. sperm; egg b. zygote; sperm c. embryo; zygote d. egg; fetus

a

Infant reflexes are a. innate involuntary behaviour patterns. b. voluntary behaviour patterns. c. learned. d. not used as a means for survival.

a

It was originally believed that women were worse drivers than men, but people failed to consider certain confounds. Results now show that men get into _______ accidents compared to women. a. 70% more b. 40% more c. 70% fewer d. 40% fewer

a

Ivie and Ray's (1990) study tracked female graduates in various academic disciplines over 35 years. Each of the disciplines increased over that time, except one that increased sharply, and then decreased. Which discipline is that? a. Computer science b. Engineering c. Mathematics d. Physics

a

Jane is 22 years old. For her job, she needs to take an intelligence test. Which would be the most appropriate test for her age group? a. WAIS-IV b. WISC-III c. WPPSI-R d. DSM-IVR

a

Jean Piaget is best known for his pioneering work in the area of ________ development. a. cognitive b. social c. identity d. psychosocial

a

Jean Piaget is noted for his theory of ______ development. a. cognitive b. social c. identity d. psychosocial

a

Jeremy is 17 years old. According to Erikson, his chief task will be acquiring a sense of a. identity. b. initiative. c. autonomy. d. trust.

a

Jordan is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 8 years. His IQ would be ________. a. 80 b. 100 c. 125 d. 140

a

Like any 4-month-old, Amy depends on her parents to feed her and to change her diapers. When Amy cries, her devoted parents quickly respond to her needs. According to Erikson, Amy is developing a sense of a. trust. b. mistrust. c. autonomy. d. initiative.

a

Many items on a "culture-fair" test require the use of a. nonverbal abilities such as rotating objects. b. verbal knowledge. c. musical knowledge. d. knowledge of major world historical figures.

a

Marcos, a geology professor, has always been fascinated by the study of fossils, shells, and rock formations. According to Gardner, Marcos is strong in the area of ________ intelligence. a. naturalistic b. kinesthetic c. logical d. spatial

a

Measuring intelligence by testing is a rather new concept in the history of the world. The idea of such testing came from a. France. b. the United States. c. the United Kingdom. d. the Soviet Union.

a

Older adults perform ___________ on most _____________ tests than do younger adults. a. better; vocabulary and knowledge b. better; free recall c. worse; recognition memory d. worse; problem solving

a

On a newly developed IQ test, an individual scores at the 110 level on the first half of the test, and 150 on the second half of the test. What does this test appear to lack? a. Reliability b. Standardization c. Predictive validity d. Appropriate norms

a

Problems such as ___________________ pose a higher risk of infant death, infection, and developmental disorders than premature delivery. a. low birth weight b. difficult labour and delivery c. lack of nourishment from breast milk d. overdue delivery

a

Recent research evidence suggests that people with poor cognitive skills are especially likely to overestimate their intellectual abilities, a phenomenon known as _______________________. a. the double curse of incompetence b. metacognitive skills c. deviation IQ d. positive eugenics

a

Regarding Heinz's dilemma, a person who decides not to steal the drug for fear of being imprisoned is reasoning at the ________ stage. a. preconventional b. formal conventional c. postconventional d. conventional

a

Regarding Spearman, Gardner, and Sternberg's theories, which statement is true? a. Gardner's interpersonal intelligence is related to Sternberg's practical intelligence. b. Gardner's linguistic intelligence is related to Spearman's g. c. Gardner's bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is related to Sternberg's analytical intelligence. d. Gardner's intrapersonal intelligence is related to Sternberg's creative intelligence.

a

Research has demonstrated that above a certain high level of IQ, intelligence is no longer predictive of important real-world accomplishments. Psychologists call this ______________. a. the threshold effect b. a negatively skewed distribution c. deviation IQ d. a restriction of range

a

Sam and Julie each scored 110 on the WAIS. Based on their scores, which is true? a. Two people with the same IQ score could have very different abilities. b. If Sam scored high in comprehension, then Julie scored high in comprehension. c. Two people with the same IQ score should have the same abilities. d. If Sam scored high in math, then Julie scored high in math.

a

Sarah has developed a sucking scheme as a way of understanding objects around her. Sarah's behaviour of sucking on a harmonica to make music is an example of a. assimilation. b. conservation. c. equilibration. d. accommodation.

a

Some research on brain activity and intelligence has demonstrated that participants with higher levels of intelligence exhibited ___________ brain activity than participants of lower levels of intelligence. a. less b. the same amount of c. more d. differentiated

a

Stephanie's friends describe her as someone who has the uncanny ability to say the right thing at the right time whenever someone is in need. According to Gardner, Stephanie's skills may reflect a type of ________ intelligence. a. interpersonal b. naturalistic c. intrapersonal d. emotional

a

Sterilization laws in Alberta remained into the a. 1970s. b. 1950s. c. 1960s. d. 1940s.

a

Sternberg has found that __________ intelligence is a good predictor of success in life but has a low relationship to ___________ intelligence. a. practical; analytical b. practical; creative c. analytical; practical d. academic; creative

a

The belief that children will have increased cognitive abilities if their parents play classical music for them during infancy reflects a. a pro-nurture perspective. b. a belief that genes set limits on cognitive ability. c. a pro-nature perspective. d. a belief that cognitive ability is genetically determined.

a

The correct formula for determining IQ as used in Stern's development of the Stanford-Binet Test was ____________. a. MA/CA ×100 b. MA/DA × 100 c. CA/MA × 100 d. MA/CA

a

The correlation of IQ measured at 6 months old with adult IQ is about a. .00. b. .20. c. .45. d. .70.

a

The expressed purpose of the eugenics movement was to a. improve a population's genetic stock by implementing sterilization plans for those of low IQ to prevent them from breeding. b. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with high IQs. c. improve a population's genetic stock by way of delivering increased educational training for those with low IQs. d. improve a population's genetic stock by way of providing those with low IQ increased access to higher education.

a

The expression of a person's IQ relative to his or her same-aged peers is called _______ IQ. a. deviation b. variant c. comparative d. validity

a

The extent to which the variability of a trait among groups is genetically influenced is referred to as a. between-group heritability. b. among-group heritability. c. cross-group heritability. d. within-group heritability.

a

The local health department of a small town has hired a research firm to study the development of cancer in residents in the town due to a suspected cancer-causing agent and environmental pollution. The researcher will compare data on participants at age 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, etc., to see if there are increasing rates of cancer in the town. This type of research study is called a a. longitudinal design. b. cross-sectional design. c. cohort research design. d. correlational research design.

a

The process of _______________ is responsible for the remarkable rate of neural development in the fetal brain. a. proliferation b. neural plasticity c. neural migration d. neurogenesis

a

The rooting reflex refers to a newborn's tendency to a. open the mouth to seek food when touched on the cheek. b. close the eyes when startled by loud noises. c. cry when approached by unfamiliar people. d. stand up and attempt to walk when placed on the knees.

a

The size of the head, in proportion to the rest of the body, is about _____ percent of the total height when an individual is 26 years old. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

a

Tom is a relatively reserved individual who does not like to take risks. While in university, he does not like to take classes that he isn't sure he can do well at, as he believes he is stupid when he gets poor grades and ends up dropping those classes because he can't change his grades. Tom likely believes that intelligence is a. a fixed entity. b. a flexible process. c. different for certain types of classes. d. the by-product of sensory capacity.

a

What can be accurately said about the relationship between schooling and intelligence? a. Educated people have more neural connections than less-educated people. b. Only children with high IQ scores enjoy and flourish in schools. c. Success in school involves more practical and creative intelligence. d. The duration of schooling is unrelated to IQ scores.

a

What is the sequence of stages of moral development as identified by Lawrence Kohlberg? a. Preconventional, conventional, postconventional b. Preoperational, postoperational, world view c. Preconventional, postconventional, conventional d. Concrete operational, formal operational, autonomous

a

What percentage of children could be classified as behaviourally inhibited? a. 10 b. 15 c. 25 d. 40

a

What psychological disorder did the Genain quadruplets all have? a. Schizophrenia b. Autism c. Learning disabilities d. Bipolar disorder

a

When attempting to understand developmental transitions that people face throughout their life span, which of the following research designs would be most informative? a. Longitudinal design b. Cross-sectional design c. Cohort research design d. Correlational research design

a

When her older brother hides behind the sofa, Carmen looks behind the sofa to find him. Carmen has developed a. object permanence. b. equilibration. c. assimilation. d. conservation.

a

Which category of severity affects approximately 85 percent of those diagnosed with an intellectual disability? a. Mild b. Moderate c. Severe d. Profound

a

Which is an example of a secondary sex characteristic? a. Voice change b. Ovaries c. Sperm d. Genitals

a

Which of Jean Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characterized by abstract thinking and the creation of theories? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

a

Which of the following describes the main reason for using the deviation IQ formula instead of Stern's MA/CA × 100 formula to represent IQ scores? a. A 90-year-old would not likely be able to achieve an IQ of 100 using Stern's formula. b. The older you are, the higher your IQ score will be according to Stern's formula. c. Stern's formula underpredicts IQ scores for those under 20 years old. d. Stern's formula is more difficult to calculate.

a

Which of the following examples describes a test that has low validity? a. A teacher uses a multiple choice test to measure public speaking ability. b. A teacher uses a presentation grade to measure public speaking ability. c. A teacher administers a test twice and finds that students' scores are not correlated. d. A teacher administers a test twice and finds that students' scores are correlated.

a

Which of the following examples would be associated with the lowest IQ based on research concerning birth order and intelligence? a. Jon, the third oldest of 5 siblings. b. Martin, the youngest of 3 siblings. c. Sam, the oldest of 4 siblings. d. Carl, the youngest of 4 siblings.

a

Which of the following individuals would Stern's formula for calculating IQ provide the best estimate of intelligence? a. 7- year old Lisa b. 17-year old Raj c. 24-year old Sienna d. 45-year old Don

a

Which of the following is a desirable characteristic of culture-fair tests? a. They should minimize or eliminate the use of language. b. They should not attempt to measure intelligence. c. They should be composed of items that vary from culture to culture. d. They should measure values based on a person's cultural background.

a

Which of the following is a main disadvantage of the cross-sectional design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively expensive. c. It takes a longer amount of time than a longitudinal study. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

a

Which of the following is an example of "stereotype threat"? a. Julie becomes anxious when told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests and even though she is a gifted mathematician, she performs below average on the SAT math section. b. Julie becomes anxious when told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests, but she uses this as incentive to earn a high score on the SAT math section. c. Julie is told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests, but her preparation for the test allows her to earn a high score on the SAT math section. d. Julie is told that women perform worse than men on standardized math tests, but she ignores this information and earns a high score on the SAT math section.

a

Which of the following parenting styles is associated with the most favourable outcomes for children? a. Authoritative b. Permissive c. Authoritarian d. Uninvolved

a

Which of the following reduces the value of twin studies as evidence for the role of heredity in determining IQ? a. Children tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents. b. There have been so many studies of pairs of identical twins who were separated at birth that the results are unclear. c. Identical twins do not share the same prenatal environment. d. Identical twins who were not reared together usually have very different IQ scores.

a

Which of the following research designs would be least effective in exploring the cognitive developmental issues facing 7-year-olds? a. Case study research design b. Cohort research design c. Correlational research design d. Cross-sectional research design

a

Daydreaming, meditation, intoxication, sleep, and hypnosis are all types of ________. a. self-awareness b. self-absorption c. waking consciousness d. altered states of consciousness

d. altered states of consciousness

Benzedrine, methedrine, and dexedrine are all ________. a. narcotics b. depressants c. illegal d. amphetamines

d. amphetamines

Which of the following statements about racial differences in IQ is false? a. The variability within any given race tends to be much smaller than the variability between races. b. Differences among races may be narrowing over the decades. c. Racial differences are largely or entirely environmental in origin. d. When matched for socioeconomic, demographic and health variables, there are no racial differences.

a

Which of the following statements about temperament is accurate? a. Temperament reflects basic emotional styles, is early appearing, and largely genetic in origin. b. Temperament is an extension of our personality and is shaped by our early attachment experiences. c. Temperament develops by the age of around 2, when infants have learned a consistent way of responding to situations. d. Temperaments are environmentally determined and difficult to change once established.

a

Which of the following statements is representative of Vygotsky's approach to learning? a. One's course of cognitive development can be significantly influenced by instructional style and scaffolding. b. All children pass through the same cognitive developmental stages at similar points in time. c. One's course of cognitive development is genetically fixed and cannot be significantly influenced by social factors. d. To prevent frustration, children should be presented with tasks that they can fully complete unaided.

a

Which of the following statements is true about Terman's longitudinal study of gifted children? a. The same children were followed over the length of their life span, and some are still being followed today. b. Gifted people of different ages were all studied at once and their personal values compared. c. The gifted were found to be socially awkward and had little social success in life. d. None of these

a

Which of the following terms is used to describe any substance, such as a drug, chemical, or virus that can bring about a birth defect? a. Teratogen b. Critical period c. Carcinogen d. Biohazard

a

Which of the following theorists would most likely disagree with the ideals of the eugenics movement? a. Gardner b. Goddard c. Galton d. Darwin

a

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability? a. IQ below 70 b. evidence of brain damage c. slower than normal reflexes d. onset of deficits prior to age 6

a

Which of these is an element of the formal definition of intellectual disability? a. Inadequate adaptive functioning b. Evidence of brain damage c. Slower than normal reflexes d. Onset of deficits prior to age 6

a

Which theorist stated that "intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure"? a. Edwin Boring b. Sir Francis Galton c. Alfred Binet d. Charles Spearman

a

Which type of thought does not begin until the stage of formal operational thought? a. Thinking about what is possible b. Thinking about what is logical c. Thinking about whether an object exists when it is out of sight d. Thinking about only one feature of an object rather than taking all features into consideration

a

______________ refers to the value of each person's IQ relative to the norms for his or her age group. a. Deviation IQ b. Mental age c. Metacognitive level d. Intelligence quotient

a

________refers to heredity and __________ refers to environmental influences. a. Nature; nurture b. Cognition; emotion c. Nurture; behavioural genetics d. Cross-sectional; longitudinal

a

Which of the following is an example of a social component of hunger?

a girl feels lonely so she eats an extra helping of dessert to cheer herself up

which of the following is not a characteristic of a person who is high in the need for power(nPow)

a good team player

Which of the following is NOT a factor that creates obesity?

a raised metabolism as people age

Stereotype threat is defined as anxiety related to the phenomenon known as _____.

a self-fulfilling prophecy

Curiosity exploration, and playing are all examples of

a stimulus motive

According to the semantic network model, it would take more time to answer "true" to which sentence? a. "A salmon is an animal." b. "A salmon is a fish." c. "A canary is a bird." d. All of these would take the same time.

a. "A salmon is an animal."

Sandra is 4-years old and has been left alone in a room with a plate of cookies and a bell. Sandra was instructed by Dr. Mischel that if she could wait 15 minutes, she could get an even bigger reward, like two cookies, but if she could not wait she was to ring the bell to summon the experimenter. Sandra was able to wait for the bigger reward across several trials. What does this predict about Sandra's behaviour as an adolescent? a. Although she is able to delay gratification now, she will experience a rebound effect and engage in frequent impulsive behaviour in her teenage years. b. Sandra has a calm temperament but restrained individuals who constantly delay their gratification tend to explode violently as adults. c. Sandra will likely have a superior ability to cope with stress and frustration in adolescence and not engage in as much impulsive and reckless behaviours as other teenagers. d. Although Sandra displays early self-control, these behaviours are unrelated to her behaviour in adolescence.

c

Sarah is being tested for dyslexia (a type of reading disability) after receiving substandard scores on the WAIS. Which subscale of the WAIS would provide the best information about Sarah's reading disability? a. Vocabulary b. Similarities c. Picture completion d. Information

c

Sarah is in her forties. Her menstrual cycle is irregular and she is experiencing "hot flashes" that are keeping her awake at night. The changes Sarah is experiencing are called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

c

Shalissa is described as being tactful and able to manipulate situations to her advantage. She is probably high in a. analytical intelligence. b. creative intelligence. c. practical intelligence. d. exponential intelligence.

c

Sheldon is seeking a mating partner who is either at or above his own IQ of 147, as he feels that if he is going to invest in an offspring, the child must be highly intelligent. He is unwilling to consider individuals who have lower IQ scores because this may "taint" the gene pool. In this example, Sheldon is using principles of __________________ to guide his selection of an appropriate mate. a. negative eugenics b. sterilization plans c. positive eugenics d. genetic stockholding

c

Sonya is being administered the WAIS-IV, and is being assessed on her ability to perceive and analyze patterns in designs presented to her. She is most likely being tested on which of the following subtests? a. Picture arrangement b. Similarities c. Block design d. Picture completion

c

Sternberg's _______ model of intelligence offers a theory of multiple intelligences. a. crystallized b. fluid c. triarchic d. triangular

c

The Carmichaels do not believe in punishing their children; instead they shape their children's behaviours by praising them and showering them with affection. This parenting style most closely resembles a. authoritarian parenting. b. authoritative parenting. c. permissive parenting. d. uninvolved parenting.

c

The _________ severe the intellectual disability, the __________ likely it is to run in families. a. more; more b. less; more c. more; less d. less; less

c

The cessation of menstruation and ovulation is called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

c

The deviation IQ refers to a. dividing mental age by chronological age and multiplying by 100. b. adding/subtracting mental age to chronological age and multiplying by 100. c. an expression of each individual's IQ relative to their same-aged peers. d. an evaluation of the normative data that reflects typical IQ scores according to mental age.

c

The emotional bond that forms between an infant and a primary caregiver is called a. temperament. b. trust. c. attachment. d. habituation.

c

The first true longitudinal study of the effects of giftedness on social success was conducted by a. Weschler. b. Spearman. c. Terman. d. Gardiner.

c

The hypothetical factor that accounts for overall differences in intellect is referred to by a lower-case a. a. b. f. c. g. d. i.

c

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called a. climacteric. b. perimenopause. c. menopause. d. postmenopause.

c

The scientific study of the changes that occur in people as they age from conception to death is called a. abnormal psychology. b. gerontology. c. human development. d. maturational studies.

c

The term Terman's "Termites" refers to a. a set of developmentally delayed students that Terman studied intensively. b. a group of Army soldiers who on the basis of their IQ were followed through their military career. c. a sample of gifted children who were studied and followed into adulthood. d. none of these.

c

Theories of cognitive development can be differentiated based on all of the following except a. whether development was stagelike or continuous. b. what was proposed as the principle source of learning. c. whether changes resulted from environmental or genetic influences. d. whether developmental accounts were domain-general or domain-specific.

c

What did Terman's groundbreaking study of gifted children accomplish? a. It put to rest the myths that existed about genius in the early part of the twentieth century. b. It proved that gifted children and adults are more prone to mental illnesses or odd behaviour than other groups. c. It contradicted the idea that child prodigies "burn out" in adulthood. d. It demonstrated genius is the only factor that influences real success in life.

c

What hormone may be linked to variations in verbal ability? a. Testosterone b. Progesterone c. Estrogen d. Vasopressin

c

A farmer is being troubled by coyotes eating his sheep. In an attempt to solve the problem, he kills a sheep and laces its body with a nausea-inducing drug. He leaves the sheep out where he knows the coyotes roam. He hopes they will learn not to eat the sheep. The farmer is attempting to apply the principle of ________ to accomplish this. a. observational learning b. latent learning c. instrumental conditioning d. conditioned taste aversion

d. conditioned taste aversion

What term do psychologists use to designate our personal awareness of feelings, sensations, and thoughts? a. thinking b. cognition c. conscience d. consciousness

d. consciousness

What is the best explanation for why the age of menarche has decreased over the past century from around 15 to around 13 years of age? a. Advances in technology correspond to an earlier age of being able to carry an infant to term. b. Evolutionary changes are linked to taller and more physically strong women that develop earlier. c. The change is probably due primarily to better nutrition and health care. d. The decrease reflects the revolving cycle where women are having children younger and, in turn, the age of reproduction of their children is younger, and so on.

c

What percentage of the population is described as gifted, according to IQ standards, and would qualify for membership in an organization called Mensa? a. .01 percent b. 1 percent c. 2 percent d. 10 percent

c

What term is used to describe a child's inability to see the world through anyone else's eyes except his or her own? a. Disparity b. Narcissism c. Egocentrism d. Autonomy

c

What three types of intelligence constitute Sternberg's Triarchic theory of intelligence? a. Global, intuitive, and special b. General, global, and specific c. Analytical, creative, and practical d. Mathematical, reasoning, and verbal

c

When placed in "Strange Situations" with surrogate mothers, Harlow's monkeys demonstrated signs of a. imprinting. b. authoritative attachment. c. insecure attachment. d. stranger anxiety.

c

When we consider intelligence, it is important to remember that although _______ sets limits on a child's potential, it is the _______ that permits that potential to be actualized. a. learning; opportunity b. opportunity; learning c. heredity; environment d. environment; heredity

c

Whereas Piaget saw cognitive development as a result of individual discovery and a child's interaction with objects, Vygotsky attributed cognitive development to a. biological changes in the brain. b. unconscious factors. c. interaction between a child and skilled people. d. completing activities in isolation.

c

Which developmental theorist is likely to be most criticized for the use of broad age ranges in various stages of his theory? a. Ainsworth b. Piaget c. Erikson d. Vygotsky

c

Which is true concerning research related to the "Mozart Effect"? a. No evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. b. Currently the market for classical music videos and toys has dropped off. c. Weak evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning. d. Strong evidence exists supporting the claims that exposure to classical music improves cognitive functioning.

c

Which of the following correlations of intelligence level would provide evidence for an environmental influence on intelligence? a. Brothers and sisters who have high intelligence b. Children and their parents who all have low intelligence c. Adopted children and their adoptive parents who have high intelligence d. Adopted children and their biological parents who have low intelligence

c

Which of the following individuals is likely to have an IQ that is most closely related to Darrell? a. Darrell's neighbour Dave b. Darrell's cousin Sarah c. Darrell's sister Debra d. Darrell's cousin Derreck

c

Which of the following is an example of imprinting? a. A young child imitates the behaviours of older siblings. b. A young child's behaviour is influenced by peer pressure. c. Young geese demonstrate an attachment to a round ball. d. Young geese scatter away in fear when a ball approaches them.

c

Which of the following is not a criticism of Piaget's theory of cognitive development? a. The methodologies may be culturally biased. b. Children's ability to report their reasoning influenced interpretations. c. Children's development may be more stagelike than Piaget believed. d. Some children operated at different stage levels for different tasks.

c

Which of the following is not an example of a teratogen? a. A mother contracting the H1N1 flu during pregnancy b. A mother consuming alcoholic beverages during pregnancy c. A mother who uses harsh chemicals to colour and perm her hair d. A mother who suffers from depression while she is pregnant

c

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. Intrapersonal b. Naturalistic c. Holistic d. Kinesthetic

c

Which of the following is not one of the intersections of nature and nurture in developmental psychology? a. Gene expression b. Gene-environment interactions c. Natural selection of traits d. Nature via nurture

c

Which of the following is not one of the major scores yielded by the WAIS-IV? a. Overall IQ score b. Verbal comprehension c. Mathematical-logical skill d. Processing speed

c

Which of the following is not one of the three major temperamental styles? a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Difficult c. Anxious d. Easy

c

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's stages of cognitive development? a. Preoperational; concrete operations; sensorimotor; formal operations b. Concrete operations; sensorimotor; preoperational; formal operations c. Sensorimotor; preoperational; concrete operations; formal operations d. Preoperational; sensorimotor; concrete operations; formal operations

c

Which of the following is true concerning "twin study" research findings? a. Fraternal twins have more similar IQ scores than identical twins. b. Identical twins and fraternal twins share similarly high IQ correlations. c. Identical twins have more similar IQ scores than fraternal twins. d. Identical twins raised together have less similar scores than identical twins raised apart.

c

Which of the following measures of infant intelligence has been found somewhat reliable in predicting later IQ scores? a. Verbal learning b. Picture completion c. Speed of habituation d. Block design

c

Which of the following represents cross-cultural differences in attachment study research? a. More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-avoidant category as compared to North American infants. b. Infants from Japan are more likely to react to their mom's departure with indifference as compared to North American infants. c. More infants from Japan fall into the insecure-anxious category as compared to North American infants. d. More infants from North America display disorganized attachments as compared to infants from Japan.

c

Which of the following statements about gifted people is true? a. They are more likely to suffer from mental illnesses. b. They are physically weaker than non-gifted persons. c. They are often skilled leaders. d. They are socially unskilled.

c

Which of the following statements about heredity and intelligence is true? a. Similarities in intelligence between identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different houses must be due to heredity. b. Differences in intelligence between identical twins must be due to differences in their environments. c. If identical twins are separated at birth and raised in different homes, yet still have similar intelligence scores, the similarity in their scores must be due to hereditary influences. d. Prenatal influences have little, if any, influence on intelligence and need not be taken into account when studying environmental influences.

c

Which of the following statements is true concerning the relationship between brain size and intelligence? a. The higher the brain volume is, the lower the intelligence test scores. b. Higher brain volume causes higher intelligence test scores. c. The higher the brain volume is, the higher the intelligence test scores. d. Higher brain volume is unrelated to intelligence test scores.

c

Which of the following statements reflects the correct match between gender and enhanced specific mental ability? a. A male performing arithmetic calculations b. Male distinguishing the type of emotion on people's faces c. A female repeating a tongue twister over and over again d. A female deriving a mathematical proof in geometry

c

Which of the following subscales of the WAIS is least likely to contain culturally biased items? a. Comprehension b. Vocabulary c. Picture completion d. Similarities

c

Which of the following subtests of the WAIS-IV assesses understanding of social situations and relationships? a. Similarities b. Picture arrangement c. Comprehension d. Object assembly

c

Which of the following would be considered the biggest (and anxiety-inducing) life transition that adults may face? a. Establishing a career b. Falling in love c. Becoming a parent d. Undergoing a midlife crisis

c

Which was not a finding of the Terman and Oden (1974) study of gifted kids? a. They were socially well adjusted. b. They were more resistant to mental illness. c. They were clearly much more likely to be females. d. They were more likely to attend graduate school.

c

Who was the inventor of correlational research methods who later studied the effects of sensory skills on intelligence? a. Charles Spearman b. Henri Simon c. Sir Francis Galton d. Alfred Binet

c

William Stern's formula for the intelligence quotient was mental age/chronological age × 100. What is the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 9? a. 125 b. 135 c. 75 d. 85

c

Your little sister picks up objects, feels every part of them, and then puts them in her mouth. What stage of Jean Piaget's model of cognitive development does this behaviour suggest she is in? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

c

_______ refers to when a test that predicts outcomes, such as grades or occupational success, better in one group than in another. a. Deviation IQ b. Confirmation bias c. Test bias d. Interrater reliability

c

____________ attached babies in Ainsworth's study were clinging and unwilling to explore, very upset by the stranger regardless of the mother's presence, protested mightily when the mother left, were hard to soothe, and had mixed reactions upon mother's return. a. Securely b. Avoidant c. Anxious d. Disorganized

c

______________ tasks are more affected by aging in adulthood relative to ___________ tasks. a. Cognitive; motor b. Simple; cognitive c. Complex; simple d. Motor; complex

c

_______________ is learned through trial and error, whereas _______________ is a reflexive behaviour. a. Grasping; rooting b. Walking; grasping c. Crawling; sucking d. Standing; crawling

c

_______________ refers to the idea that intelligence is whatever intelligence tests measure. a. Spearman's general intelligence b. Cattell's fluid intelligence c. Boring's dictum d. Gardner's multiple intelligences

c

Who among the following people might be a likely candidate for hypnosis? a. Anthony, a hyperactive 9-year-old boy b. Glenn, a 32-year-old man who opposes all suggestions directed at him c. Dan, a 40-year-old man who fantasizes frequently and owns a waterbed store d. Carrie, a 29-year-old woman who is a copy editor for a newspaper and unwilling to allow anyone to hypnotize her

c. Dan, a 40-year-old man who fantasizes frequently and owns a waterbed store

According to famed linguist Noam Chomsky, humans have an innate ability to understand and produce language through a device he called a. Syntax synthesizer (SS) b. Grammar grabber (GG) c. Language Acquisition Device (LAD) d. Language Learning System (LLS)

c. Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Which of the following is CORRECT concerning REM deprivation? a. REM deprivation results in long-term mental illness. b. REM deprivation only occurs among the elderly. c. REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep. d. REM deprivation can lead to visual impairments.

c. REM deprivation leads to increased amounts of REM sleep on subsequent nights of sleep.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT concerning the concept of gender and dreams? a. Men and women typically dream about similar things. b. Men dream more each night than women. c. Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about. d. Women tend to dream twice as much as men.

c. Research reports that men and women differ in the things they dream about.

Imagine that you try to condition someone so that a particular sound elicits a literal "knee jerk response." Which of the following is accurate? a. The initial strike to the knee is the CS. b. The initial knee jerk response is the CR. c. The sound is the CS. d. The anticipation of being struck in the knee is the CSR.

c. The sound is the CS.

Sleep research supports three "helpful hints" to avoid insomnia. Which of the following statements is NOT a helpful hint? a. Don't try too hard to get to sleep. b. Don't take sleeping pills or drink alcohol to help you fall asleep. c. Try to nap as much as possible. d. It is better to go to bed at about the same time every night.

c. Try to nap as much as possible.

If Frank is using a drug that causes addiction in nearly 75% of those who use it, he is probably ingesting a. MDMA b. heroin c. crack d. LSD

c. crack

Memories for general facts and personal information are called __________. a. episodic memory b. procedural memories c. declarative memories d. factual memory

c. declarative memories

Godden and Baddeley found that if you study on land, you do better when tested on land, and if you study underwater, you do better when tested underwater. This finding is an example of __________. a. memorability b. registered learning c. encoding specificity d. accessible decoding

c. encoding specificity

A man known as H. M. lost the ability to form new memories after an operation removed portions of his __________. a. cortex and medulla b. cerebellum and pons c. hippocampus d. hypothalamus and thalamus

c. hippocampus

According to the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming, the source of a dream is neuronal firing in the ________. a. Broca's area b. cortex c. pons d. optical lobe

c. pons

Shaquin finished his term paper and handed it in. As he walked out of the classroom, he realized that there were a few more things he should have included in the paper. Shaquin's problem is the __________ component of memory. a. encoding b. storage c. retrieval d. retention

c. retrieval

The Peg word system is a mnemonic device that I taught to you in class. "One is a bun, two is a _____, three is a tree, four is a door, .... a. screw b. flue c. shoe d. mew

c. shoe

If the EEG record reveals evidence of sleep spindles, you are likely to conclude that the sleeping person is in which stage of sleep? a. REM b. stage 1 c. stage 2 d. stage 4

c. stage 2

Someone a short distance away, to whom you have been paying no attention, quietly speaks your name, and suddenly you attend to that person. This is an example of __________. a. Broadbent's process of selective memory b. the phi phenomenon c. the cocktail party effect d. cue-controlled inhibition

c. the cocktail party effect

An advantage of using a heuristic over an algorithm is __________. a. the heuristic insures a correct answer b. the heuristic takes longer and is more accurate c. the heuristic can be quicker d. the heuristic always works the same way

c. the heuristic can be quicker

In Schachter and Singer's classic study of emotion, male student volunteers were injected with epinephrine, a drug that

causes the same kind of physiological arousal that occurs during a strong emotional reaction

The theory of emotion that proposes that physical arousal and cognitive appraisal of stimulus happen simultaneously is know as the (pg 366)

cognitive arousal theory of emotion

A study showed that Japanese students associated the subjective emotion of happiness with feelings of friendliness and social engagement. The study demonstrated an aspect of processing emotion in a(n) ___________________ culture.

collectivistic

The theory that feeling an emotion comes first as a physical reaction that leads to a behavioral response is known as the (p365)

common sense theory of emotion

According to Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory, the need to be able to master the challenging task of one's life is the need for

competence

According to Ryan and Deci, a person's intrinsic motivation may be increased because of a combined sense of

competence and autonomy

An example of a stimulus motive is(pg 349)

curiosity playing and exploration

Research has shown that men tend to talk to each other about

current events

A fertilized cell is called a(n) ______________ when it consists of identical cells that have not begun to take on specific functions, and a(n) ______________ once the cells begin to differentiate and form bodily structures and organs. a. zygote; embryo b. blastocyst; fetus c. embryo; fetus d. blastocyst; embryo

d

A person who breeds and trains race horses is likely to a. practise negative eugenics. b. promote voluntary sterilization plans. c. promote involuntary sterilization plans. d. practise positive eugenics.

d

A question asking why people pay taxes would fall under which subscale area of the WAIS? a. Evaluation b. Information c. Vocabulary d. Comprehension

d

A researcher has studied a group of patients who have a rare terminal type of cancer, and has found that they all were regular cranberry juice drinkers. He concluded that drinking cranberry juice led to the development of the rare cancer. In this case, the researcher has most likely made an error in judgment due to a. bidirectional influences. b. the availability heuristic. c. cohort effects. d. the post hoc fallacy.

d

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional

d

A test that is classified as a "valid" measure is one that a. allows for comparison across groups of people. b. produces both repeatable scores and measures what it is intended to measure. c. produces repeatable scores over time. d. measures what it is intended to measure.

d

According to Erikson, an emotional and psychological closeness that is based on the ability to trust, share, and care, while still maintaining one's sense of self, is called a. bonding. b. attraction. c. attachment. d. intimacy.

d

According to Erikson, which of the following is true? a. In most cases psychosocial crises go unresolved with no detrimental effects on social development. b. In most cases psychosocial crises are unsuccessfully resolved, leading to detrimental effects on social development. c. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis has no effect on whether a future crisis will be successfully resolved. d. Unsuccessful resolution of a crisis decreases the likelihood that a future crisis will be successfully resolved.

d

According to Gardner there are ________ types of intelligence. a. two b. four c. six d. eight

d

According to Kohlberg, behaviour motivated by the avoidance of punishment represents ________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

d

According to Piaget, equilibration involves the processes of a. conservation and scaffolding. b. maturation and conservation. c. egocentrism and constructivism. d. assimilation and accommodation.

d

According to Piaget, students begin to successfully complete division and multiplication problems during the ________ stage. a. formal operations b. sensorimotor c. preoperational d. concrete operations

d

According to Spearman, it is one's ________ intelligence that produces the positive correlations found between math, reading scores, and visual perception tests. a. crystallized b. fluid c. emotional d. general

d

According to Vygotsky, cognitive development results from a. genetics. b. biological maturation. c. innate intelligence. d. scaffolding.

d

According to the WAIS, items requiring people to organize scrambled puzzle pieces into complete images would be ________ items. a. picture completion b. block design c. picture arrangement d. object assembly

d

After being referred for testing, Angela scored 102 on an IQ test. Angela is now likely to a. be given accommodations due to her low test scores. b. be placed in a special education class. c. be placed in a gifted and talented program. d. be left with no special placement.

d

Against prevailing ideas at the time, Harlow's research with rhesus monkeys in the 1950s demonstrated that attachment was a. associated with the nourishment supplied by mothers by providing milk and food. b. not determined by nourishment or comfort as monkeys did not bond to either surrogate. c. dependent upon biological relations as greatest bonding occurs in mother-infant pairs. d. more associated with contact comfort than providing nourishment and sustenance.

d

Although those with high IQs are found across professional fields, which professional group tends to obtain the highest average IQs? a. Electricians b. Law enforcement officers c. Social workers d. Professors

d

An 8-year-old child who scored like an average 10-year-old on an intelligence test would have a mental age of ________ and an IQ of ________. a. 8; 80 b. 8; 125 c. 10; 100 d. 10; 125

d

As compared to Piaget's theory, Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development best explains how a child learns to a. stand upright for the first time. b. speak for the first time. c. crawl for the first time. d. cross a street safely for the first time.

d

As discussed in the opening vignette of your text, Chris Langan was believed to have an IQ of _____ and considered a(n) ____________ as a child. a. 80; autistic savant b. 100; existentialist c. 150; abstract thinker d. 195; prodigy

d

Because Ben's history professor was a college student during the 1970s, he has extraordinary insight and knowledge of facts concerning the Vietnam War era. This knowledge is associated with the term a. multiple intelligence. b. general intelligence. c. fluid intelligence. d. crystallized intelligence.

d

Beliefs that being gifted or a genius lead to being weird, socially awkward, or more likely to suffer from mental illnesses were put to rest by a. Binet's development of the concept of IQ. b. the development of the WAIS tests by Wechsler. c. the Army Alpha tests study. d. Terman's longitudinal study of over 1500 gifted children.

d

Ben rescues a cat from an alley in his neighbourhood. The cat is about 2 years old and appears to have lived on the street since it was born. Despite what Ben tries, he is having a lot of trouble getting the cat behave less "wildly" and to bond with him. According to attachment research, what is the best explanation for this situation? a. Kittens have a critical period for bonding to humans within the first week after birth. b. Wild cats take awhile to respond to touch but will eventually experience contact comfort. c. Animals that have been abandoned also develop insecure attachment styles. d. Cats appear to have a sensitive period after which bonding to humans is difficult.

d

Binet and Galton would have likely disagreed about a. the extent to which intelligence tests were objective measures. b. the extent to which intelligence tests were reliable. c. the extent to which tests can measure intelligence. d. the extent to which our senses influence intelligence.

d

Brad is 17 and is looking into career options. He is currently deciding whether he wants to become a gourmet chef or a race car driver. Brad is at what stage of Erik Erikson's psychosocial development? a. Integrity versus despair b. Intimacy versus isolation c. Generativity versus stagnation d. Identity versus role confusion

d

Brad is in an electronics store with his parents. He looks at the CDs and thinks for a moment that he could grab one and put it beneath his coat. As he considers this possibility, he decides not to do it because he might get caught and his parents would punish him. What stage of moral development does Brad's decision represent? a. Formal conventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Preconventional

d

Brenda's parents are political conservatives while she identifies more with liberal political views. When asked her political orientation, Brenda seems uncertain and does not respond. Brenda is dealing with the ________ crisis. a. ego integrity versus despair b. autonomy versus shame and doubt c. industry versus inferiority d. identity versus role confusion

d

Children involved in "Strange Situation" research change attachment styles frequently in follow-up studies, meaning that this method of measuring attachment style lacks a. honesty. b. integrity. c. validity. d. reliability.

d

Concerning intelligence and memory, which statement is true? a. Intelligence test scores tend to be inversely correlated with scores on short-term memory tests. b. Intelligence test scores tend to be negatively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests. c. Intelligence test scores tend to be unrelated to scores on short-term memory tests. d. Intelligence test scores tend to be positively correlated with scores on short-term memory tests.

d

Danille and Tanya have both scored highly on an intelligence test, whereas Andrea and Ashlee scored much lower on the intelligence test. All four women are participating in an experiment that requires them to respond as quickly as possible to the presence of a stimulus by pushing a button on a keyboard. Which two women will likely have the lowest reaction times? a. Andrea and Ashlee b. Ashlee and Tanya c. Danille and Andrea d. Tanya and Danille

d

During the ________ stage of development, a child will not have developed object permanence. a. concrete operational b. formal operational c. preoperational d. sensorimotor

d

Elementary school teachers from China would likely employ a(n)________ style of teaching. a. permissive b. uninvolved c. authoritative d. authoritarian

d

Erikson saw the major challenge of young adulthood as that of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

d

Foster hasn't performed as well as he could have in school, but seems to have a good head on his shoulders, does well at work, understands others, and could be said to have "street smarts". In this example, what type of intelligence is most applicable to Foster? a. Creative intelligence b. General intelligence c. Naturalistic intelligence d. Practical intelligence

d

Frederica is an infant who is easily scared by unfamiliar faces, loud noises, or moving toys. Her temperament style would be classified as _________________. a. slow-to-warm-up b. difficult c. anxious d. behavioural inhibition

d

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into ______ independent abilities. a. 3 b. 5 c. 7 d. 9

d

Greta's child has facial deformities, a smaller than normal head, heart defects, mental retardation, learning difficulties, and delayed growth. If these defects can be traced to a teratogen used by Greta when she was pregnant, which was she most likely abusing? a. Nicotine b. Cocaine c. Marijuana d. Alcohol

d

If you track the frequency by which popcorn kernels pop, few kernels pop early or late; most pop around the same time. This frequency chart is a good example of a ________ frequency graph. a. flat b. positively skewed c. negatively skewed d. normal bell

d

If you track the frequency of watch chimes in a crowded classroom, most watches will chime at the top of the hour, fewer will chime either slightly early or late, and fewer still will chime especially early or late. This frequency chart is a good example of a ________ frequency graph. a. flat b. positively skewed c. negatively skewed d. normal bell

d

In Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development between 7 and 11 years of age, in which an individual becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking, is the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

d

In which of Piaget's stages does the child develop conservation? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

d

Johnny has never been harassed by the school bully, but most of his friends have. Johnny's decision to stand up to the bully to protect his friends represents a type of ________ morality. a. preconventional b. conventional c. formal conventional d. postconventional

d

Joseph refuses to vote in major elections because he believes that most political candidates seeking office are motivated by personal gain and not to create positive social change. Joseph's reasoning reflects a. formal conventional reasoning. b. preconventional reasoning. c. conventional reasoning. d. postconventional reasoning.

d

Kent was inconsistently cared for as an infant and consequently he struggles with issues of commitment in adulthood. Kent may have experienced difficulty resolving crises in which two stages? a. Initiative versus guilt and autonomy versus shame and doubt b. Identity versus identity confusion and generativity versus stagnation c. Industry versus inferiority and ego integrity versus despair d. Trust versus mistrust and intimacy versus isolation

d

Melissa identifies herself as a female; however she tends to act like a "tomboy" hanging out with mostly males and playing hockey and football. Which of the following is TRUE with respect to this example? a. Melissa's gender identity is male. b. Melissa is likely experiencing transsexualism but is unaware of her gender identity. c. Melissa is experiencing sex segregation in her biological and social roles. d. Melissa's gender role is associated with masculine behaviours.

d

Menopause refers to a. the loss of sexual interest occurring in late adulthood. b. the onset of puberty in early adulthood. c. the loss of sexual potency in late adulthood. d. the end of the menstruation period in middle adulthood.

d

Nathan is trying to construct a pendulum to figure out what makes a pendulum swing faster or slower. At his current stage of cognitive development, he is unable to successfully construct this himself, but is receptive to learning the skill with the assistance of others. According to Vygotsky, what developmental stage is Nathan at? a. Scaffolding b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Zone of proximal development

d

Obedience to rules because of the fear of punishment is a characteristic of__________. a. formal conventional morality b. postconventional morality c. conventional morality d. preconventional morality

d

One might criticize the study of Terman's termites because it a. might have been biased by the principal's recommendations in the selection of the gifted children. b. did not include students from diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds. c. Terman may have actively intervened in the lives of his subjects. d. All of these are reasonable criticisms of the study.

d

One of the first American psychologists to misuse intelligence tests by administering them as a qualification for immigration into the United States was a. Gardner. b. Spearman. c. Sternberg. d. Goddard.

d

One's verbal IQ score on the WAIS primarily relates to which type of intelligence? a. Emotional b. Fluid c. Multiple d. Crystallized

d

Piaget overestimated the degree to which a. prenatal factors influence the rate at which skills emerge. b. cultural factors influence the rate of skill development. c. social factors influence skill development. d. object permanence develops in children.

d

Piaget's theory provided a ________________ account of cognitive development, and Vygotsky's theory was considered a _________________. a. stagelike; continuous b. continuous; stagelike c. domain-specific; domain-general d. domain-general; domain-specific

d

Professor Grant is interested in studying the development of a sense of humour. She collects data from groups of 6-year-olds, 16-year-olds, 26-year-olds, and 46-year-olds. What type of research design is Professor Grant using? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

d

Research into the Flynn effect has been studied in several countries, with the longest span of time since 1942 reported in a. Belgium. b. Norway. c. the United States. d. Britain.

d

Research investigating the causes of gender differences in behaviour suggests that a. during infancy there are no gender differences between the toy preferences of boys and girls. b. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to dislike rough and tumble play. c. no gender differences have been found between the toy preferences of male and female monkeys. d. females exposed to excessive levels of testosterone during birth tend to enjoy rough and tumble play.

d

Research involving family and adoption studies have demonstrated that a. siblings reared together and cousins reared together have similar IQ correlations. b. the correlations between the IQ scores of cousins reared together are very strong. c. the correlations between the IQ scores of cousins reared together are negative. d. the higher the percentage of shared genes between people, the higher their IQ correlations will be.

d

Research on children's development of motor milestones suggests that a. this process is primarily a biological one and reflects innately programmed changes consistent across cultures. b. motor developments are dependent on physical maturation, which is guided by our biological changes. c. motor development is purely an environmental process, and is not limited by physiological constraints. d. while there are physiological limits on development, parenting styles and culture shape the variations in motor development.

d

Researchers are testing 3 groups of children aged 2½, 3½, and 4½ years old. In order to determine whether they have attained theory of mind, they give each group of children the ___________ task, which examines children's ability to understand that someone else believes something they know to be wrong. a. conservation b. object permanence c. self-concept d. false belief

d

Rosenthal's "rapid bloomers" study demonstrated that a. students with high achievement motivation tended to outperform students with low achievement motivation. b. students who believed they were less intelligent performed worse than students believing that they were more intelligent. c. students who believed they were smart, outperformed those who did not believe that they were smart. d. higher teacher expectations of students led to higher academic performance.

d

Severe forms of intellectual disability are typically due to a. a lack of proper socialization. b. psychological and emotional factors. c. genetic and environmental influences. d. rare genetic mutations or accidents during birth.

d

Sue has devoted so much time to her engineering career that at age 70 she has never been free to pursue many of her personal interests. Sue's feelings of missed opportunities suggest a sense of a. generativity. b. alienation. c. stagnation. d. despair.

d

Tameeka is at a point in her pregnancy during which she is experiencing muscle contractions and movement and kicks. Which period of prenatal development is Tameeka currently experiencing? a. Blastocyst b. Embryonic c. Zygotic d. Fetal

d

The "Flynn effect" refers to a. the finding that IQ scores have steadily decreased over the last decade. b. the finding that IQ scores have stayed the same over the last decade. c. the finding that IQ scores are negatively correlated with education levels. d. the finding that IQ scores have steadily increased over the last decade.

d

The capacity to learn new ways to solve problems is called ______ intelligence. a. aptitude b. abstract c. crystallized d. fluid

d

The correlation between the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) and standardized measures of intelligence tends to be between _________. a. .2 to .3 b. .4 to .5 c. .5 to .6 d. .7 to .8

d

The idea that intelligence varied according to g and s factors was proposed by a. Galton. b. Cattell. c. Binet and Simon. d. Spearman.

d

The original purpose of the first intelligence test was to a. identify which children were likely to do well in school. b. identify which students were in need of accelerated instruction. c. identify which children were likely to benefit from vocational education. d. identify areas of academic weakness in grade school children.

d

The prenatal period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional is called the _______________ period. a. blastocyst b. embryonic c. zygotic d. fetal

d

The size of the head, in proportion to the rest of the body, is about _____ percent of the total height when an individual is 5 months old. a. 15 b. 20 c. 25 d. 30

d

The type of intelligence that allows you to learn to play your first few notes on a saxophone is called a. emotional intelligence. b. abstract intelligence. c. crystallized intelligence. d. fluid intelligence.

d

Twelve-year-old Arnold received an IQ test score of 75. What is his mental age? a. 7 b. 5 c. 10 d. 9

d

Two of the WAIS subscale scores consist of a ________ scale and a ________ scale. a. verbal; math b. verbal; reasoning c. verbal; analytical d. verbal; performance

d

Tyrell is applying for a job at a law office after finishing his law degree, and Abigail has applied for a job at the local meat packing plant in her home town after being away at university for many years. What should the employers consider most when trying to predict job performance? a. IQ is highly predictive of job performance, independent of the occupation. b. Both employers should pay attention to the interview as it will demonstrate interpersonal intelligence. c. The meat packing plant should evaluate IQ and interview equally as being predictive of job success. d. The law office should pay more attention to the candidate's IQ score relative to the meat packing plant.

d

What is a major possible confound in adoption studies that could limit their conclusions? a. Children who are adopted may have other psychological disturbances that influence IQ. b. Adoptive children may have experienced lacking environments depending on time in foster care. c. Adopted children may have more enriched environments than their biological counterparts. d. Adoption agencies frequently place children in homes similar to those of the biological parents.

d

What is the range of IQ scores that fall in the middle of the distribution, encompassing 95 percent of all people? a. 100-125 b. 90-120 c. 80-140 d. 70-130

d

What was Mary Ainsworth trying to determine when she devised an experimental method called the Strange Situation? a. The nature of gestural communication between mothers and babies b. Aspects of purposeful exploration as the baby investigates a strange environment c. Parental discipline styles in the first year of life d. The nature of attachment between caretakers and babies

d

When faced with a conflict between law and conscience, Liz follows her conscience despite the personal risk. This would be characteristic of__________ morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

d

Which of Erik Erikson's psychosocial crises revolves around the child's learning to direct his or her own behaviour? a. Trust versus mistrust b. Initiative versus guilt c. Industry versus inferiority d. Autonomy versus shame and doubt

d

Which of the following reduces the value of twin studies as evidence for the role of heredity in determining IQ? a. Children tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents. b. There have been so many studies of pairs of identical twins who were separated at birth that the results are unclear. c. Identical twins do not share the same prenatal environment. d. Identical twins who were not reared together usually have very different IQ scores.

a. Children tend to be adopted by people who are fairly similar to their natural parents.

Which of the following statements about flashbulb memories is true? a. Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories. b. People feel unconfident about their recall of flashbulb memories. c. A major news event automatically causes a person to store a flashbulb memory. d. Your memory of how you felt at the onset of a flashbulb memory rarely changes over time.

a. Flashbulb memories tend to be about as accurate as other types of memories.

Which of the following statements is true about behavior modification? a. It involves the process of shaping. b. It is useful only for teaching autistic children. c. It is different from behavior modification. d. It cannot be used with animals.

a. It involves the process of shaping.

________ is any relatively permanent change in behavior brought about by experience or practice. a. Learning b. Adaptation c. Memory enhancement d. Muscle memory

a. Learning

An expert on parenting is addressing parents at the local grade school. When the topic of punishment is discussed, what is one outcome of punishment the expert is likely to note for the parents to consider? a. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively. b. Punished children tend to do really well in school. c. Punishment motivates the child to focus on schoolwork. d. Punishment tends to increase the number of nightmares experienced.

a. Punishment can also lead to the child acting aggressively.

Concepts are ideas that represent __________. a. a class or category of objects, events, or activities b. patterns of behavior c. higher-order conditioning and secondary reinforcers d. none of these

a. a class or category of objects, events, or activities

A test is said to be reliable if __________. a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it b. it contains an adequate sample of the skills it is supposed to measure c. its results agree with a more direct measure of what the test is designed to predict d. it is culture-fair

a. a person's score on a test is pretty much the same every time he or she takes it

Learning to make a reflex response to a stimulus other than to the original, natural stimulus is called ________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. memory linkage d. adaptation

a. classical conditioning

What term do psychologists use to describe our tendency to search for evidence that supports our belief and to ignore evidence that might disprove it? a. confirmation bias b. convergent thinking c. availability heuristic d. representativeness heuristic

a. confirmation bias

In the levels-of-processing model of memory, information that gets processed at a __________ level (such as accessing the meaning of a word or phrase) is more likely to be retained longer and form a stronger memory than information that is processed at a __________ level (such as the visual characteristics of a word). a. deeper; shallower b. shallower; deeper c. higher; lower d. lower; higher

a. deeper; shallower

The first step in the memory process is __________ information in a form that the memory system can use. a. encoding b. storing c. retrieving d. evaluating

a. encoding

Morphine and heroin duplicate the action of ________. a. endorphins b. alcohol c. cigarettes d. LSD

a. endorphins

A monthly paycheck best represents a ________ schedule of reinforcement. a. fixed interval b. variable interval c. fixed ratio d. variable ratio

a. fixed interval

Most standardized tests of intelligence have a distribution of scores that __________. a. follows the normal curve b. has a positive skew c. has a negative skew d. appears bimodal with two peaks of high frequency

a. follows the normal curve

Of the following, ________ would serve as a primary reinforcer for most people. a. food b. praise c. money d. attention

a. food

How many morphemes are there in the sentence "I predicted it"? a. four b. six c. five d. seven

a. four

A male has a thin, frail-looking area on his X chromosome of the 23rd pair. As children, people with this syndrome are typically mildly developmentally delayed but shift to severe or profound developmental delay as adults. This is known as __________. a. fragile X syndrome b. Down syndrome c. fetal alcohol syndrome d. familial retardation

a. fragile X syndrome

Melatonin is a ________. a. hormone b. sleeping pill c. depressant d. stimulant

a. hormone

REM behavior disorder most commonly occurs ________. a. in men over 60 b. in women under 60 c. in children d. among the poor

a. in men over 60

Forgetting in long-term memory is most likely due to __________. a. interference from other information b. decay or disuse c. encoding failure d. none of these

a. interference from other information

College students faced with unsolvable problems eventually give up and make only halfhearted attempts to solve new problems, even when the new problems can be solved easily. This behavior is probably due to ________. a. learned helplessness b. contingency blocking c. latent learning d. response generalization

a. learned helplessness

In an experiment, two groups of dogs are given shocks to their feet. One group is able to escape the shocks by jumping over a barrier. The second group is harnessed and cannot escape. After several trials, both groups are put in situations where they CAN escape. The first group escapes the shocks but the second group just sits and whines, refusing to attempt to escape. The response of the second group is due to ________. a. learned helplessness b. contingency blocking c. latent learning d. response generalization

a. learned helplessness

Language is based on basic sound units called __________. a. phonemes b. morphemes c. semantics d. registers

a. phonemes

The sentence, "Colorless ideas sleep furiously" has __________. a. proper syntax but poor semantics b. proper syntax and good semantics c. improper syntax and poor semantics d. improper syntax but good semantics

a. proper syntax but poor semantics

What has occurred when there is a decrease in the likelihood or rate of a target response? a. punishment b. positive reinforcement c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

a. punishment

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and, thus ________ the probability of a response. a. removed; increases b. removed; decreases c. presented; increases d. presented; decreases

a. removed; increases

According to this theory, sleep is necessary for growth and repair of the body. a. restorative theory b. adaptive theory c. psychoanalytic theory d. dream theory

a. restorative theory

The duration of iconic memory is __________ than echoic memory, but iconic's capacity is probably __________. a. shorter; larger b. longer; larger c. longer; about the same d. shorter; about the same

a. shorter; larger

"Every Good Boy Does Fine" is a mnemonic device that helps a person remember: a. the notes that occur on the lines of a musical staff b. the names of the five great lakes c. the colors of the rainbow in correct order d. the correct order of mathematical operations

a. the notes that occur on the lines of a musical staff

The partial reinforcement effect refers to the fact that a response that is reinforced after some, but not all, correct responses ________. a. will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) b. will be less resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) c. will be more variable in its resistance to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response) d. will be totally resistant to extinction unlike a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)

a. will be more resistant to extinction than a response that receives continuous reinforcement (a reinforcer for each and every correct response)

In the curve of forgetting developed by Ebbinghaus, the greatest amount of forgetting occurs __________. a. within the first hour after learning new material b. within the first day after learning new material c. near the end of the retrieval period d. near the middle of the retrieval period

a. within the first hour after learning new material

Which method has the highest level of protection against STD's?

abstinence

People who seek careers and hobbies that allow others to evaluate them because they like the feedback on their performance are high in the need for

achievement

Xavier has a strong desire to succeed in attaining goals. he currently has a medical degree and is in the process of earning a law degree. Xavier has a need for

achievement

Joni recently quit smoking. She constantly wants to chew gum or have something in her mouth. This is an example of an

acquired drive

If homosexuality were definitively found to be due to genetic or hormonal influences, then

all of these are true

One secondary male sex characteristic is

an enlarged larynx

John lost his job as a steelworker. However, when seeking new employment, John considers a wide variety of jobs, such as fighter pilot, teacher, and nurse. Given these choices, a psychologist like Bem might consider John to be

androgynous

Psychologist Sandra Bem developed the concept of

androgyny

Which of the following culture-bound disorders is most commonly seen in Latin America?

ataque de nervios

Ryan and Deci's self- determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and

autonomy

Ryan and Deci's self-determination theory asserts that the three primary human interpersonal needs are competence, relatedness, and (pg 347)

autonomy

A psychologist who studies the extent to which a trait, such as IQ, is heritable among a group of women is using a ___________ approach. a. between-group heritability b. within-group heritability c. deviation IQ d. cumulative deficit

b

According to Erikson, if a middle-aged person is unable to focus outward and is still dealing with issues of intimacy or even identity, that person is experiencing a. generativity. b. stagnation. c. ego integrity. d. despair.

b

According to Erikson, if an elementary school child fails to succeed in learning new skills and knowledge, the result may be the development of a sense of a. stagnation. b. inferiority. c. shame and doubt. d. role confusion.

b

According to Piaget's ideas regarding moral development, the ______________ stage is to subjective responsibility as the ______________ stage is to objective responsibility. a. concrete operations; formal operations b. formal operations; concrete operations c. preoperational; concrete operations d. formal operations; preoperational

b

According to Piaget, ___________ represents the beginning of the child's language development and symbolic thought. a. conservation b. object permanence c. centration d. egocentrism

b

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to ________ as conservation is to ________. a. preoperations; formal operations b. preoperations; concrete operations c. formal operations; preoperations d. concrete operations; formal operations

b

According to Piaget, one's level of moral development is linked to one's level of a. social development. b. cognitive development. c. intelligence. d. emotional development.

b

According to Piaget, the stage of cognitive development between 2 and 7 years of age, in which the child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world, is the ______ stage. a. formal operational b. preoperational c. sensorimotor d. concrete operational

b

According to Robert Sternberg, ____________ is the ability to deal with new and different concepts and to come up with new ways of solving problems (divergent thinking, in other words). a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. exponential intelligence

b

According to Sternberg's theory, which statement is TRUE? a. Practical intelligence involves our ability to use original thinking to solve problems. b. Analytical intelligence is similar to Spearman's g factor of intelligence. c. Practical intelligence is similar to Gardner's naturalistic intelligence. d. Creative intelligence is similar to crystallized intelligence.

b

According to Vygotsky, which of these is a key factor in a child's cognitive development? a. Balanced diet b. Social interactions c. Genetic endowment d. Successful resolution of psychosocial crises

b

Alfred Binet designed the first ______ test. a. aptitude b. intelligence c. achievement d. perception

b

Allison is a new mother, and notices that when she gently touches her daughter's cheek, she opens her mouth and tries to suck on Allison's finger. This reflex is called the a. sucking reflex. b. rooting reflex. c. babkin reflex. d. moro reflex.

b

An inability to perform conservation tasks is associated with the _____________ stage, whereas children lacking in object permanence would be in the _____________ stage. a. concrete operational; preoperational b. preoperational; sensorimotor c. sensorimotor; concrete operational d. formal operational; preoperational

b

Arthur is 95 years old. He has developed many health difficulties with advanced aging, but still plays billiards regularly, goes for coffee with his friends, and likes to play cards and cook. Which of the following would be true in relation to Arthur's aging? a. Arthur's biological age is lower than his functional age. b. Arthur's functional age is well below his chronological age. c. Arthur's functional age is much greater than his social age. d. Arthur's psychological age is well above his chronological age.

b

At five years old, Sammy is better able to understand his friends' feelings as compared to when he was three years old. Sammy is acquiring a a. sense of self-reflection. b. theory of mind. c. sense of identity. d. self-concept.

b

At what point in a pregnancy has the heart begun to beat in the developing child? a. By 18 days after fertilization b. By the ninth week c. By the second trimester d. At the moment of birth

b

At what stage of moral development is moral thought guided by principles that have been decided upon by the individual and may be in disagreement with accepted social norms? a. Formal conventional b. Postconventional c. Conventional d. Preconventional

b

Authoritarian parents are ________ disciplinarians and they are ________ with punishment. a. strict; slow b. strict; quick c. lenient; slow d. lenient; quick

b

Binet and Simon's intelligence test did not include ________ items as a subtest area. a. verbal comprehension b. object assembly c. short-term memory d. vocabulary

b

Both infants and adults may hold misconceptions about the behaviour of physical objects in the world. This is known as ______________. a. object impermanence b. naïve physics c. personal fables d. theory of mind

b

Carla's parents have been pleased at what a happy baby she has been around any adult, but start to become concerned when at around 8 months old, Carla begins to cry and become upset when others try to play with her. According to this example, Carla is most likely reacting this way due to _____________. a. imprinting b. stranger anxiety c. attachment formation d. critical periods

b

Concerning the historical misuses of IQ testing, which of the following is true? a. Women tended to outscore men on IQ tests during the early 1900s. b. Immigrants scoring low on IQ tests usually did so because of a lack of familiarity with the English language. c. A majority of immigrants who were given IQ tests tended to score in the average to above-average range. d. IQ tests given to immigrants in the early 1900s were valid measures of intelligence.

b

Concluding that the results of the Strange Situation Test determine an infant's attachment is associated with a. high reliability. b. the mono-operation bias. c. the confirmation bias. d. a lack of falsifiability.

b

Dallas is a 10-year-old boy who has a mental age of 10 years. His IQ would be ___________. a. 80 b. 100 c. 115 d. 130

b

Decades of research on parenting styles has indicated that a. social development of children can suffer if they have genetic predispositions toward problem behaviours that cannot be corrected by parenting styles. b. if parents provide their children with the average expectable environment, then most of their children will probably turn out just fine. c. authoritative parenting styles are associated with the most successful attachments, temperaments, and well-adjusted children that are social and emotionally healthy into adulthood. d. the most appropriate parenting style to use may vary according to the temperament of the child, and should all vary in levels of permissiveness, authoritarianism, and authoritativeness.

b

Dr. Aragio is a pediatrician and is constantly advising parents to carefully monitor the experiences their children have within the first three years of life, as these are the most crucial in their psychological and physical development. Which view of development is consistent with Dr. Aragio's advice? a. Childhood fragility b. Infant determinism c. Resiliency hypothesis d. Constructivism

b

Dr. Brady studies parenting practices and childhood dispositions. He has found a relationship between the two variables, and concludes that if parents treat their children with warmth and care, then their children will be well-adjusted and emotionally healthy. What problem would be associated with Dr. Brady's conclusion? a. The post hoc fallacy b. Bidirectional influences c. Cohort effects d. Confirmation bias

b

During the sensorimotor stage, children lack both object permanence and ________________. a. conservation b. deferred imitation c. egocentrism d. preoperations

b

Each of the 10 children born to Ernest and Elvira Orangeburg has been born with red hair. Each child is also very intelligent and athletic. The Orangeburg's are expecting an 11th child, who is also likely to be born with the same traits according to ______________ as evidenced in the _____________________. a. nurture; nature versus nurture controversy b. nature; nature versus nurture controversy c. environmental factors; conception theory d. teratogens; conception theory

b

Emily and her husband are thrilled as they peer into Emily's uterus by means of an ultrasound. The physician reports that the pregnancy appears normal, and that their baby's fingers, toes, heart, and circulatory system are developing as expected. The couple learns that the baby is only 2 cm long. Given this information, the current stage of prenatal development is the a. fetal stage. b. embryonic stage. c. placental stage. d. germinal stage.

b

Empty nest researchers have found that a. most empty nesters are men who experience a period of depression after their children leave home. b. most empty nesters experience an increase in life satisfaction after their children leave home. c. women are less likely than men to experience depression after their children leave home. d. women are more likely than men to experience depression after their children leave home.

b

Erik Erikson saw the major challenge of middle adulthood as that of a. initiative versus guilt. b. generativity versus stagnation. c. ego integrity versus despair. d. intimacy versus isolation.

b

Gardner argued that _____________ provide support for his concept of multiple intelligences. a. blind persons b. autistic savants c. schizophrenia patients d. twin studies

b

Harlow's study of infant rhesus monkeys showed that a. early imprinting led to the strongest attachments of monkeys to their surrogate mothers. b. surrogate mothers who were soft to the touch but did not provide food and water produced the strongest attachment responses. c. surrogate mothers who were inconsistent in providing food and water produced the weakest attachment responses. d. surrogate mothers who were cold to the touch but provided food and water produced the strongest attachment responses.

b

Having a high IQ doesn't always guarantee success. In fact, exceptional career success in music or sports is best predicted by ____________. a. being goal oriented b. practice c. genetics d. giftedness classifications

b

Howard Gardner and Robert Sternberg agree to be interviewed together on the topic of intelligence. At the end of the interview, what do you conclude is their major point of agreement? a. Heredity is the major factor determining intelligence. b. Standardized tests do not assess the many facets of intelligence. c. There is no correlation between intelligence quotients and academic success in grade school. d. The concept of intelligence serves no purpose in a society in which computers are so frequently used.

b

IQ tests for children tend to measure ________ while adult IQ tests tend to measure ________. a. logical reasoning; abstract reasoning b. sensory skills; abstract reasoning c. memory skills; abstract reasoning d. comprehension; abstract reasoning

b

If intelligence is determined primarily by heredity, which pair should show the highest correlation between IQ scores? a. Fraternal twins b. Identical twins c. Brothers and sisters d. Parents and children

b

In a __________design, one group of participants is followed and assessed as the group ages. a. cohort b. longitudinal c. correlational d. cross-sectional

b

In tests of self-concept, approximately how old are infants before they can recognize themselves in a mirror as distinct from another child? a. Approximately 5 months old b. Approximately 1 year old c. Approximately 1.5 years old d. Approximately 2 years old

b

Information, comprehension, digit span, and similarities are components of which test? a. ACT b. WAIS c. SAT d. Stanford-Binet

b

Which of the following conclusions about the effects of breast-feeding on IQ is accurate? a. Breast-feeding increases IQ due to better nutritional health and advanced myelinization. b. Breast-feeding may increase IQ not due to health effects but the influence of a social bond between mother and infant. c. There is no difference between breast-feeding or bottle-feeding as both provide the necessary nutrition for brain development. d. While there appears to be a positive relation, there are too many confounds that prevent causal conclusions.

d

Which of the following describes the fetal period? a. The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b. The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c. The period during which the umbilical cord develops d. The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

d

Which of the following groups of children is most likely to have the most similar IQ scores? a. Identical twins reared apart b. Same-sex fraternal twins c. Siblings reared together d. Identical twins reared together

d

Which of the following describes the cognitive arousal theory?

" I am aroused dues to dangerous cues in my environment; therefore, I must be afraid ."

Juan and Carlos are identical twins. Juan was raised by his father and mother, and Carlos was accidentally placed with another family after a "mix up" at the hospital. At the age of 15, both boys "ran into each other" at a football game and noticed how they appeared to be "mirror images of each other." After proving they were twins by genetic testing, the families discussed some of the differences between the boys. Juan is very athletic and intelligent and excels in basketball but does not take school seriously and has F's in all subjects. Carlos is also athletic and intelligent, and excels in baseball and makes straight A's as a result of his strict home life and study routine. Although they are identical twins, what do you think accounts for the differences in their academic performance based on the research? a. Nature b. Nurture c. School district superintendent d. Teacher appraisals of performance

b

Karen has the impulse to shoplift, but when she begins thinking about how others would be disappointed with her actions, she resists. Karen's thinking illustrates ________ reasoning. a. formal conventional b. conventional c. postconventional d. preconventional

b

Lucy has been blind from birth, and is getting her intelligence tested through the school board to determine what resources she will need to succeed in school. According to Galton's original ideas about intelligence, Lucy would be expected to a. demonstrate normal intelligence because intelligence is crystallized. b. have limited intelligence because her sensory capabilities are limited. c. demonstrate high intelligence because all her senses other than vision would be more specialized. d. display advanced abilities for abstract thinking but difficulties with concrete thought.

b

Mariska's mother has just left her in a strange situation. She responds with panic initially, and when her mother returns, seeks attention from her mother by reaching for her but yet squirms when her mother picks her up. It is most likely that Mariska has a(n) _______________ attachment style. a. secure b. anxious c. avoidant d. disorganized

b

Marko believed that all red go-carts were fast until he drove a very slow one at the fair. Marko's revised views on red go-carts illustrates a. equilibration. b. accommodation. c. conservation. d. assimilation.

b

Most contemporary theories of cognitive development differ from both Piaget and Vygotsky as they argue that learning is a. dependent on personality factors. b. gradual rather than stagelike. c. based on general domains rather than modules. d. dependent on innate knowledge not social interaction.

b

Mothers who were unresponsive, insensitive, and coldly rejecting were associated with ___________ attached infants. a. securely b. avoidant c. ambivalent d. disorganized

b

Mr. Cutty is a businessman who is running intelligence tests on potential employees to determine which would be the best to hire and have the highest job performance. Which types of intelligence should Mr. Cutty be MOST interested in? a. Analytical and linguistic intelligences b. Practical and creative intelligences c. Specific and intrapersonal intelligences d. Crystallized and analytical intelligences

b

Nigel is a contestant on the game show Jeopardy. In order to accurately answer the numerous trivia questions on the show, Nigel will be utilizing his ___________ intelligence. a. general b. crystallized c. practical d. fluid

b

One popular misconception about middle age is that most men undergo a _______________, characterized by emotional distress about the aging process and attempts to regain their youth. a. empty nest syndrome b. midlife crisis c. sandwich generation d. stagnation

b

One's accumulated knowledge gained over time is called a. formal intelligence. b. crystallized intelligence. c. emotional intelligence. d. fluid intelligence.

b

Over the course of development, the absolute size of the head continues to ______________, but grows at a _____________ rate than the torso or legs. a. decrease; slower b. increase; slower c. decrease; faster d. decrease; faster

b

Physical maturity is most closely related to the onset of which of the following? a. Spermarche b. Menarche c. Androgens d. Secondary sex characteristics

b

Piaget believed that cognitive change is marked by _______________, which refers to maintaining a balance between our experience in the world and our thoughts about it. a. assimilation b. equilibration c. accommodation d. constructivism

b

Piaget's term for the knowledge that an object exists even when it is out of sight is a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. centration. d. egocentrism.

b

Professor Sanchez is interested in studying development of motor skills. She collects data from 200 one-year-olds and follows and assesses them for a period of five years. What type of research design is Professor Sanchez using? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

b

Psychological tests that yield relatively consistent results are said to be a. valid. b. reliable. c. standardized. d. normal.

b

Recent findings associated with aging and cognitive functioning show that older adults outscore younger adults on a. memory tests. b. vocabulary tests. c. auditory tests. d. visual tests.

b

Regarding the stability of IQ test scores throughout the lifespan, which is generally assumed to be true? a. IQ scores in infancy are strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. b. IQ scores in infancy are not strongly correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. c. IQ scores in infancy are negatively correlated with IQ scores in adulthood. d. IQ scores obtained in infancy are relatively stable over time.

b

Research involving the "Strange Situation" stress test reveals that a. most infants are happy when their mothers leave and are upset when they return. b. most infants are upset when their mothers leave and are happy when they return. c. most infants are not upset when their mothers leave because they believe that she will return shortly. d. most infants are upset when their mothers leave and when they return because they feel neglected.

b

Researchers who study ___________________ examine how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember. a. moral development b. cognitive development c. psychosocial development d. emotional development

b

Sally has genes that predispose her to anxiety problems. However, she was not an anxious person until she was the victim of a mugging. This provides an example of the phenomenon of _______________. a. nature via nurture b. gene expression c. infant determinism d. gene-environment interaction

b

Standardized exams, such as the SAT or GRE, often don't appear predictive of university or graduate school grades due to a phenomenon called _________________. a. deviation IQ b. restriction of range c. metacognitive bias d. the double curse of incompetence

b

Sternberg is to Spearman as ______________ is to ______________. a. general (g) intelligence; practical intelligence b. analytical intelligence; general (g) intelligence c. multiple intelligences; specific abilities d. creative intelligence; crystallized intelligence

b

Sven is especially skilled when it comes to chart reading, map reading, and graph reading tasks. According to Gardner, Sven's skills reflect ________ intelligence. a. logic-mathematical b. spatial c. linguistic d. naturalistic

b

Tara is at a point in her pregnancy during which the major organs and structures of her baby are first developing. Which period of prenatal development is Tara currently experiencing? a. Fetal b. Embryonic c. Placental d. Germinal

b

The body's reproductive organs are called a. thyroid glands. b. primary sex characteristics. c. secondary sex characteristics. d. adrenal glands.

b

The capacity to understand hypothetical concepts is called _______ thinking. a. prospective b. abstract c. retrospective d. intuitive

b

The cousin of Charles Darwin who was responsible for creating twin study research methods was a. Alfred Binet. b. Sir Francis Galton. c. Henri Simon. d. James Cattell.

b

The heart, lungs, and brain begin to form during the ________ period of prenatal development. a. blastocyst b. embryonic c. zygotic d. fetal

b

The subscale of the WAIS that most substantially assesses short-term memory is a. similarities. b. digit span. c. arithmetic. d. vocabulary.

b

The term ________ refers to a ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that have not yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part. a. embryo b. blastocyst c. fetus d. neonate

b

The verbal scale of the WAIS-IV includes all of the following subtests except a. arithmetic. b. digit symbol. c. information. d. similarities.

b

The viability point, the point in pregnancy at which infants can typically survive on their own is around ____________weeks. a. 18 b. 25 c. 36 d. 40

b

Twin studies have found that while certain aspects of intelligence appear to have a genetic basis, ________ intelligence has been explained better by environmental factors. a. performance b. verbal c. interpersonal d. practical

b

What are some of the common consequences to a child whose mother smoked while pregnant? a. Increased birth weight and lethargy b. Lower birth weight and short stature c. Severe hearing loss and heart defects d. Severely deformed limbs and muscle spasms

b

What is one of the most difficult mathematical concepts for children to master? a. Counting in a numerical series. b. That the size of entities is irrelevant to quantity. c. Numeric words refer to specific quantities of an object. d. The ordinality of numbers.

b

What is the IQ of a 12-year-old with a mental age of 17? a. 147 b. 141 c. 70 d. 145

b

What is the critical flaw associated with Stern's calculations of Intelligence Quotient? a. IQ doesn't represent multiple different types of intelligences. b. Mental age levels off around the age of 16 years old and skews computations. c. The calculation is only appropriate for examining IQ in adult populations. d. IQ rapidly declines as adults get older, especially over the age of 65.

b

When parents experience only mild conflict before a divorce, the seeming effects of divorce on children are _____________than when parents experience intense conflict before a divorce. a. less severe b. more severe c. minimal d. negligible

b

Which is true regarding correlational research that focuses on family size and IQ? a. Children from larger families report higher IQs than children from smaller families. b. Children from smaller families report higher IQs than children from larger families. c. Positive correlations between family size and IQ have mainly been found. d. The IQ correlations of children from large families are similar to the IQ correlations of children from small families.

b

Which of the following describes the embryonic period? a. The period during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining b. The period during which the major organs and structures of the organism first develop c. The period during which the umbilical cord develops d. The period during which tremendous growth occurs and the organs continue to develop and become functional

b

Which of the following infants is most likely to have the fastest motor development? a. An infant born in Peru b. An infant born in the West Indies c. An infant born in Northern Canada to an Inuit family d. An infant born in China

b

Which of the following is not one of the diagnostic criteria for intellectual disability? a. Onset prior to adulthood b. Evidence of brain damage c. IQ below approximately 70 d. Inadequate adaptive functioning

b

Which of the following is not one of the explanations for the Flynn effect? a. Increased complexity of the modern world b. Poorer nutrition c. Changes at home and school d. Increased test sophistication

b

Which of the following is not one of the flags of critical thinking that is related to the Mozart Effect? a. Occam's razor b. Ruling out rival hypotheses c. Falsifiability d. Replicability

b

Which of the following is the best-known culture-fair measure of intelligence? a. Wechsler Intelligence Scale of Children b. Raven's Progressive Matrices c. Stanford-Binet IQ Test d. Scholastic Assessment Test

b

Which of the following is an example of telegraphic speech?

"pet dog"

Which of the following is true concerning IQ correlations? a. There is a positive correlation between IQ scores and poor health habits. b. There is a negative correlation between IQ scores and delinquency levels. c. There is a negative correlation between IQ scores and job performance. d. There is a positive correlation between IQ scores and delinquency levels.

b

Which of the following items would most likely be found on a culture-fair IQ test? a. General information items b. Picture completion items c. Sentence completion items d. Vocabulary recognition items

b

The theory that we experience emotion first with physical arousal(e.g.,increased heart rate, shaky hands) which then leads to awareness of the emotion is the (pg 365)

-Lange theory of emotion

Darwin proposed

...

In order to control emotions the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain ?

...

In order to control emotions, the technique of distraction has been linked to what area of the brain?(pg 362)

...

Sensation seekers (pg 350)

...

Which of the following is NOT one of the levels of Clayton Alderfer's revision of Maslow's hierarchy?

...

Which of the following may generally be assumed to be true about reliability and validity? a. A test can be valid but unreliable. b. A test can be reliable but invalid. c. A reliable test must be valid. d. A test cannot be unreliable and invalid.

b

Which of the following methods would be best for investigating the correlates of differences between high and low IQ scorers? a. Utilizing learning styles questionnaires to assess learning preferences b. Utilizing brain imaging techniques to investigate which parts of the brain are more active on certain tasks c. Utilizing vocational interest inventories to assess future career ambitions d. Utilizing personality measures to assess behaviours and attitudes

b

Which of the following questions would an 85-year old have the easiest time answering based on their cognitive functioning? a. Can you recall the list of words I showed you 10 minutes ago? b. Can you point out various members of your family in this set of photos? c. Can you remember what you had for supper yesterday? d. Can you tell me about the time you ran away from home as a child?

b

Which of the following relationships exist between intelligence and a subset of individuals with Down Syndrome called mosaics? a. Mosaics have severely impaired IQs relative to the mild retardation seen in non-mosaic Down syndrome patients. b. Mosaics have relatively normal IQs relative to other Down syndrome patients. c. IQ tests for non-mosaic Down Syndrome patients are more accurate and have greater validity in representing an IQ score. d. There is no difference in IQ between mosaic and non-mosaic Down syndrome patients.

b

Which research method is most suitable for studying factors that influence behavioural change over time? a. Cohort b. Longitudinal c. Correlational d. Cross-sectional

b

Which views would the eugenics movement have been most likely to support? a. Using IQ testing as a way to pinpoint areas of weakness in the curriculum. b. Using selective breeding as a way to create an intellectually superior race of people. c. Creating IQ tests that are less culturally and racially biased. d. Using IQ testing as a way to measure the quality of teaching and learning occurring in the schools.

b

Who would have supported the notion that intelligence resulted from a single ability and could be represented by a single test score? a. Binet b. Spearman c. Sternberg d. Gardner

b

Humans have a total of _______ chromosomes in normal developmental cases.

46

According to the Janus report, what percentage of females reported premarital sex?

46 percent

Approximately ________ out of every 1,000 people worldwide will develop schizophrenia at some point during their lives.

7-8

Most recent surveys indicate that ________ of men are predominantly homosexual.

9 percent

According to Kinsey, what percentage of males reported masturbating?

92 percent

Young infants cannot appreciate the carnival game in which a pea seems to disappear from under a walnut because they have not yet developed a sense of a. conservation. b. object permanence. c. centration. d. egocentrism.

b

Darwin proposed that emotions are a product of evolution and are therefore universal. Which of the following supports the idea that emotions are based in biology rather than in learning?

A child, blind from birth, makes the appropriate facial expression for an emotion with out ever having seen it

Your little brother has a big ball of clay. While he watches, you roll the ball of clay into a long snake-like shape. He begins to cry because he thinks he has less clay now. Which of Piaget's stages is your brother likely to be in? a. Formal operational b. Preoperational c. Sensorimotor d. Concrete operational

b

In the 1950s, George Miller estimated the number of items that could be stored in short-term memory to be the magic number __________. a. 5, ± 4 b. 7, ± 2 c. 9, ± 3 d. 11, ± 1

b. 7, ± 2

Which of the following individuals would be the most susceptible to empty-nest syndrome? a. Cierra, a lawyer, who devoted as much time to her children as she could while they were growing up but feels guilty that she did not have more time to spend with them b. Victoria, a homemaker, who was very involved in her kids lives, and also volunteered for several charities and women's leagues, and made quilts that were donated to World Aid programs c. Wilma, a professor, who spent equal time on her career and children, and aided them with their academic progress and tutoring as well as being their mother d. Lisa, a homemaker, who spent all her time and energy caring for her children and being involved as a volunteer in their many activities while they were growing up

d

Which of the following is a disadvantage of the longitudinal design? a. Individuals of different ages are being compared to one another. b. It is relatively inexpensive. c. It takes a shorter amount of time than a cross-sectional design. d. Participants may drop out due to moving, loss of interest, or death.

d

Which of the following is a limitation on the cognitive life of children in Piaget's preoperational stage? a. Abstract concepts b. Object permanence c. Hypothetical thinking d. Egocentrism

d

"We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called ______________.

A stereotype

according to Dweck's research, which of the following is a method parents and teachers can use to improve a child's motivation to achieve?

A teacher should praise a student's effort in the learning process by saying," that was a very clever way to think about this problem."

Which of these is an example of what has been called infantile amnesia? a. Betty, age 25, can recall only good memories of what happened when she was 4 to 5years old. b. Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old. c. When faced with a horrible stress or, some people return to an earlier stage of development, such as infancy, for the comfort that it provides. d. Despite the fact that Alice, age 35, played the piano from ages 3 through 13, she has very little ability to do so now.

b. Johnny, age 10, has no memory of a family vacation that occurred when he was 2 years old.

Each of the following is a sleep disorder EXCEPT ________. a. narcolepsy b. REM rebound c. insomnia d. night terrors

b. REM rebound

Luis picks up a pack of cigarettes and reads, "Cigarette smoking is harmful to your health." Which one of the following statements leads one to believe Luis is actually having cognitive dissonance? A) "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop." B) "No one I know who smokes is sick." C) "That is not true. Cigarettes are not that harmful." D) "I've been smoking my whole life and I don't have health problems."

A. "I know these cigarettes are killing me but I just can't stop"

Obesity is defined as the condition of being at least _____ percent over the ideal body weight. A) 20 B) 40 C) 30 D) 10

A. 20

Research by Teresa Amabile shows that time pressure has ________impact on one's ability to be creative. A) a negative B) a positive C) some D) no

A. A negative

What is the correct sequence of stages in the general adaptation syndrome? A) alarm, resistance, exhaustion B) exhaustion, resistance, alarm C) resistance, alarm, exhaustion D) alarm, exhaustion, resistance

A. Alarm, resistance, exhaustion

Which of the following life events is not found in the list of major life events that cause a significant amount of stress according to the social readjustment rating scale (SRRS)? A) All of the above are found on the SRRS. B) going on vacation C) marriage D) pregnancy

A. All of the above are found on the SRRS

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward? A) altruism B) interdependence C) collectivism D) humanitarianism

A. Altruism

Which communicator would likely be the most persuasive? A) an attractive person who is an expert B) a moderately attractive person who is an expert C) a moderately attractive person who has moderate expertise D) an attractive person who has moderate expertise

A. An attractive person who is an expert

Which of the following is the most stressful of all conflicts, causing many people to go back and forth between one decision and the other, or be unable to decide for or against the event? A) approach-avoidance B) incompatible demands C) avoidance-avoidance D) approach-approach

A. Approach-avoidance

Which of the following major life events on the College Undergraduate Stress Scale has the highest number of life change units? A) being raped B) death of a close friend C) falling asleep in class D) getting straight As

A. Being raped

The realistic conflict theory focuses on conflict ______. A) between two groups B) within an in-group C) between two members of an in-group D) within an out-group

A. Between two groups

All of the following statements are true about bulimia EXCEPT __________. A) bulimia is not as damaging as anorexia nervosa B) bulimics have a distorted body image C) bulimics have a distorted view of how much food is too much food D) binge eating and vomiting are common symptoms

A. Bulimia is not as damaging as anorexia nervosa

The Type C behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ______. A) cancer B) mental illness C) coronary heart disease D) respiratory illnesses

A. Cancer

Which of the following is the term used to describe unpredictable, large-scale events that create a great deal of stress and feelings of threat? A) catastrophes B) major life events C) eustress D) hassles

A. Catastrophes

The advice to "keep it simple stupid" suggests that political and other messages should be simple so that the audience will understand the content without distractions. This is an example of which type of processing suggested by the elaboration likelihood model? A) central-route processing B) peripheral-route processing C) under-route processing D) classic-route processing

A. Central-route processing

Behavior that is initiated or changed in response to a request as opposed to a command or direct order is an example of _______. A) compliance B) obedience C) conformity D) persuasion

A. Compliance

In what way is compliance different from conformity? A) Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure. B) Conformity involves direct group pressure for change, whereas compliance involves orders or commands. C) Compliance involves eliciting reaction on the part of group members, whereas conformity involves subliminal persuasion. D) Conformity and compliance are very similar; the distinction depends on whether one is a male or female.

A. Compliance is a response to a direct request, whereas conformity is a response to indirect social pressure.

Which one of the following activities will NOT reduce cognitive dissonance? A) continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts B) developing new thoughts to justify the behavior C) changing the behavior to match the attitude D) changing the thought to justify the behavior

A. Continuing the behavior in spite of the conflicting thoughts

All of the following terms are used in social identity theory EXCEPT _______________. A) control group B) identification C) in-group D) social comparison

A. Control group

Which of the following are considered mental symptoms of stress? A) difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating B) depression, fear, irritability C) sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, anger D) chest pains, nausea, memory loss

A. Difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating

The tendency of people to comply with a second, lesser request after refusing a larger one is called the ______ technique. A) door-in-the-face B) lowball C) foot-in-the-door D) bait-and-switch

A. Door-in-the-face

Coping with stress in the Vietnamese culture typically includes which of the following? A) eating certain foods B) using biofeedback C) exercising D) engaging in a hobby

A. Eating certain foods

Which statement is CORRECT concerning the cultural components of eating disorders? A) Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures. B) Anorexia and bulimia are only found in Western, high-socioeconomic cultures. C) Chinese women never report suffering from anorexia. D) African American women rarely, if ever, suffer from eating disorders.

A. Eating disorders are found in both Western and non-Western cultures

Vanna's mother is ill and Vanna is feeling overwhelmed and sad. To cope with this stress of her mother's illness, Vanna has been writing her feelings down in a journal. Vanna is using ___________. A) emotion-focused coping B) reappraisal C) problem-focused coping D) distraction

A. Emotion-focused coping

Iram made a New Year's resolution to promote wellness in his life. Which of the following are ways in which he can begin to incorporate wellness into his life? A) exercise regularly B) take on more responsibility at work C) spend more time alone D) eat fatty foods

A. Exercise regularly

According to Hans Selye, resistance to stress is lowest at the _____________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) exhaustion B) alarm C) resistance D) collapse

A. Exhaustion

Which of the following is the most common method of committing suicide? A) firearm B) hanging C) overdose D) jumping from heights

A. Firearm

Which of the following individuals is the most likely candidate to join a cult? A) Glenn who lives with his strict parents, never fights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood B) Brenda who is disappointed with the president, lives with her sister, and has a great job C) Jane who is a straight A student and has a great relationship with her parents but just broke up with her boyfriend D) Dan who just got a job, has a great marriage but is unhappy with his religion

A. Glenn who lives with his strict parents, never rights back when people call him names, and builds Star Trek symbols out of wood

Carlos and his work associates form a close, friendly group, and they usually work well together. However, they may face a problem involving an extreme form of conformity called ______________. A) groupthink B) fundamental attribution error C) self-serving bias D) generational identity

A. Groupthink

Burning your toast, having trouble opening an e-mail attachment, breaking a glass, and running late for an appointment are all examples of ___________. A) hassles B) uplifts C) distress D) downturns

A. Hassles

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? A) I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke. B) I believe profanity is childish; my father uses profanity. C) I believe dresses are feminine; Nicole Kidman sometimes wears pants. D) I believe exercising is healthy; I love to exercise.

A. I believe smoking is bad for my health; I love to smoke

The method in which the minority person tries to maintain a sense of original cultural identity while also trying to form a positive relationship with members of the dominant culture is called_____________. A) integration B) separation C) assimilation D) marginalization

A. Integration

What term do psychologists use to describe our liking of other people? A) interpersonal attraction B) love C) appeal D) cognitive dissonance

A. Interpersonal attraction

Attitude formation is the result of a number of influences. What they have in common is that they are all forms of ________________. A) learning B) intuition C) conformity D) reinforcement

A. Learning

Thomas Holmes and Richard Rahe developed the Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) to measure change due to_________. A) major life events B) negative life events C) natural disasters D) social difficulties

A. Major life events

The term hassles refers to__________. A) minor annoyances of everyday life B) personal limitations that make it impossible for someone to pursue a desired goal C) minor health problems that cause a person to miss at least one day of work D) the necessity to interact with persons we dislike in order to obtain our goals

A. Minor annoyances of everyday life

Which of the following statements supports the idea of social identity? A) My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus. B) My name is Dan and I play the trumpet. C) My name is Mario and I like tuna fish. D) I am Sam and I own a car.

A. My name is Antonio and I belong to the best fraternity on campus

A local car insurance company advertises their products with television commercials. During those spots, there are flashy lights, attractive dancers wearing skin-tight outfits, and local celebrities talking about how they have that company's insurance. The advertisement does not, however, mention any of the features or costs associated with the product. This company is attempting to earn customers through which path of processing? A) peripheral-route B) secondary-route C) tertiary-route D) central-route

A. Peripheral-route

Frustration that occurs when a goal or need cannot be attained due to personal characteristics is called_________. A) personal frustration B) external frustration C) a hassle D) internal conflict

A. Personal frustration

A disorder resulting from exposure to a major stressor, with symptoms of anxiety, nightmares, poor sleep, reliving the event, and concentration problems, lasting for more than one month is called_________. A) post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) B) external locus of control C) catastrophic stress D) acute stress disorder

A. Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

Each of the following is a symptom of bulimia EXCEPT ______. A) refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height B) recurrent episodes of binge eating C) body shape and weight excessively influencing the person's self-image D) recurrent inappropriate behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, to try and prevent weight gain

A. Refusal to maintain body weight at or above minimal normal weight for age and height

A person in the _________________ stage of the general adaptation syndrome may feel better even though he or she continues to secrete hormones to help the body fight a stressor. A) resistance B) termination C) alarm D) exhaustion

A. Resistance

What term do social psychologists use for the process of making people in an out-group responsible for the problems of people in the in-group? A) scapegoating B) deindividuation C) groupthink D) pariah formation

A. Scapegoating

What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration? A) second grade B) kindergarten C) third grade D) first grade

A. Second grade

_________ is the term used to describe the physical, emotional, cognitive, and behavioral responses to events that are threatening or challenging. A) Stress B) Distress C) Burnout D) Dysphoria

A. Stress

Sexual problems that result from psychological causes are referred to as _________. A) stress-induced dysfunctions B) GOPs (gonad operative problems) C) cortical erectile difficulties D) organic dysfunctions

A. Stress-induced dysfunctions

Which part of the nervous system reacts when the human body is subjected to stress? A) sympathetic B) somatic C) central D) parasympathetic

A. Sympathetic

When the teacher was handing out this test, you noticed that your respiration rate and heartbeat increased, your palms got sweaty, and your hand shook a little. Your pretest behaviors were triggered by the__________. Upon completion of the exam, your body returned to its normal state by way of the _________. A) sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system B) somatic nervous system; autonomic nervous system C) autonomic nervous system; somatic nervous system D) parasympathetic nervous system; sympathetic nervous system

A. Sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system

Optimists tend to use alternative thinking to__________. A) come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur B) improve their cognitive abilities C) find a scapegoat D) make themselves feel better by comparing their performance to that of less competent others

A. Tend to come up with explanations that do not reflect badly on them personally for why undesirable events occur

One form of the norm of reciprocity is when the merchant offers more than the consumer asks for. This is called the ___________ technique. A) that's-not-all B) there's-still-more C) that's-all-folks D) one-mo'-time

A. That's-not-all

A car crash woke John from his afternoon nap. When he looked out his apartment window, he saw several people milling around two smashed cars. He decided not to dial 911 because he assumed someone had already called. John's reaction is an example of ______. A) the bystander effect B) obedience to authority C) conformity to social norms help. D) pluralistic compliance

A. The bystander effect

Dr. Cirillo divided her first-period class into two groups. One group had to read 20 pages in a boring psychology text but would get 2 extra points on the next test. The other group also read 20 pages but were given 25 points added to the next test. The class members were then asked to tell the second-period class how interesting the book was. According to the results of the Festinger and Carlsmith study, what predictions could one make about the remarks of the first-period class? A) The first-period class would say the pages were interesting but the second-period class would say the pages were boring. B) The first-period class would say the pages were boring but the second-period class would not. C) Both groups would say the pages were interesting. D) Both groups would say the pages were boring.

A. The fist period class would say the pages were interesting but the second-period class would say the pages were boring

Recent research using the Asch paradigm has found less conformity in the United States than the original study found in the 1950s. The reason for this decrease in conformity may be that _____. A) the nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming B) people today watch more television C) people in the 1950s had less money D) people today are more obedient

A. The nature of the people in the 1950s seemed to be more conforming

You observe a person at the grocery store get angry and yell at the cashier. Which of these attributions illustrates the fundamental attribution error? A) the yeller is a mean, angry person B) the cashier is overworked C) the yeller has had a bad day D) the cashier has had a bad day

A. The yeller is a mean, angry person

A group of Ray's friends have been waiting for Ray for an hour. One says, "He never remembers anything." Another says, "He's probably caught in rush hour traffic." What are these friends doing that might be of interest to a social psychologist? A) They are making attributions. B) They are forming initial impressions of Ray. C) They are conforming to the group's norms. D) They are reducing dissonance levels.

A. They are making attributions

Which of the following was a finding in the classic study by Festinger and Carlsmith (1959)? A) Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $20. B) Women performed the tasks for less money than men. C) Those who got $20 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $1. D) Paid groups said the task was less boring than did nonpaid groups.

A. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting that did those who got $20

A person who is ambitious, time conscious, extremely hardworking, easily annoyed, and tends to have high levels of hostility and anger is said to be exhibiting a ______ personality. A) Type A B) Type S C) Type B D. Type C

A. Type A

You overhear a psychologist presenting a lecture to an introductory psychology class. The teacher mentions "purposeful or goal-directed behavior that may vary in intensity from one occasion to another." You recognize that he is talking about which type of behavior? A. motivated B. emotional C. frustrated D. preconscious

A. motivated

The Yerkes-Dodson Law says __________. A. performance is affected by levels of arousal B. the more money you make the better your job will be C. nausea from bad food causes a reluctance to eat that food again D. performance on tests is better in the morning

A. performance is affected by levels of arousal

Physiologically based drives that are unlearned are called __________ drives. A. primary B. reflexive C. acquired D. tertiary

A. primary

Thirst, sexual desire, and hunger are examples of __________ drives. A. primary B. reduction C. secondary D. internalized

A. primary

Facial feedback hypothesis is defined as __________. A. the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed B. a state of arousal involving facial and bodily changes, brain activation, cognitive appraisals, subjective feelings, and tendencies toward action, all of which are shaped by cultural rules C. an irrational aspect of our mammalian heritage that no longer has an adaptive function in human behavior D. a set of social and cultural rules that regulates when, how, and where a person may express (or must suppress) emotions

A. the process by which the facial muscles send messages to the brain about the basic emotion being expressed

Which of the following is caused by a virus?

AIDS

Which of the following is likely to produce increased correlations between SAT scores and college GPA? a. Admitting more students to college who have not taken the SAT b. Admitting more high-SAT-scoring students to colleges c. Admitting fewer low-SAT-scoring students to colleges d. Admitting more low-SAT-scoring students to colleges

d

Which of the following is not one of the subtests on the WAIS-IV? a. Picture completion b. Block design c. Digit symbol d. Word stem completion

d

Seventy percent of the students in a classroom are women and 30 percent are men. One student is described as ambitious, athletic, and assertive. Why are most people likely to think this description refers to a male student? a. They are using the availability heuristic. b. They are using the representativeness heuristic. c. People seek only confirming information. d. People tend to make relative comparisons.

b. They are using the representativeness heuristic.

A discriminative stimulus is typically viewed as ________. a. something negative b. a cue c. promoting punishment d. a warning

b. a cue

Which is the most likely prototype for the concept "vehicle"? a. glider b. car c. scooter d. bicycle

b. car

Declarative memories are to __________ memories as nondeclarative memories are to __________ memories. a. implicit; explicit b. explicit; implicit c. general knowledge; personal facts d. personal facts; general knowledge

b. explicit; implicit

Which of the following is not one of the three areas of intelligence described by Sternberg? a. Analytical b. Practical c. Creative d. Exponential

d

A loose screw on the visor causes it to drop down while Ben drives; however, he keeps forgetting to take a screwdriver out to the car to fix it. When he notices the visor drop again, he reaches into his pocket for a dime he uses to tighten the screw holding the visor. What problem-solving difficulty did Ben overcome? a. relative comparison b. functional fixedness c. poor problem representation d. the representative heuristic

b. functional fixedness

The concept of the confirmation bias specifically assumes that we are most likely to believe __________. a. the scientific method as true b. information that agrees with our thinking c. information that refutes our thinking d. logical thinking

b. information that agrees with our thinking

The "aha!" experience is known as ________. a. latent learning b. insight learning c. thoughtful learning d. serial enumeration

b. insight learning

A system for combining symbols so that an infinite number of meaningful statements can be made is called __________. a. pragmatics b. language c. semantics d. grammar

b. language

In the "Little Albert" study, the fear-producing stimulus used as a UCS was the ________. a. white rat b. loud noise c. fear of the rat d. fear of the noise

b. loud noise

A Skinner box is most likely to be used in research on ________. a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. vicarious learning d. cognitive learning

b. operant conditioning

Which memory system provides us with a very brief representation of all the stimuli present at a particular moment? a. primary memory b. sensory memory c. long-term memory d. short-term memory

b. sensory memory

In the process of shaping, behaviors are ordered in terms of increasing similarity to the desired response. These behaviors are called ________. a. primary reinforcers b. successive approximations c. secondary reinforcers d. unconditioned stimuli

b. successive approximations

Micah is trying to remember the specific route he took to the library the night before. What part of working memory is he accessing? a. the articulatory loop b. the visual sketchpad c. the internal executive d. the control sequence

b. the visual sketchpad

According to Baddeley, which memory system is best conceived of as three interrelated systems: central executive, visual sketchpad, and auditory recorder? a. sensory memory b. working memory c. long-term memory d. procedural memory

b. working memory

Circadian rhythms are controlled by the ________. a. pineal gland b. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) c. thalamus d. hippocampus

b.suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

According to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's(Pg 347)

beliefs about control over his or her life

according to psychologist Carol Dweck, a person's need for achievement is closely linked to that person's

beliefs about control over his or her life

Expectancy value theories assume that the actions of humans cannot be predicted with out an understanding of people's (pg 347)

beliefs and values

Desperate for help with her computer, Dana calls her fiancé, thinking in this instance is an example of

benevolent sexism

Fear of being in a place or situation from which escape is difficult or impossible if something should go wrong is called ______.

Agoraphobia

One problem with surgically altering the genitals of an intersexed child is that

All of these choices are problems with the procedure in the question

What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, with no anticipation of reward?

Altruism

Projective tests tend to make use of ________ stimuli

Ambiguous

A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________.

An attitude

one of the earliest approaches to motivation focused on(pg 345)

biologically determined patterns of behavior

The approach to understanding motivation that is based solely on the belief in the need for stimulation is the __________ approach.

Arousal

A characteristic that first shows up in the formal operational stage is a. irreversibility. b. egocentrism. c. abstract thinking. d. logical thinking.

c

Linda's house was flooded in a hurricane. Upon losing her home, she had nightmares, disturbed sleep, and anxiety that lasted about two weeks. Linda most likely suffered from ______________. A) catastrophic stress B) acute stress disorder C) external locus of control D) post-traumatic stress disorder

B. Acute stress disorder

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Unfortunately, after several minutes of forcefully turning the dial he still did not retrieve a gumball. As a result, he kicked the machine several times. Kicking the machine is an example of ____________. A) varying efforts B) aggression C) persistence D) increasing efforts

B. Aggression

Adelaide hears a rattling sound as she hikes through the desert. Her muscles tense and her blood pressure rises. According to Hans Selye, she is in the___________. A) resistance phase B) alarm phase C) chronic stress phase D) exhaustion phase

B. Alarm phase

Which of the following is correct concerning the interaction of culture and food? A) There were no differences in the eating habits of American and Japanese men and women. B) American women eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands. C) American men and women both eat to reduce depression whereas Japanese men and women eat to reduce anger. D) Japanese men ate more than both American men and women.

B. American woman eat when they are depressed whereas Japanese women eat because of social demands

A response, either positive or negative, toward a certain person, idea, object, or situation is called _____________. A) conformity B) an attitude C) bystander apathy D) groupthink

B. An attitude

People who are attempting to become extremely thin by refusing to eat suffer from __________________. A) dissociation B) anorexia nervosa C) bulimia nervosa D) obesity phobia

B. Anorexia nervosa

Which of the following is the type of conflict that occurs when a person must choose or not choose one goal or event that has both positive and negative aspects? A) approach-approach B) approach-avoidance C) multiple approach-avoidance D) avoidance-avoidance

B. Approach-avoidance

The study of the judgments people make as to whether someone else's behavior is due to something about that person or due to the person's situation is called ______. A) the primacy effect B) attribution theory C) cognitive dissonance D) stereotyping

B. Attribution theory

Which of the following is NOT one of the processes associated with social identity theory? A) social categorization B) authoritarianism C) social comparison D) identification

B. Authoritarianism

Which of the following is the best example of the behavioral component of an attitude? A) Bea feels recycling is a great concept. B) Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. C) Bob is upset when he hears a corporation plans to build a polluting plant near his home. D) Bill struggles to understand the arguments both sides present in a debate over a new manufacturing plant.

B. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause.

An eating disorder characterized by eating binges followed by self-induced vomiting is called ________. A) leptin reduction B) bulimia C) hormone under secretion D) anorexia nervosa

B. Bulimia

What term do psychologists use for the phenomenon that occurs when people are less likely to aid a person in trouble if there are other people around who are also potential helpers? A) antisocial behavior effect B) bystander effect C) sole-witness effect D) subtle aggressive effect

B. Bystander effect

Membership in a religious organization and regular attendance at religious functions ________________. A) will definitely extend one's life expectancy B) can be a vital part of a person's social support system C) are a psychological defense mechanism D) promote one's cognitive abilities

B. Can be a vital part of a person's social support system

The World-Will-End-on-June-7 group got together on June 7 to pray as the world ended. The next day the world did not end. The leader of the group said, "Our prayers saved the world." What process was responsible for the attitude change? A) operant conditioning B) cognitive dissonance. Saying that their prayers saved the world served that purpose. C) classical conditioning D) positive reinforcement

B. Cognitive dissonance. Saying their prayers saved the world served that purpose.

A group of psychologists reviews the literature on the heritability of intelligence. They conclude that most of the estimates indicate that about _______ percent of intelligence is due to genetics. a. 20 b. 30 c. 50 d. 80

c

__________ measures the amount of stress in a college student's life over a one-year period resulting from major life events. A) University Students Stress Assessment (USSA) B) College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS) C) College Students New Experiences Assessment Scale (CSNEAS) D) Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS)

B. College Undergraduate Stress Scale (CUSS)

Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the lowest degree of acculturative stress? A) living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs B) developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures C) rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity D) completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture

B. Developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané? A) Most people "do not want to become involved." B) Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond. C) The fight-or-flight response is not activated when others are in danger. D) People are too busy to respond.

B. Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond

Luther operates a small nightclub that specializes in soul music and features up-and-coming African American singing groups. He actively discourages white couples from coming in and always gives them the worst seats if they insist on being admitted. Luther's behavior is BEST described as an example of ______. A) prejudice B) discrimination C) ambiguity D) oppression

B. Discrimination

A sexual ___________ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act. A) deviation B) dysfunction C) shortcoming D) malapropism

B. Dysfunction

Edgar is learning deep-breathing techniques to reduce anxiety about having been robbed at knifepoint. This is an example of__________________. A) avoidance B) emotion-focused coping C) problem-focused coping D) reappraisal

B. Emotion-focused coping

For the past six months, Dahlia's job has been extremely stressful, but she doesn't feel that she can quit because she needs the money for tuition. Dahlia has been having chronic headaches and is behind in all of her classes. According to Hans Selye, Dahlia is in the ______ stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse

B. Exhaustion

In which stage of the general adaptation syndrome has the body reached the limits of its ability to adapt to stress, which may result in the development of stress-related diseases? A) alarm B) exhaustion C) resistance D) collapse

B. Exhaustion

Some have suggested that the results of Milgram's obedience study may have been due to the __________ effect. A) returning-a-favor B) foot-in-the-door C) reciprocity D) indebtedness

B. Foot-in-the-door

Which of the following is NOT an accurate statement regarding Berkowitz's frustration-aggression hypothesis? A) Aggression will not follow frustration unless certain external cues are present. B) Frustration always leads to aggression. C) Frustration creates an internal readiness to aggress. D) Frustration does not always lead to aggression.

B. Frustration always leads to aggression

What do social psychologists call the tendency to rely on internal characteristics for explanations of the behavior of others and to ignore the influence of the situation? A) self-fulfilling prophecy B) fundamental attribution error C) augmenting principle D) availability heuristic

B. Fundamental attribution error

What is the relationship between expertise and persuasion? A) Nonexperts tend to be the most persuasive. B) Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion. C) Expertise has no effect on persuasion. D) Communicators with moderate expertise are the most persuasive.

B. Greater expertise leads to greater persuasion

Tad seems to thrive when faced with difficult challenges and usually feels in control of his life. He would probably be labeled a ________ personality. A) stressed B) hardy C) Type B D) Type C

B. Hardy

Which aspect of culture tends to decrease rates of conformity? A) high levels of societal dependence B) high level of individualism C) low socioeconomic status D) sex-role stereotypes

B. High levels of individualism

The system of cells, organs, and chemicals of the body that responds to attacks from diseases and injuries is called the ________. A) endocrine system B) immune system C) respiratory system D) sympathetic nervous system

B. Immune system

What is a difference between obedience and conformity? A) Obedience is an indirect request whereas conformity is a direct request. B) In obedience there is a difference in status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request. C) In conformity there is a perceived difference in status between the one who conforms and the group. D) Conformity requires strict adherence to the rules whereas obedience does not.

B. In obedience there is a difference in the status between the one who obeys and the one who makes the request.

Levon has a Type B personality. Which of the following is most likely? A) Levon gets easily upset. B) Levon is slow to anger. C) Levon is determined to achieve. D) Levon is competitive.

B. Levon is slow to anger

Analysis of the participants in Milgram's obedience study has indicated that which personality trait was highly related to the willingness to be obedient? A) submissiveness B) No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience. C) hostility D) aggressiveness

B. No one single personality trait has been found to be associated with high levels of obedience

"Look! Up in the sky! It's a bird. It's a plane. It's Superman!" If you looked up, would you be conforming? A) Yes. You would be looking up because you were told to do so. B) No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so. C) Yes. Conformity means doing what you are told or else. D) No. Looking up only means you are curious.

B. No. Conformity requires that you base your behavior on what other people are doing, not being told to do so

You are in the market for a new car. You go from dealer to dealer and find they all follow the same procedure: every salesperson offers you a soda and asks you to take a test drive. Which two psychological techniques are behind the offer of the soda and the test drive? A) groupthink and social facilitation B) norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door C) that's-not-all and foot-in-the-door D) social facilitation and norm of reciprocity

B. Norm of reciprocity and foot-in-the-door

When looking at a glass that is neither completely full nor completely empty, a(n) __________ might say "that glass is half full," while a(n) ____________ might say " no, that glass is half empty!" A) pessimist; optimist B) optimist; pessimist C) optimist; realist D) realist; pessimist

B. Optimist; pessimist

The _________nervous system returns the body to normal, day-to-day functioning after a stressful period. A) sympathetic B) parasympathetic C) central D) somatic

B. Parasympathetic

Joey put a quarter in the gumball machine only to find that the machine was not working. He continued to turn the dial on the machine in the hope that he would retrieve a gumball. Joey's behavior is called ____________. A) increasing efforts B) persistence C) varying efforts D) aggression

B. Persistence

What process describes the use of social influence to cause other people to change their attitudes and behavior? A) affectance B) persuasion C) conversion D) enticement

B. Persuasion

Which of the following statements is NOT true regarding research into the relationship between violent video games and aggression in children? A) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in physical aggression. B) Playing violent video games causes increased aggression. C) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will engage in verbal aggression. D) Short-term exposure to violent video games increases the likelihood that children will have aggressive thoughts and emotions.

B. Playing violent video games causes increased aggression

An urgent demand or expectation for our behavior that comes from an outside source is called ________. A) anxiety B) pressure C) cognitive dissonance D) overload

B. Pressure

Jacob's father has always wanted him to be a lawyer. He has encouraged him to get good grades, graduate college earlier than his peers, and work as hard as he can. Jacob does not care about going to law school, but he does so to please his father. Jacob is responding to ______. A) cognitive dissonance B) pressure C) anxiety D) overload

B. Pressure

The term psychologists use for how close two people live to each other is ______. A) similarity B) proximity C) complimentarity D) propinquity

B. Proximity

One of the most startling implications of Selye's theory is that ________. A) sensitivity to stress is genetically programmed B) psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure C) self-actualization tendencies lead to severe stress D) most people are able to effectively cope with long-term stress

B. Psychological stress may cause diseases such as ulcers and high blood pressure

There is currently a long history of fighting between the Israelis and Palestinians, and many attempts to resolve these conflicts have failed. According to the ____________ theory, the prejudice and discrimination that exists between the two groups will continue to rise as the conflict over limited land in Israel continues. A) social diffusion B) realistic conflict C) genesis of bias D) prosocial inhibition

B. Realistic conflict

A college instructor's schedule has her teaching an honors section of psychology. Halfway through the semester, she is told that her class was NOT an honors section after all. She responds, "This is the best class I have ever taught and the grades prove it." What concept might a social psychologist use to explain the high grades this class obtained and the teacher's high opinion of the class? A) collectivism B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) subject bias D) covert sensitization

B. Self-fulfilling prophecy

"Birds of a feather" is a phrase that refers to __________. A) emotional expression B) similarity C) reinforcement D) self-disclosure

B. Similarity

Which term refers to a set of characteristics believed to be shared by all members of a particular group? A) classification B) stereotype C) expectation D) categorization

B. Stereotype

Which of the following statements best encapsulates the relationship between stress and physical illness according to psychoneuroimmunologists? A) Stress causes high blood pressure, heart disease, and cancer. B) Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness. C) Stress increases the production of natural killer cells, which causes cell death and leads to illness. D) Stress has no direct relationship to physical illness, though physicians tell us that these things are related so that we will be more willing to take unnecessary medications.

B. Stress compromises the body's immune system, leaving a person vulnerable to illness

The hormone associated with aggression seems to be ___________. A) peptone B) testosterone C) MDH D) estrogen

B. Testosterone

What historical event prompted Jane Elliott to begin the blue eye-brown eye project with her students? A) the Vietnam War B) the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. C) the assassination of John Lennon D) the assassination of President John F. Kennedy

B. The assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

A psychologist spends her entire career studying how and why changes occur in people throughout their lives. This psychologist is most likely working in the field of a. abnormal psychology. b. gerontology. c. human development. d. maturational studies.

c

Researchers conducted a study to determine the effects of stress on the immune system by measuring immune system chemicals. To accomplish this goal, they compared college students who were undergoing a stressful series of exams to a group of similar students relaxing during a time of no classes and no exams. Results of this study indicate_____________. A) the relaxed group showed no change over the course of the study B) the exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals C) the exam group tested higher for immune system chemicals D) the relaxed group tested lower for immune system chemicals

B. The exam group tested lower for immune system chemicals

Imagine 100 individuals are asked to take part in a replication of Milgram's famous study on obedience. How are these 100 people likely to respond? A) Most of the women would refuse to obey, whereas almost all of the men would obey. B) The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed. C) Most of the participants would work together to force the experimenter to end the experiment. D) The majority would immediately realize the use of deception and leave.

B. The majority would administer 450 volts as instructed

A consultant was telling newly hired salespeople about techniques they can use to increase sales. At one point he was talking about increasing compliance by creating a sense of obligation. Because one of the last classes you took before you graduated was Social Psychology, you recognize the concept as ________________. A) foot-in-the-door effect B) the norm of reciprocity C) returning a favor D) indebtedness

B. The norm of reciprocity

At the supermarket, a demonstrator gives away free samples of a new pizza. He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. This manufacturer is depending on the social process of ________ to increase sales. A) social facilitation B) the norm of reciprocity C) group polarization D) deindividuation

B. The norm of reciprocity

If Drew is practicing a relaxation technique called receptive meditation, he is most likely_______. A) focusing on the sound of his breathing B) trying to expand consciousness outward C) sleeping D) using biofeedback equipment

B. Trying to expand consciousness outward

Social comparison occurs when _______________. A) two people order food in a restaurant B) two people enter a beauty contest C) playing solitaire D) someone asks you to give them directions

B. Two people enter a beauty contest

Kirima has her doctorate in health psychology. Which of the following research questions might she be most likely to investigate? A) Are men or women better drivers? B) Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes? C) What is the relationship between one's ethnicity and their political affiliation? D) What is the relationship between a person's age and the number of years it takes them to get an undergraduate degree?

B. Why are college students more prone to doing drugs when they take harder classes?

According to the research on implicit personality theory, who among the following is most likely to think that personality is a changeable thing? A) Tony, an Italian American born in New York B) Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong C) Shireese, an African American born in New Jersey D) Mark, an Irish American born in Kansas

B. Yonghang, a Chinese American born in Hong Kong

Which of the following statements is NOT true about hassles at different developmental stages? A) For children ages 3 to 5, the biggest hassle is getting teased. B) Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people. C) Youth 11 to 15 years old report feeling pressure to use drugs. D) Elderly people are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are children and younger adults.

B. Younger adults are more strongly affected by hassles such as going shopping, doctor's appointments, and bad weather than are elderly people.

The chief function of homeostasis is to __________. A. prevent balance B. maintain a steady state C. regulate emotions D. control sexual urges

B. maintain a steady state

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) may be involved in __________. A. increasing hunger B. stopping the eating response C. processing low fats D. food allergies

B. stopping the eating response

Which division of the nervous system is working when we experience emotions? A. nonsympathetic division of the nervous system B. sympathetic division of the nervous system C. parasympathetic division of the somatic nervous system D. central nervous system

B. sympathetic division of the nervous system

As people age, what happens to the body's BMR and weight set point?

BMR decreases, weight set point increases

The ______ model of mental illness explains that disorders such as anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia are caused by chemical imbalances, genetic problems, brain damage or dysfunction, or some combination of those causes.

Biological

Aaron is a middle-aged physician. He gives back to the community by acting as a mentor to teenagers interested in entering the medical profession. Erikson would say that Aaron is experiencing a. intimacy. b. identity. c. generativity. d. integrity.

c

According to Gardner's multiple intelligences, a philosopher would rely on ___________ intelligence whereas an engineer would utilize ___________ intelligence. a. linguistic; spatial b. naturalistic; kinesthetic c. intrapersonal; logico-mathematical d. interpersonal; spatial

c

According to Gardner's theory, Picasso's talents are associated with which form of intelligence? a. Linguistic b. Logical c. Spatial d. Naturalistic

c

According to Kohlberg, most adolescents are at the _________ level of morality. a. formal conventional b. postconventional c. conventional d. preconventional

c

According to Lorenz, if newly hatched geese are kept isolated for the first 36 hours after birth, they do not experience _______________, which he suggested as a _______________ for attachment. a. imprinting; sensitive period b. contact comfort; critical period c. imprinting; critical period d. contact comfort; sensitive period

c

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as a. centration. b. object permanence. c. conservation. d. reversibility.

c

What percentage of men and women report some sort of sexual dysfunction? A) 10-20 percent B) 90-100 percent C) 30-40 percent D) 20-30 percent

C. 30-40 percent

In Solomon Asch's study on conformity, the number of confederates was found to have a significant impact on the participants' likelihood of giving an incorrect answer. How many confederates did Asch find maximized the likelihood of conformity occurring? A) 6 B) 12 C) 4 D) 2

C. 4

In the Stanley Milgram obedience experiment, the teachers were given a "sample shock" of _______ volts. A) 25 B) 30 C) 45 D) 10

C. 45

According to Holmes and Rahe, a person who scores over 300 on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is more likely than are people with lower scores to have what kind of experience in the near future? A) a divorce B) commission of a crime C) a higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident D) more frequent changes of job

C. A higher chance of becoming ill or having an accident

"We" have all different types of personalities and lots of endearing little quirks, whereas "they" all think and act alike. This assumption would be an example of the cognitive schema called______________. A) mental set B) mindlessness C) a stereotype D) a fundamental attribution error

C. A sterotype

Which of the following is an example of an avoidance-avoidance conflict? A) A person who loves chocolate must choose between eating chocolate cake or chocolate ice cream. B) A person who enjoys the ocean has to choose between retiring in the Bahamas or in Tahiti. C) A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points. D) A person has to choose between wanting to eat some cake but not wanting the calories.

C. A student has to decide whether to turn in an unfinished paper and receive a failing grade or hand it in late and lose many points

Which statement is more likely to be true concerning attributions made by Americans versus Chinese people? A) they both tend to make situational cause errors B) Chinese people are more likely to make dispositional errors, whereas Americans are more likely to make situational errors. C) Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Chinese people. D) they both tend to make dispositional cause errors

C. Americans are more likely to make the fundamental attribution error than are Chinese people

Jenny has an intense interest in food but eats sparingly and with disgust. She has an intense fear of becoming obese, and even though she looks emaciated, she still claims she "feels fat" and refuses to eat enough to maintain even a minimal normal body weight for her frame. She is most likely suffering from __________. A) leptin reduction B) hormone under secretion C) anorexia nervosa D) bulimia

C. Anorexia nerviosa

For someone who likes both movies and concerts, choosing between going to one or the other represents an ______ conflict. A) incompatible demands B) approach-avoidance C) approach-approach D) avoidance-avoidance

C. Approach-approach

In a(n) __________conflict, a person must choose between two desirable goals. A) avoidance-avoidance B) double approach-avoidance C) approach-approach D) approach-avoidance

C. Approach-approach

Ken wants to go to law school because he believes being a lawyer will bring him prestige and a good income. However, he is not sure he should attend because he is very concerned about the hard work law school will involve and the money it will cost. Ken is faced with a(n) ______ conflict. A) approach-approach B) avoidance-avoidance C) approach-avoidance D) double approach-avoidance

C. Approach-avoidance

Your best friend has been acting rather cool toward you lately. As you try to figure out why, you are engaging in the process called ________________. A) causal analysis B) ascribing values C) attribution D) nonverbal communication

C. Attribution

The negative changes in thoughts, emotions, and behavior as a result of prolonged stress or frustration are called__________. A) eustress B) epidemiology C) burnout D) dysphoria

C. Burnout

You want to visit Argentina but your attitude about Argentina is changing as you read the news about the kidnappings that have occurred there. Which component of attitude is being affected? A) affective B) behavioral C) cognitive D) situational

C. Cognitive

When opposites attract, it is said that they have __________ characteristics. A) proximal B) reciprocal C) complementary D) rewarding

C. Complementary

Which of the following are considered emotional, as opposed to mental, symptoms of stress? A) eating too much, smoking or drinking more than usual, hitting people, or throwing things B) sleeping irregularity, frequent colds, nausea C) depression, fear, anger D) difficulty making decisions, loss of sense of humor, difficulty concentrating on tasks

C. Depression, fear, anger

_________ occurs when people experience unpleasant stressors. A) Catastrophic stress B) Eustress C) Distress D) Acute stress

C. Distress

"Mommy, mommy, mommy," your young son asks frantically. "Can we please buy a new PlayStation®3 console with all of the games and the wireless controllers so that we don't have to sit near the television?" "No," you reply, "we can't afford to buy all of that!" Seemingly unperturbed by your rejection, your son comes back with "Then can we just buy one new game for our PlayStation®2?" "Okay, I guess so," you answer, not realizing that your son has taken a social psychology class and has just used the _____________ technique to get what he wanted. A) lowball B) that's-not-all C) door-in-the-face D) foot-in-the-door

C. Door-in-the-face

Matthew compares his performance at work with that of a co-worker who is less competent than himself. When he engages in this behavior, he feels better and experiences a boost to his self-esteem. Matthew is using______ to maintain an optimistic outlook. A) alternative thinking B) relaxation C) downward social comparison D) scapegoating

C. Downward social comparison

Which statement is correct concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error? A) Fundamental attribution error appears to be universal. B) Most cultures attribute behavior to dispositional causes. C) Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States. D) Western cultures seem to make more situational attributions than Eastern cultures.

C. Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions that Western cultures such as the United States

_________ is the optimal amount of stress that people need to promote health and well-being. A) Distress B) Catastrophic stress C) Eustress D) Acute stress

C. Eustress

Attributions are __________________. A) innate personality traits B) genetic predispositions to behave a certain way C) explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others. D) physical qualities people have such as attractiveness

C. Explanations that account for one's own behaviors and/or the behaviors of others

In order to reduce groupthink, which of the following strategies would NOT be employed? A) voting for a choice by secret ballot rather than with a show of hands B) making sure that group leaders remain impartial C) finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires D) seeing opinions of people outside of the group

C. Finding holes in all arguments that go against the group's desires

What is the primacy effect, as it relates to impression formation, more commonly known as? A) situational bias B) altruism C) first impression D) negative attribution

C. First impression

Asch found that the likelihood of conformity increased with group size until ______ confederates were present. A) five B) three C) four D) six

C. Four

While watching Jeopardy, your roommate says, "Alex Trebek knows all the answers. He must be a genius." You tell your roommate she probably would not have said that if she had attended class the day the instructor discussed the topic of ______. A) social facilitation B) stereotyping illusions C) fundamental attribution errors D) internal attribution biases

C. Fundamental attribution errors

When members of a group give priority to the cohesiveness of the group over the facts of a situation, they are engaging in what social psychologists call _____. A) solidarity think B) consumerism C) groupthink D) mass thought

C. Groupthink

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome, all of the following EXCEPT _______________ are reactions that can be seen. A) headaches B) nausea C) hemorrhaging D) fever

C. Hemorrhaging

What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person? A) social interaction B) interpersonal judgment C) impression formation D) stereotyping

C. Impression formation

According to Piaget, what are the two adjustment processes that children use to maintain equilibration? a. Sensorimotor experiences and egocentrism b. Concrete and formal operations c. Accommodation and assimilation d. Object permanence and conservation

c

Bettina is 6 feet tall and desires to become a ballerina. Unfortunately, she is having difficulty being accepted into a ballet troupe because of her height. Bettina is experiencing __________. A) internal conflict B) external frustration C) internal frustration D) external conflict

C. Internal frustration

Erica saw her old boyfriend and her heart began to race. According to cognitive theory, is she happy to see him or frightened of him? A. She is frightened because her emotional reaction came before her heart began to race. B. You cannot tell because she is not displaying a basic emotion. C. It depends on how she interprets the situation. D. She must be frightened because her heart began to race before she reacted emotionally.

C. It depends on how she interprets the situation.

One of the problems associated with asthma is that once patients experience difficulty breathing, they often make their symptoms worse by concentrating on them and/or worrying about them. Consequently, many doctors include relaxation exercises as part of a treatment program to prevent patients from making their asthmatic reactions worse. This example of how our awareness of physiological changes can influence or even cause subsequent emotions is most supportive of which of the following theories of emotion? A. Plutchik B. Cannon-Bard C. James-Lange D. Yerkes-Dodson

C. James-Lange

The _______control one has, the _______the degree of stress. A) less; lower B) Control has nothing to do with stress. C) less; greater D) more; greater

C. Less; greater

All of the following are Sternberg's components of love EXCEPT ________________. A) intimacy B) commitment C) loyalty D) passion

C. Loyalty

Min-Jee is currently very concerned about a recent increase in fighting among her family members. When talking with her therapist, she notes that this has been her biggest concern lately. According to the research into the severity of different hassles, which of the following statements is probably true about Min-Jee's age? A) Min-Jee is an adolescent B) Min-Jee is elderly C) Min-Jee is an adult D) Min-Jee is 4 years old

C. Min-Jee is an adult

Which individual is most likely to experience acculturative stress? A) Mary who is switching jobs from manufacturing to the service industry B) Min-Shek who is leaving home for the first time to attend the state college 100 miles away C) Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States D) Joie who has moved from New York to Boston

C. Oladipo who has moved from Nigeria to the United States

Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as _________. A) stress dysfunctions B) cellular erectile difficulties C) organic dysfunctions D) hormonal deficit dysfunctions

C. Organic dysfunctions

One contributing factor for the increasing rise of road rage is ____________. A) integration B) acculturation C) overcrowding D) assimilating

C. Overcrowding

Which of the following is a myth about suicide? A) People who intend to commit suicide usually talk about it. B) People who intend to commit suicide may seem to be in good spirits because they have made the decision to take their life and are looking forward to the escape. C) People who talk about committing suicide won't actually do it—they just want attention. D) People who intend to commit suicide may clear out desks and lockers and settle their finances.

C. People who talk about committing suicide won't actually do it- they just want attention

The first response that people typically make to frustration is_________. A) aggression B) varying efforts C) persistence D) increasing efforts

C. Persistence

Which of the following would result in cognitive dissonance? A) Wearing glasses is dignified; a respected political leader wears glasses. B) Orange juice is healthy; I love orange juice. C) Pink shirts are effeminate; Mel Gibson wears pink shirts. D) Dresses are feminine; Britney Spears wears dresses.

C. Pink shirts are effeminate; Mel Gibson wears pink shirts

A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. The loan officer's belief is an example of _____ . His refusal to grant them loans is an example of _____. A) attribution; stereotyping B) discrimination; prejudice C) prejudice; discrimination D) stereotyping; attribution

C. Prejudic; discrimination

All of the following are ways to reduce prejudice EXCEPT ______________. A) equal status contact B) intergroup contact C) scapegoating D) mutual interdependence

C. Scapegoating

How does the jigsaw classroom operate? A) Students are all given separate puzzles to solve. B) Students are told that one student holds the key to solving a problem and they must find out who it is. C) Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem. D) Students compete to win a top award.

C. Students are each given a piece of information that must be shared to solve a problem

The most extreme form of escape or withdrawal from frustration is ________. A) divorce B) leaving the country C) suicide D) anhedonia

C. Suicide

Research on the effects of stress on the immune system suggests which of the following? A) Only certain types of stressors affect the immune system. B) The immune system is not affected by stress. C) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over. D) Suppression of immune system functioning by stress always ends immediately after the stressful period ends.

C. Suppression of immune system functioning by stress can apparently continue even after the stress itself is over

According to drive-reduction theory, what occurs each time a behavior results in drive reduction? A. Tension is increased. B. Stability is reduced. C. Tension is reduced. D. Drives are increased.

C. Tension is reduced.

Jordan is very frustrated because another patron at the bar is talking to the woman with whom Jordan was just dancing. According to Berkowitz's reformulation of the frustration-aggression hypothesis, which of the following factors makes Jordan unlikely to lash out in a physically aggressive manner? A) Jordan already has a criminal charge for assault. B) The woman makes it clear that she is not interested in Jordan C) The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan. D) Jordan is alone and has no friends to back him up.

C. The other man is much larger and stronger than Jordan

During the alarm stage of the general adaptation syndrome,_________. A) synaptic activity and the somatic nervous system activate to send messages from the CNS to muscles B) the central and somatic systems are activated C) the sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones D) neurotransmitter levels and the central nervous system are activated

C. The sympathetic nervous system is activated and adrenal glands release hormones

Why do we engage in the stereotyping of people? A) to validate our assumptions B) to provide more complete information about individuals C) to reduce the amount of information we need to process D) to help us perceive people more accurately

C. To reduce the amount of information we need to process

You are walking in the forest and see a bear. According to the Cannon-Bard theory, what happens next? A. You experience physiological changes followed by fear. B. You feel fear followed by physiological changes. C. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously. D. You experience physiological changes and context appraisal followed by fear.

C. You experience physiological changes and a feeling of fear simultaneously.

Indiana Jones goes off to foreign lands in search of artifacts hidden in dangerous places and guarded by fierce protectors. Dr. Jones would be described as __________ in arousal theory. A. foolhardy B. a person high in nPow C. a sensation seeker D. a person high in nAff

C. a sensation seeker

Which individual has the highest risk for developing anorexia nervosa? A) a lower-class 26-year-old European man B) an upper-class 16-year-old American boy C) an upper-class 16-year-old American girl D) a lower-class 26-year-old European woman

C. an upper-class 16-year-old American girl

An instinct is a tendency that is __________. A. learned B. conditioned C. biological D. easily controlled

C. biological

The Angry/Happy Man experiment (Schachter & Singer, 1962) demonstrated that identical physiological activation could be felt as two quite divergent emotions. This demonstrated the importance of ___________ interpretation in determing emotions. A. primary drives B. secondary drives C. cognitive D. self-actualization

C. cognitive

According to the facial feedback hypothesis, when Jose complies with instructions to look angry, it is most likely that __________. A. he will be amused to be simulating anger B. he will be pleased that he does it so well C. his positive feelings will decrease D. his reaction will depend on his age

C. his positive feelings will decrease

Drives serve to activate responses that are aimed at reducing the drive, thereby returning the body to a more normal state called __________. A. stability B. equilibrium C. homeostasis D. physiological balance

C. homeostasis

Need for achievement is also referred to as __________. A. Ach B. NFA C. nAch D. neech

C. nAch

Schachter and Singer proposed that two things have to happen before emotion occurs: __________ and __________. A. physical arousal; fight or flight B. cognition; behavior C. physical arousal; labeling D. behavior; physical arousal

C. physical arousal; labeling

According to Abraham Maslow's hierarchy, which needs must be met first? A. esteem B. safety C. physiological D. belongingness and love

C. physiological

Rod-shaped structures in the cell nucleus that contain genes are referred to as _______.

Chromosomes

Liza has an anxiety disorder. She is currently seeing a therapist who believes that anxiety disorders are a result of illogical, irrational thought processes. Liza is probably seeking treatment from a _____________.

Cognitive psychologist

According to Piaget, the ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object's nature is known as _______.

Conservation

The type of research design that compares various participants at several points in time to examine age-related differences and changes is called a _______.

Cross-sequential design

Mary Ainsworth observed that securely attached infants _______.

Cry if the mother leaves the room, are easily soothed, and welcome her back when she returns

According to Robert Sternberg, _______________ is best described as "street smarts," or the ability to use information to get along in life. People who have it know how to be tactful, how to manipulate situations to their advantage, and how to use inside information to increase their odds of success. a. analytical intelligence b. creative intelligence c. practical intelligence d. exponential intelligence

c

According to Robert Sternberg, which type of intelligence is least likely to predict success in an academic environment? a. Analytical intelligence b. Creative intelligence c. Practical intelligence d. Exponential intelligence

c

According to the Flynn effect, if the average IQ in 2010 is 105, what will the average IQ be in 2050? a. 109 b. 113 c. 117 d. 125

c

According to theory assumptions, which of the following is true concerning Kohlberg and Piaget? a. Like Piaget's stage theory, Kohlberg's theory is comprised of four distinctly separate stages. b. Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's preoperational stage. c. Reaching the postconventional stage requires functioning at Piaget's formal operations stage. d. Levels of moral development are unrelated to levels of cognitive development.

c

An IQ in the range of ________ may lead to a classification of intellectual disability. a. 73-78 b. 79-84 c. 67-72 d. 85-89

c

Analysis of Einstein's brain showed a significantly wider ______ lobe. a. temporal b. frontal c. parietal d. occipital

c

Approximately what percentage of IQ scores fall between 70 and 130? a. 50 b. 65 c. 95 d. 99

c

Asking students to predict how the course of history may have changed if the first prime minister were a woman would likely motivate students in which of Piaget's stages to answer thoroughly? a. Sensorimotor b. Preoperational c. Formal operations d. Concrete operations

c

At fertilization, the chromosomes from the father's sperm unite with the chromosomes from the mother's egg, creating a new cell called a(n) a. blastocyst. b. embryo. c. zygote. d. genome.

c

Attachment usually takes place within the __________of life. a. first year b. first month c. first six months d. first four months

c

Which of the following illustrates the power of complementary traits? A) Two tennis players become good friends. B) A girl and a boy who both like jogging fall in love. C) A girl marries the boy next door. D) A dominant woman marries a submissive man.

D. A dominant woman marries a submissive man

All of the following are sources of stress EXCEPT______. A) pressure B) uncontrollability C) frustration D) aggression

D. Aggression

One conclusion of much of the research on media and violence is that ____________. A) TV tends to make nonaggressive children become aggressive B) TV causes violence C) violent TV programs are responsible for over 75 percent of aggression among children D) aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children

D. Aggressive children tend to watch violent TV more than nonaggressive children

People who are depressed and may be suicidal often suffer from_____, a condition in which the person has lost the ability to experience pleasure. A) learned helplessness B) irritability C) neural numbness D) anhedonia

D. Anhedonia

Experiments showing the effects of group pressure on conformity were conducted by ______. A) Singer B) Milgram C) Luchens D) Asch

D. Asch

What do we call judgments about people, situations, objects, or thoughts? A) cognitions B) stereotypes C) attributions D) attitudes

D. Attitudes

Which of the following traits is associated with people who live to be very old? A) inflexibility B) aggressiveness C) tenseness D) being easygoing

D. Being easygoing

Which of the following parts of the brain are related to aggression? A) the amygdala B) the limbic system C) neither A nor B D) both A and B

D. Both A and B

Sasha is experiencing stress in her workplace that is causing her to feel dissatisfied and pessimistic. As a result, she has a desire to quit her job. Sasha is experiencing________. A) poverty-related stress B) road rage C) eustress D) burnout

D. Burnout

Roberta is trying to decide whether to vote for a political candidate. Based on what she has read about him, she has concluded that he is not qualified for the position, but she agrees with his political positions. Also, she trusts him and likes his decisive personality. In fact, she likes him so much that she sent a small donation to his campaign. Her opinion that the candidate is not qualified represents the ______ component of her attitude toward him. A) feeling B) intuition C) behavioral D) cognitive

D. Cognitive

Researchers have found an association between daily hassles and ___________. A) cancer and heart disease B) hypertension and obesity C) heart disease and schizophrenia D) colds and headaches

D. Colds and headaches

It is 1951, and you are going to participate in a perception experiment. You join seven others seated in a room. You are shown a 10-inch test line and must choose the line that matches it in length from a choice of three lines. The experimenter, Solomon Asch, is studying _____________________. A) social loafing B) groupthink C) bystander apathy D) conformity

D. Conformity

The Type A behavior pattern is a significant predictor of ________. A) mental illness B) cancer C) respiratory illnesses D) coronary heart disease

D. Coronary heart disease

You are a psychologist working with a new client, an immigrant from China, who is experiencing adjustment problems due to stress. Which of the following are you first going to consider when assessing your client's ability to cope? A) ability to use biofeedback equipment B) psychological defense mechanisms C) meditative strategies D) cultural background

D. Cultural background

The coping method that involves changing the way you feel or emotionally react to a stressor is known as _________. A) a defense mechanism B) self-focused coping C) problem-focused coping D) emotion-focused coping

D. Emotion-focused coping

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request? A) polarization phenomenon B) risky shift C) door-in-the-face effect D) foot-in-the-door effect

D. Foot-in-the-door effect

After a group of gang members learned that their friend had died in a seemingly random accident, several of the friends started blaming a rival gang for the death. Even though there was no evidence whatsoever that the death had been intentional, the more the friends talked the more passionate they became in their belief that an act of revenge was necessary. The members who didn't necessarily think this was a good idea said nothing. What concept from social psychology may contribute to an act of violent revenge in this case? A) social influence B) prosocial behavior C) altruism D) groupthink

D. Groupthink

Which psychologist is credited with proposing the general adaptation syndrome? A) Lazarus B) Berkowitz C) Holmes and Rahe D) Hans Selye

D. Hans Selye

Eating a healthy breakfast __________. A) has been shown to increase the risk of obesity B) has been shown to increase the need for a morning nap C) has been shown to decrease the ability to concentrate D) has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity

D. Has been shown to decrease the risk of obesity

Lupe works 50 hours each week. However, she plays tennis twice a week and attends a book group every Tuesday night. By engaging in fun activities each week, Lupe is_________. A) going to experience burnout B) a workaholic C) a type A personality D) helping herself avoid burnout

D. Helping herself avoid burnout

Which type A personality characteristic is the key trait that is linked to heart disease? A) compulsiveness B) competitiveness C) chronic irritability D) hostility

D. Hostility

When we make situational attributions we are identifying the cause of an action as something _____. A) with an unconscious motivation B) that is a biological trait C) in the person's disposition D) in the environment

D. In the environment

We tend to _________ attractive people more than we do less attractive people. A) ignore B) dislike C) hate D) like

D. Like

"Jeremy, can you possibly give me a ride to the airport this Sunday," your friend Ben asks. Not thinking that this is a big deal, you agree to do this favor for Ben. "Oh, that's great! Thanks so much. And by the way, I forgot that the plane leaves at 8:30 am so I'll have to be at the airport by 6:30 am. Pick me up at 6:00. See you then," Ben adds. You are still likely to do the favor for Ben because you have just been a victim of the _____________ technique. A) norm of reciprocity B) obedience C) door-in-the-face D) lowball

D. Lowball

A dealer persuades a customer to buy a new car by reducing the price to well below that of his competitors. Once the customer has agreed to buy the car, the terms of the sale are shifted by lowering the value of the trade-in and requiring the purchase of expensive extra equipment. Now the car costs well above the current market rate. This is an example of the ______ technique. A) bait-and-switch B) foot-in-the-door C) primacy D) lowball

D. Lowball

Which of the following individuals is most likely to make the fundamental attribution error? A) Anut, a 46-year old Pakistani woman B) Maggie, a 24-year old Caucasian woman C) Jethro, a 18-year old Caucasian man D) Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman

D. Mona, a 72-year old Hawaiian woman

Asch's studies showed that overall conformity to group pressure occurred about ______ of the time. A) one-fifth B) three-fourths C) one-half D) one-third

D. One-third

Which statement best describes an important finding of Milgram's classic research? A) Individuals easily conform to group norms. B) The presence of other people makes aggression more likely. C) Agreeing to a small request makes it more likely you will agree to a big request. D) People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.

D. People will easily obey an authority figure and do harm to others.

According to the research of Latané and Darley, which of the following situations would be the most likely in which someone would offer to help? A) person on the side of the road with a flat tire during rush hour B) person asking for help in a crowded stadium parking lot C) a student falling off a ladder outside a full classroom D) person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it

D. Person falling down coming out of an elevator with only one other person in it

You've always disliked a particular coworker who strikes you as dishonest, but he is nice to you and does you favors, so you become friendly with him despite your misgivings. One day you learn that he stole personal items from your desk. You now decide to discontinue the friendship. Your negative attitude toward this coworker is strengthened through ___________. A) instrumental learning B) operant conditioning C) classical conditioning D) reduction of cognitive dissonance

D. Reduction of cognitive dissonance

Which of the following methods of acculturation will most likely result in the highest degree of acculturative stress? A) completely adopting the values and customs of the new culture B) developing a new set of values that is a compromise between the old and the new cultures C) living a life that does not depend on adopting any set of values and customs D) rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity

D. Rejecting the majority culture's ways and maintaining one's original cultural identity

Which of the following is one of the ways in which religion helps people reduce or cope with stress? A) Most religions promote psychological defense mechanisms. B) Religion isolates people from those who are different. C) Religion includes rituals that get people to dwell on their failings. D) Religion can provide a strong social support system.

D. Religion can provide a strong social support system

Which of the following is NOT one of the methods that people should use to keep a positive outlook? A) alternative thinking B) relaxation C) downward social comparison D) scapegoating

D. Scapegoating

After we have decided that a certain event is a stressor, we must decide how we will deal with it and what resources are available for coping with the stressor. This process is called________. A) primary appraisal B) distress-eustress dichotomy C) tertiary appraisal D) secondary appraisal

D. Secondary appraisal

Pepe moved from Argentina to France. He chose not to learn to speak and write French, continues to maintain his old culture's styles of dress and customs, and lives in a neighborhood where only people from Argentina live. Pepe has used which method of entering the majority culture? A) marginalization B) assimilation C) integration D) separation

D. Separation

People with a good _________are less likely to die from illness or injuries than those without it. A) camaraderie B) occupation C) income D) social support system

D. Social support system

Events that cause a stress reaction are referred to as _____________. A) eustresses B) catastrophies C) hassles D) stressors

D. Stressors

Which statement correctly characterizes one aspect of Stanley Milgram's study of obedience? A) Participants were shocked when they made errors in reciting word pairs. B) Participants in the study were randomly assigned to be teachers or learners. C) A learner and the teacher sat side by side across from the shock machine. D) Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts.

D. Subjects were shown an ominous-looking shock machine that was marked 0 to 450 volts

When watching an infomercial offering the latest and greatest in laundry soap products the pitchman continually asks how much you'd be willing to pay, but immediately after telling you the price he yells, "plus, if you act now, we'll double your order absolutely free!" This is a classic example of the _____________ technique. A) door-in-the-face B) lowballing C) order-now D) that's-not-all

D. That's-not-all

A group of four friends, two men and two women, are out for an evening on the town. "I'd like to go to the bookstore and get coffee," one of the women says. "Nah, lets go over to that club and have drinks while we listen to the band," one of the men replies. What does Solomon Asch's research suggest will be the likely outcome? A) The group will probably do both tasks, as Asch found that in a group with both men and women compromise tends to be the likely outcome. B) The group will end up going in two separate ways - the women to the bookstore and the men to the club- as Asch found that women prefer quieter environments and men prefer louder environments. C) The group will probably go to the bookstore, as Asch found that men are more willing to comply to the demands of women then the demands of other men. D) The group will probably go to the club, as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.

D. The group will probably go to the club, as Asch found that women tend to conform more then men when a public response is required.

In Solomon Asch's study, which factor increased the rate of conformity? A) the task difficulty was increased B) the confederates were all adults C) the participants were given two chances at responding D) the number of confederates increased

D. The number of confederates increased

Each of the following is true of people with anorexia nervosa EXCEPT _________. A) they have a distorted view of their own body B) they may have had a troubled childhood and adolescence C) they have an intense interest in food but eat with disgust D) they are usually "out of control"

D. They are usually "out of control"

Upon arriving at college and meeting your roommate, you sigh mightily as you listen to his endless droning on about how wonderful his girlfriend back home is. "I miss her so much and I can't wait to see her during Thanksgiving break," he comments. Knowing a bit about social psychology and the rules of interpersonal attraction, what are you most likely to think to yourself? A) This relationship will never work out because research suggests that students going away to college change so much that they become unrecognizable to those with whom they formerly had relationships. B) I wish he'd realize that everything he's saying makes it sound like they are too similar for each other, and people who date others with whom they share a lot of similarities usually end up breaking up. C) I'm going to have to listen to this all year, because relationships that have some distance usually get stronger in the long run. D) This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away.

D. This relationship is doomed, because the rule of proximity says that people are most attracted to those who are nearby, not far away

People who respond to life events with a laid back, relaxed, easygoing attitude, and are slow to anger are said to have a ____________ personality. A) Type C B) Type S C) Type A D) Type B

D. Type B

Which statement is the best explanation of the fundamental attribution error? A) We rely on the first information we receive to make internal attributions. B) We tend to attribute our successes to our own efforts and failures to the shortcomings of others. C) We attribute most of what people do to the influence of situations. D) We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes.

D. We are more likely to attribute another's behavior to internal rather than to situational causes

The practice of behaviors and lifestyle choices that promote both physical and mental health is called________. A) meditation B) health C) religious beliefs D) wellness

D. Wellness

Which of the following qualities would make members of a target audience easier to persuade? A) highly educated members B) older members C) experts in the field D) younger members

D. Younger members

On the first day of class Jason sat in the 5th seat in the 10th row in the lecture hall. He has sat in that seat for every class since then. Today another student was already sitting in "his" seat when Jason came into the room. Jason is upset and immediately experienced negative feelings toward this "interloper." Jason's territorial attitude may be best explained by the _____. A. extrinsic approach B. intrinsic approach C. drive-reduction approach D. instinct approach

D. instinct approach

Seira is very pleasant and likes to keep the peace. She finds it difficult to express emotions and internalizes her anger. She has few friends and spends a lot of time alone. According to research, Seira ________. A) is at high risk for coronary heart disease B) is a Type B personality C) is a hardy personality D) is a Type C personality

D. is a Type C personality

What is Freud's term for the unconscious efforts by the ego to deny or distort reality for the purpose of protecting itself when conflict becomes too intense?

Defense mechanisms

In a crowded mall parking lot, dozens of people hear a female voice yell, "He's killing me!" Yet no one calls the police. What is the reason for the lack of action, according to Darley and Latané?

Diffusion of responsibility is the reason most people do not respond

Which statement is not true about display rules?

Display rules are innate not learned

Which of the following is defined as a gene that controls the appearance of a certain trait? a) recessive b) mutated c) recombinant d) dominant

Dominant

The superego develops ____________.

During the preschool years

Which statement is correct concerning cross-cultural research on the fundamental attribution error?

Eastern cultures like Japan seem to make more situational attributions than Western cultures such as the United States.

Psychologist _____ believes that the biological differences between males and females help to create different contexts in which boys and girls are raised

Eleanor Maccoby

The most likely time for a miscarriage is during the _______ months.

First three

Ben received a score of 125 on the WAIS and is taking it again in three weeks. What should we expect about Ben's upcoming test score? a. Ben should score lower on the second administration because it is hard to replicate such a high score. b. Ben should score slightly higher on the second administration due to increased motivation. c. Ben should score nearly the same on the second administration of the test. d. Ben should score slightly higher on the second administration due to item familiarity.

c

After agreeing to Nat's request to share her lecture notes from one class, Maria now agrees to Nat's request to share her notes from three classes. This example illustrates the ________technique.

Foot in the door

What term is used to describe compliance with an initial small request followed by compliance with a larger request?

Foot-in-the-door effect

Leo worries all of the time. He worries about his money, his children, and his dog. His muscles are always tense and sore, he has trouble sleeping, is often irritable, and has difficulty concentrating. Leo's symptoms sound most like ______.

Generalized anxiety disorder

Between the ages of 5 and 12 children strive to develop a sense of competence arising from their work and effort. Erikson refers to this stage of life as a. trust versus mistrust. b. autonomy versus shame and doubt. c. initiative versus guilt. d. industry versus inferiority.

c

The term benevolent sexism was proposed by

Glick and Fiske

Warty growths on the gentitalia are caused by

HPV

The primary purpose of the DSM is to _____.

Help psychological professionals diagnose psychological disorders

In a wealthy _______ family in _______, the body of a deceased relative stays at the family home until it is time for cremation. Before cremation, the body will be washed by family members.

Hindu; India

Brain imaging during reasoning tasks that are highly related to general intelligence indicate that the ______________ shows consistent activation across different "g-loaded" tasks. a. parietal lobe b. association cortex c. prefrontal cortex d. somatosensory cortex

c

For Freud, the only personality structure present at birth is the ______.

Id

What is Freud's term for the primitive, biological side of personality?

Id

What did Freud perceive as the outcome of a successful resolution of the Oedipus complex?

Identification with the same-sex parent

What is the term for the process of developing our first knowledge about another person?

Impression formation

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 5, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of _______.

Initiative versus guilt

Which of the following stages of psychosocial development appears in adulthood rather than in childhood?

Integrity vs. despair

___________ is a type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal matter

Intrinsic motivation

Which of the following statements might someone with a biological perspective make about schizophrenia?

It is caused by genetics, chemical influences, and brain structural defects.

The theory of emotion in which a person would process emotion by thinking "my stomach is fluttering, therefore, I must be nervous," is the

James- Lange theory

How does Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory differ from the Schachter-Singer cognitive arousal theory?

Lazarus's theory suggests that we appraise a stimulus first, then cognitively label the emotion, and then feel a physical response

Equipment to measure physiological activity during sexual activity was designed by

Masters and Johnson

Ashley and Mary-Kate are twins who are genetically identical. What type of twins are they?

Monozygotic twin's

Which is NOT one of the usual criticisms of Kinsey's methodologies?

Most of the volunteers were homosexual

Breast development is to ______________ sex characteristics as penis enlargement is to ______________ sex characteristics. a. primary; primary b. primary; secondary c. secondary; primary d. secondary; secondary

c

Each day, while Sid is sitting at his desk at work, he continually thinks about germs. Each time this occurs, he washes his hands. Sid probably suffers from ___________.

Obsessive-compulsive disorder

Four-year-old Larry squeezes between his Mommy and Daddy as they sit together on the couch. He cuddles with Mommy and pushes Daddy away. This illustrates which Freudian concept?

Oedipus complex

Dan plays the trumpet, is on the debate team, bites his nails, and chews gum. Freud might say Dan was fixated in the ________ stage.

Oral

Brenda was asked to name four Canadian prime ministers as one of her questions on the WAIS. This question falls under the category of a. comprehension. b. vocabulary. c. information. d. similarities.

c

Gender schema theory is based on

Paiget's theory of development

According to the Yerkes- Dodson law, how is performance related to arousal during difficult tasks?

Performance is best when arousal is low-moderate

The period of five to ten years during which a woman's reproductive system begins to decline is called _______.

Perimenopause

Which of the following is a symptom of acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder?

Persistent reliving of the event

Arlene has an irrational fear of flying in airplanes. She is probably suffering from a(n) ______.

Phobia

Charles Spearman believed that intelligence is composed of ____________. a. verbal and mathematical abilities b. crystallized and visual-motor abilities c. general intelligence and specific abilities d. analytical, creative, and practical intelligence

c

Children identified as "bloomers" in their classrooms may show elevated IQs not because of their own intelligence but because of a. demand characteristics. b. confirmation bias. c. experimenter expectancy effects. d. the Flynn effect.

c

Which assessment technique requires people to respond to unstructured or ambiguous stimuli?

Projective

The tendency of those studying psychopathology to start seeing themselves as suffering from the illnesses being discussed is known as _____________.

Psychology student's syndrome

Cohort effects are to _________________ as developmental effects are to __________________. a. nurture; nature b. correlations; experiments c. cross-sectional designs; longitudinal designs d. genetics; environment

c

Creativity has been linked to what mental disorder? a. Schizophrenia b. Depression c. Bipolar disorder d. Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

c

Dean is learning how to drive a car, whereas Martin has been driving for several years. In this example, Dean would be using ____________ intelligence and Martin would be relying on ____________ intelligence. a. specific; general b. general; specific c. fluid; crystallized d. crystallized; fluid

c

Dr. Kiwanis is conducting a longitudinal study on the development of externalizing behaviours in children. He samples children each year as they age, but has found that each year, his sample size is getting smaller because families are dropping out of the study. This is called ___________. a. developmental effects b. cohort effects c. attrition d. infant determinism

c

During menarche adolescents experience a. the end of menstruation. b. the first ejaculation. c. the start of menstruation. d. voice changes.

c

During which of Piaget's stages does a child demonstrate the ability reason about abstract ideas and novel information? a. Preoperational b. Concrete operations c. Formal operations d. Sensorimotor

c

Personality assessments conducted by behaviorists sometimes make use of _______.

Rating scales and frequency counts

An individual operating on the reality principle seeks ____________.

Rational means for obtaining gratification

A patient in a psychiatric hospital exhibits disordered thinking, bizarre behavior, and hallucinations. This person is probably suffering from ___________.

Schizophrenia

__________ is a mood disorder that is caused by the body's reaction to low levels of light present in the winter months.

Seasonal affective disorder

What was the grade level of the students with whom Jane Elliott performed her famous blue eye-brown eye demonstration?

Second grade

Which of the following is not true of a sensation seeker?

Sensation seekers always need arousal in the form of danger

Erikson's theory of social development viewed the period from ages 3 to 6, his third stage, as characterized by the major challenge of a. identity versus role diffusion. b. industry versus inferiority. c. initiative versus guilt. d. autonomy versus shame and doubt.

c

Finding the single best way to complete a video-game level without losing any lives would be related to what type of creative thinking? a. Divergent thinking b. Emotional intelligence c. Convergent thinking d. Critical thinking

c

Dave believes all college professors are irritable, impatient, and uninterested in whether students learn. His belief is an example of _______________.

Stereotype

Whenever Greta thinks about her life, she automatically bursts into tears. This example most clearly illustrates the impact of ________ in psychological disorders.

Subjective discomfort

For Freud, the moral guardian of personality is the ______.

Superego

The argument that people with spinal cord injuries can experience emotions without physical feed back from the sympathetic organs to the cortex initially seemed to support which emotional theory?

The Cannon-Bard theory

The study of obedience took on a renewed importance in the wake of ________.

The atrocities committed by soldiers in Nazi Germany

When Freud referred to the sexual drive of babies and young children, to what was he really referring?

The fact that children focus on their bodies to give them physical pleasure

A gymnast can complete a trick on the balance beam consistently without falling in practice . However, during competition the gymnast becomes nervous, causing her to bobble and fall. According to the Yerkes-Dodson law, what is the problem?

The gymnast's level of arousal is too low

Research on _____________ supports the hypothesis that personality differences are due in part to genetic differences.

The heritability of traits

The current view of why classical conditioning works the way it does, advanced by Rescorla and others, adds the concept of ________ to conditioning theory. a. generalization b. habituation c. memory loss d. expectancy

d. expectancy

Judith is startled when her 6-year-old daughter, Laura, sleepwalks into the family room. It is most likely that Laura is experiencing the ________ stage of the sleep cycle. a. REM b. first c. third d. fourth

d. fourth

You are listening to a person who keeps telling you to relax, attempting to create a situation in which you are likely to follow suggestions. What treatment are you undergoing? a. psychotherapy b. reprogramming c. autosuggestion d. hypnosis

d. hypnosis

A sleep disorder characterized by difficulty in falling asleep or remaining asleep throughout the night is ________. a. zombulism b. cataplexy c. narcolepsy d. insomnia

d. insomnia

Alfred Binet designed the first __________ test. a. aptitude b. performance-based c. perception d. intelligence

d. intelligence

The portion of memory that is more or less permanent is called __________. a. primary memory b. working memory c. eidetic memory d. long-term memory

d. long-term memory

Based on Loftus's 1978 study, subjects viewed a slide presentation of an accident, and some of the subjects were asked a question about a blue car when the actual slides contained pictures of a green car. When these same subjects were asked about the color of the car at the accident, they were found to be confused. This is an example of the __________. a. instant replay effect b. constructive processing effect c. levels-of-processing effect d. misinformation effect

d. misinformation effect

Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences divides intelligence into __________ independent abilities. a. three b. five c. seven d. nine

d. nine

Positive reinforcement is to negative reinforcement as ________. a. good is to bad b. increase is to decrease c. reward is to punish d. present is to remove

d. present is to remove

A ________ reinforcer, such as money or praise, gets its value through an association with a ________ reinforcer. a. positive; negative b. primary; secondary c. natural; artificial d. secondary; primary

d. secondary; primary

As memories get older, they are most likely __________. a. to get lost b. to become stronger, more accurate, and more vivid c. to be regarded as unreliable by the person using them d. to become changed or altered in some fashion

d. to become changed or altered in some fashion

Which of these might be an example of a perceptual reasoning item on the Wechsler intelligence tests? a. repeating a series of digits b. defining a word such as lunch c. adding a series of orally presented numbers d. using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture

d. using blocks to make a design like one shown in a picture

according to the work of Ekman and Friesen, which of the following is one of the seven universally recognized facial expressions of emotion

disgust

learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social settings are known as (pg 363)

display rules

The psychological tension that arises in an organism and motivates the organism to act to reduce the tension is called (pg 345)

drive

A sexual ______ is a problem with sexual functioning, or the actual physical workings of the sex act.

dysfunction

Shanice suffers pain during intercourse. She is suffering from

dyspareunia

Which of the following is true regarding Piaget's and Erikson's theories? a. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's trust versus mistrust stage of development. b. Children in Piaget's sensorimotor stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's industry versus inferiority stage of development. c. Children in Piaget's concrete operational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's initiative versus guilt stage of development. d. Children in Piaget's formal operational stage should also be working on issues in Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage of development. e. Children in Piaget's preoperational stage should also be working on issues in identity versus identity confusion stage of development.

e

Which hormones are responsible for a child's developing as a female during pregnancy?

estrogens

Someone who likes to expose normally clothed parts of the body to unsuspecting and typically unwilling viewers has condition known as

exhibitionism

The desire to avoid an unpleasant consequence is an example of (pg 344)

extrinsic motivation

Lisa is the lead actor in a tear-jerking play she spends most of her time on stage "crying." Even though she feels happy and upbeat before the show, she finds that she often feels down after the show. this is an example of which emotional theory?

facial feedback hypothesis

The _______________ is an adaptation of Charles Darwin's theory that when an emotion is expressed freely on the face, the emotion intensifies.(pg 367)

facial feedback hypothesis

Professor Peterson is a psychology professor who taught his class about theories of emotion. He told his class that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain, which in turn intensifies and causes emotions. Professor Peterson taught his class the

facial feedback hypothesis of emotion

Someone whose focus of sexual interest is an object, such as shoes or underwear, or a part of the body, such as feet, has a condition known as

fetishism

Dr. John Money, the Reimers' doctor, suggested that Brenda be raised as a girl because he believed that

gender roles are learned and, without male organs, Brenda would happily learn to be a female

A _______ is a concept about males or females that assigns various characteristics to them on the basis of nothing more than being male or female.

gender stereotype

______ is the process by which people learn their culture's preferences and expectations for proper masculine and feminine behaviors.

gender typing

In the middle to late 1900s, medical professionals typically recommended that intersexed children

have their genitals surgically altered to clearly be the other based on appearance rather than on their sex chromosomes

In the traditional view, men are considered more responsible for _____ than are women.

heavy physical labor

What is the term for the condition in which a person is born with both male and female sex organs?

hermaphroditism

Physiologically the body responds to anger with

higher heart rate and blood pressure

Physiologically, the body responds to anger with(pg 361)

higher heart rate and blood pressure

Drive-reduction theory proposes that

humans seek homeostasis, motivating them to achieve balance when a need arises

Which of the following describes the cannon-bard theory of emotion?

i am shaking and feeling afraid at the same time

Tolman, Lewin, and Rotter's work on expectancy-values and how our belifs and values affect our actions was developed under the __________ approach to understanding motivation.

incentive

The motivation approach in which behavior is explained in terms of the external stimulus and its rewarding properties is the

incentive approach

Having more than one partner

increases your chance of contracting a STD

Which hormone secreted by the pancreas signals hunger by lowering blood sugar levels?

insulin

what is the hormone that the new, low-carbohydrate diets are trying to control to prevent hunger cravings that commonly occur after consuming highly refined carbohydrates?

insulin

Jaime enjoys sexual activity with his partner. However, he cannot reach an orgasm during sexual intercourse even though fully aroused. Jaime is suffering from

male orgasmic disorder

Research shows that the _______ married couples are, the less interest and pleasure they take in sexual activity, and the more they experience guilt, shame, and sexual inhibitions.

more conservative and traditional

sensation seekers

need more arousal in the form of more complex and varied sensory experiences

Countries like the Netherlands, Germany, Italy, and England are more likely to have

nontraditional views of gender

The condition in which the body weight of a person is 20-30 percent over the idea body weight for that person's height is known as

obesity

Sexual problems that result from physical causes are referred to as

organic dysfunctions

Insulin and glucagon are hormones secreted by the __________ to control the levels of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins in he whole body

pancreas

according to maslow, a time in a person's life during which self- actualization has been temporarily achieved is a

peak experience

Which of the following is an element of emotion?(p360)

physical arousal

Female sex organs that are present at birth are called

primary sex characteristics

The final phase of the sexual response is

resolution

What portion of the brain is involved in the interpretation of facial expressions conveying emotion?(pg 361)

right hemisphere...

A young boy develops facial and chest hair, pubic hair, and an enlarged adams apple. This happens because puberty is stimulating the development of his

secondary sex characteristics

How did Brenda Reimer, the child who was surgically assigned to be a female after a surgical mishap, adjust to life as a female?

she was unhappy and committed suicide

A babysitter has put the children to sleep. it is dark and quite in the house. she hears what sounds like a door knob turning an hour the parents are expected to be home, making her think that perhaps a stranger is trying to break into the house. According to Lazarus's cognitive-mediational theory, how would the babysitter experience an emotion in this situation?

she would first go to the door to see what is causing the door knob to turn. If the parents are home early, she would feel relieved, but if it was a stranger she would feel afraid

The work of Simon LeVay on the brain structures of homosexual humans led to similar findings with

sheep

Which is NOT a finding that supports a biological contribution to sexual orientation?

size differences in the right brain hemispheres in homosexuals as compared to heterosexuals

What is the term for an improvement in performance caused by the perception that others are watching?

social facilitation

Rashid and Tawana are watching the classic TV show Leave it to Beaver. After watching the show, the decide to play. Rashid says he will be Ward Cleaver and Tawana should play June Cleaver. This play situation would be best explained by

social learning theory

When children observe their same sex parents behaving certain ways and imitate that behavior, a psychologist uses which theory to explain the situation?

social learning theory

Physiologically, the body responds to emotion with arousal created by the(pg 361)

sympathetic nervous system

A person who is full but still takes another helping of food at dinner because it tastes so good is eating because

taste the food is the incentive for eating

If gender differences in cognition are decreasing, this is probably due to

the effects of more equal treatment of men and women in our society

Which area of the brain has been linked to the processing of positive emotions?(pg 362)

the left frontal lobe

MRI technology has demonstrated that men listen with

the left hemisphere of the brain

The theory of motivation in which the social context of an action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for the action is known as

the self-determination theory

Which of the following does not play a role in determining the body's weight set point?

the size of the stomach

according to Dweck's research on achievement motivation, why might a student who has a history of bad grades be most at risk for learned helplessness?

the student may become depressed because of the belief that intelligence is fixed, unchangeable and out of his or her control.

In a study of girls who had been exposed to androgens in the womb, it was found that early on they preferred masculine activities but later preferred feminine ones. Such studies make it difficult

to decide if gender identity is related to physical factors

In the classic Schachter-Singer "angry man/happy man" experiment ,participants were given a drug to elicit a physical response and then exposed to two different conditions. One group was paired with a confederate pretending to be angry and the other group with a confederate pretending to be happy. what was the main objective of this experiment?

to determine whether physical arousal has to be interpreted cognitively before it can be labeled as an emotion

The role of the lateral hypothalamus is

to trigger the eating response when insulin levels go up

A person contemplating surgery to alter his or her bodily appearance to that of the opposite sex is thinking about becoming a

transsexual

James obtained sexual arousal and pleasure by wearing women's clothing. He has a condition known as

transvestism

Which cause of a sexually transmitted disease is hardest to treat?

viral

The level of weight that the body tries to maintain is known as (pg 355)

weight set point