COMD Exam 2 (Chapters 6-10)

Which of these options is a free morpheme? "-ed" "dress" "-ness" "s"

"dress"

Lexical morphemes are the words that carry the "content" of the messages we convey. We can keep creating new lexical words & add these lexical morphemes into the existing language system. Accordingly, the lexical morphemes are also called ___________. By contrast, we almost never add new functional morphemes into the language, so the functional morphemes are also called __________.

"open" class of words; "closed" class of words

When analyzing the structure of the sentence, we can use the ___________, which are sentences with empty slots in them. For example: ______________ makes a lot of noises. I heard ___________ yesterday.

"test-frames"

verb

V

Morph

actual representation a grammatical function

noun

lexical morpheme

Please bring the jacket.

requesting

co-hyponyms

two or more words that share the same superordinate term ex: dog and horse are co-hyponyms and the superordinate term is animal

polysemy

two or more words with the same form and meaning ex: head - the top part of our body/ head - a person top of a company or department

location

where an entity is ex: on the table, in the room, on the wall

List the three ways to analyze the meaning of words:

1) Semantic features (componential analysis): analyze the basic components of word meanings. This approach involves a view of words in a language as some sort of "containers" that carry meaning components 2) Semantic roles: look at the "roles" words fulfill within the situation described by a sentence 3) Lexical relations: characterize the meaning of words by analyzing the "relationships" with other words

Semantic roles:

1) agent 2) theme 3) instrument 4) experiencer 5) source 6) goal 7) location

There are two kinds of "context" of speech. List them:

1) physical context: the location where we encounter the speech, such as restaurant, bank or park 2) linguistic context: the surrounding words, also known as co-text, that helps us understand what is meant

adjective

A

In chapter 5, we have talked about one way to make a new word, which means add affixes to existing words to create new words. Therefore, derivational morphemes are morphemes that what?

Derivational morphemes are the morphemes that can be used to make new words or to change the grammatical category of words. Ex: "-ment" changes the verb "encourage" into noun "encouragement."

What is "determiner"? List the six types of determiners & two examples for each:

Determiners are used before a noun to introduce it or to provide more information on the noun. (1) articles: a, the (2) demonstratives: these, that (3) possessive determiners: my, your (4) quantifiers: few, many, much (5) numbers: one, thirty (6) ordinals: first, third, last

True or false: "Can you give me a glass of water?" is an example of direct speech act.

False; indirect speech act The actual meaning of the sentence is not to ask whether the person has the ability to give a glass of water. It actually requests someone to give the speaker a glass of water in an indirect way.

noun

N

Who is the "Father of Language"?

Noam Chomsky

How many deictic expressions are there in the following sentence: "The children came here yesterday, but we didn't get to talk to them?"

There are 5 deictics: those (children), here, yesterday, we, them

True or false: The sentence "The boy saw the man with the telescope" can be understood in two ways. The sentence is an example of a structural ambiguity.

True

True or false: All affixes are bound morphemes.

True

True or false: Words & morphemes can have multiple morphs.

True

True or false: "Can you ride a bicycle?" is an example of direct speech act.

True The interrogative sentence is to ask information about whether a person has acquired the ability to ride a bike. This is a direct question.

Generative Grammar

a finite number of rules, and that helps to generate an infinite number of well-formed structures

prescriptive approach

a framework for the structure of language, an system of ancient grammar rules originating from Latin

Collocation

a relationship between words that frequently occur together ex: salt and pepper

What is an adverb?

a word that modifies or describes a verb, adjective, or another adverb ex: quickly, never, always, really, yesterday

What is a pronoun?

a word used in place of a noun or noun phrases, typically referring to people & things already known ex: it, my, me, she, herself, they, you

What is a verb?

a word used to describe an action, event, or state of being involving people & things in events ex: break, sit, is, has, talk, go

What is an adjective?

a word used with a noun or pronoun to provide more information about the things referred to ex: large, strange

adverb

adv

"Bob used the key to open the door." The semantic role of "Bob" is: ___________; the semantic role of "the key" is ___________.

agent; instrument

descriptive approach

analysts collected the samples of language and described the structure of it. it focuses on the actual use of language rather than the prescriptive rules. no rules, relatively new grammar

Functional morphemes are the morphemes that

are free morphemes that do not belong to the lexical morphemes, such as articles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns. they simply modify the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning

What is a conjunction?

are words used to make connections and indicate relationships between events ex: and, because, when

What is a preposition?

are words used with nouns in phrases providing information about time, place, and other connections involving actions & things ex: on, under, near, from, without, at

What is an article?

are words used with nouns to form noun phrases classifying those "things" or identifying them as already known ex: a, an, the

article

art

metonymy

based simply on a close connect in everyday experience. that close connection can be based on a container-contents relation ex: bottle/water, can/juice, house/roof it is our familiarity with metonymy that makes it possible for us to understand he drank the whole bottle, although it sounds absurd.

Referential/linguistic meaning

basic, essential, standard meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word

Through the derivational morpheme "-ment" & the inflectional morpheme "-s", "-er" and "-'s", we notice that both the derivational & inflectional morphemes can NOT be used independently. They MUST be used with a word. Therefore, both the derivational & inflectional morphemes are ____________.

bound morphemes

gender

break up nouns into different types, such as "masculine", "feminine" or "neuter"

Lexical morphemes are the morphemes that

carry the "content" of the message we convey, including nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs

Give me the football!

commanding

Conjunction

con

two types of bound morphemes:

derivational and inflectional morphemes

determiner

det

non-gradable antonym

direct opposites. also called "complementary pairs" so there are called complementary antonyms ex: awake/asleep, married/single, present/absent, true/false

direct speech act & indirect speech act

direct speech act: when an interrogative structure such as "Did you...?," "Is she...?," or "Can you...?" is used with the function of a question ex: Can you ride a bicycle? indirect speech act: we use an interrogative structure to make a request ex: "Can you pass the salt?" "You left the door open."

agent

entity that performs the action (ex: The boy kicked the ball.)

when a noun phrase is used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling, perception or state, it fills the semantic role of

experiencer

Both lexical and functional morphemes are individual words & can stand by themselves as single words. Therefore, both the lexical morphemes & functional morphemes are ___________ morphemes.

free

Free morphemes are those morphemes that ______________; Bound morphemes are those morphemes that _______________.

free morphemes can stand by themselves as single words; (found as basic nouns, verbs, adjectives & adverbs) ex: bus , tree bound morphemes cannot stand alone & are typically attached to another form (all affixes (prefixes & suffixes are bound morphemes) ex: es, s, ed, en

Morphemes can be divided into free & bound morphemes. Further, __________ morphemes fall into two categories: lexical and functional morphemes. While __________ morphemes fall into derivational & inflectional morphemes.

free morphemes; bound morphemes

article

functional morpheme

conjunction

functional morpheme

preposition

functional morpheme

pronoun

functional morpheme

"invisible meaning"

how we recognize what is meant even when it is not actually said or written

instrument

if an agent uses another entity in order to perform an action, that other entity fills the role of this (ex: the boy cut the rope with an old razor. he drew the picture with a crayon.)

structural ambiguity

if one surface structure has two different deep structure representations

Which of the following options is about the study of morphology?

in the word "teachers", there are three components that carry meanings: "teach", "er", and "s". Specifically, the "teach" means "show or explain to (someone) how to do something"; "er" means "A person or thing that does an action", and "s" indicates plural form, meaning "more than one". Therefore, the word "teachers" means "the group of people who show or explain to (someone) how to do something".

voice

including active voice ("Cathy loves her dog") & passive voice ("Cathy is loved by her dog")

person

including first person (the speaker), second person (the hearer), & third person (any others)

______________ are morphemes that are NOT used to create new words, but used to indicate the grammatical functions of the word. Specifically, inflectional morphemes are used to indicate if a word is singular or plural ("cat" vs "cats"), past tense or not ("enjoy" vs "enjoyed"), and if a comparative ("clear" vs "clearer") or possessive "Jim" vs "Jim's"). The inflectional morphemes do NOT change the grammatical category of the words.

inflectional morphemes

I have a meeting.

informing

"The key opened the door." The semantic role "the key" is ____________.

instrument

if an agent uses another entity in order to person an action, that other entity fills the role of

instrument

agreement

is the condition between the noun and its verb. refers to the relationship between the phrases within a sentence based on the grammatical category of "number", "person", "tense", "voice" and "gender."

The word order in English is "Subject -- Verb -- Object (SVO)," such as "John(S) saw (V) the big dog (O)." While for Japanese, the word order is "Subject -- Object -- Verb (SOV)," such as "Jon ga("John", S) ooki inu o ("big dog," O) mita ("saw," V)". This kind of analysis of the word order is called _____________, which is the study of similarities in the grammatical structures of language that allow them to be classified as members of the same type or group.

language typology

What two categories can free morphemes be broken into?

lexical & functional

two types of free morphemes:

lexical and functional morphemes

adjective

lexical morpheme

adverb

lexical morpheme

verb

lexical morpheme

hyponymy

meaning of one form is included in the meaning of another ex: animal/horse, insect/ant, flower/rose

In the word "teachers", the elements of "teach", "er" and "s" are called

morphemes

In the figure below, the "s" and "es", pronounced as /s/, /z/ and /ez/, are used to mean "more than one." Therefore, they all belong to the "plural" morpheme category. They are called _________ of the "plural" morpheme. They are all allomorph of each other.

morphs

Speech can be segmented into what different parts/grammatical categories?

noun article adjective verb adverb preposition pronoun conjunction

It can be found that many word(s) can fit into these slots, such as "an old car", "a baby", "a radio", "Cathy." As a result, based on the fact that all these forms fit in the same test-frame & appear in the same place of a sentence, we can category them into the same grammatical category, a ____________.

noun phrase

In creating a tree diagram, a sentence can be firstly be divided into two parts: ____________ and ___________

noun phrase (NP) and verb phrase (VP)

The dogs are playing together, but the cat is playing by itself.

number

homonyms

one form (written or spoken) has two or more unrelated meanings ex: bat (flying creature) - bat (used in sports)

reversives

one is the reverse action of the other ex: enter/exit, pack/unpack, length/shorten

gradable antonym

opposites along a scale. use in comparative constructions involving adjectives ex: I am smaller than you, but luckily quite a bit richer.

three types of deixis:

person deixis: he, she, I, you, we spatial deixis: this, that, there, here temporal deixis: now, then

Cathy is crying now, and she is very sad.

person, gender

We go to school together, but he goes to school alone.

person, gender

Harry is looking for his pen now.

person, tense

Jeremiah is followed by 1,000,000 subscribers on Youtube.

person, voice

Cathy is loved by her dog.

person, voice, gender

preposition

prep

two types of grammatical approach:

prescriptive approach & descriptive approach

I'll be there at six.

promising

In addition, it can be found that the "pronouns", such as "it," "him," "they," could also appear in the same position as the "noun phrases." We can say that:

pronouns can occur at the place of a noun phrase

Did you eat the pizza?

questioning

Which of these words does not have a bound morpheme? return, receive, replay, remarry

receive For the rest three words, the bound morpheme is re-

In the Indonesian language, words or parts of the words are repeated to mark plural forms. For example, in Indonesian, the word "rumah" means "house", and the word "rumahrumah" means "houses". This morphological process is called ___________.

reduplication

Anaphora

second and subsequent mentions ex: we saw a funny home video about a boy washing a puppy in a small bath.

test frame

sentences with empty slots in them -used when analyzing the structure of the sentence

This is a descriptive approach to analyze the grammar of language:

structural analysis, which investigates the distribution of forms in language

What is "surface structure" & "deep structure"? What is the relation between them?

surface structure: the syntactic form of each individual sentence deep structure: an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining the interpretation of sentences are represented Relation: Every deep structure has multiple surface structure forms.

We went to church yesterday.

tense

Speech acts

the action performed by a speaker with an utterance

theme

the entity that is involved in or affected by the action (ex: The boy kicked the ball.)

deictic

the expressions used to point to people (us, them, those idiots), places (here, over there), and times (now, last week)

Associative/emotive or speaking meaning

the feelings or reactions to words by some speakers but not other speakers. This kind of meaning is underlying and subjective meaning

Antecedent

the first mention -ex: we saw a funny home video about a boy washing a puppy in a small bath.

subject

the first noun phrase before the verb

superordinate

the higher-level term in hyponymy ex: horse is a hyponym of animal & ant is a hyponym of insect. horse & ant are the superordinate terms

prototype

the idea of the characteristic instance of a category (ex: "robin" is the prototype of "bird')

physical context

the location " out there" where we encounter words and phrases

object

the noun phrase after the verb

Pronouns can occur at....

the place of a noun phrase

Grammar

the process of describing the structure of phrases & sentences in such a way that we account for all grammatical sequences in a language & rule out all of the ungrammatical sequences

Morphemes

the smallest unit of a word with a meaning or a grammatical function (abstract representation) In the word "teacher," the elements of "teach," "er," and "s" are called morphemes.

Which of the following is mostly relevant to the definition of the study of morphology?

the structure of words & the meaning of components or elements in the structure

language typology

the study of similarities in the grammatical structures of language that allow them to be classifies as members of the same type or group

Semantics

the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences

Syntax

the study of the underlying rule system that is used to produce or "generate" a sentence

Pragmatics

the study of what speakers mean in a specific context. the study of the "invisible meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it is not actually said or written

linguistic context

the surrounding words, also known as co-text, that helps us understand what is meant

"The crocodiles tried to eat the salamander." How many inflectional morphemes are in this sentence?

two They are "s" in "crocodiles" and "-ied" in "tried". They do not create new words and do not change the grammatical category of the words "crocodile" and "try". The plural noun "crocodiles" also refers to the noun "crocodile" and the past tense verb "tried" also refers to the verb "try".

antonymy

two forms with opposite meanings ex: alive/dead, hot/cold -they are usually divided into three main types: gradable, non-gradable & reversives

synonymy

two or more words have very closely related meaning ex: big/large, freedom/liberty, buy/purchase, doctor/physician

experiencer

when a noun phrase is used to designate an entity as the person who has a feeling, perception or state (ex: The woman feels sad Did you hear this?

homophones

when two or more different (written) forms have the same pronunciation ex: bare/bear, meet/meat, right/write

source

where an entity moves from ex: from Chicago

goal

where it moves to ex: to New Orleans

tense

whether a verb is in the present tense ("love") or the past tense ("loved")

number

whether the noun is singular ("apple") or plural ("apples")

structural analysis

which investigates the distribution of forms in a language

What is a noun?

words used to refer to people (boy), objects (backpack), creatures (dog), places (school), qualities (roughness), phenomena (earthquake) & abstract ideas (love) as if they were all "things"