Comm. 110 Final Exam

Characteristics of good delivery/body language:

-Gestures -Body movement(don't just use hands) -Use of space -Good posture -Face (smile, be happy) -Eye contact (look into audience's eyes, don't just read) -Physical Appearance (professional nice dress)

How can we improve our active listening skills?

-Listen for details -Listen actively -Perception check

Modes of delivery

-Memorized: minimal ums, no note cards, good gestures. -Manuscript: always find your script, never say anything stupid. -Impromptu: natural and not forced, spontaneous. -Extemporaneous: Speech is always a little bit different.

Vocalics:

-Pitch, volume, rate, pauses, articulation, dialect, pronunciation.

Self-disclosure

-Primary way that we manage self presentation and foster self esteem.

What are the goals of an informative presentation?

-Provide increased knowledge of topic (NEW info for audience) What do I want my audience to know/do because of this speech? -Arouse an interest in topic (make RELEVANT/SIGNIFICANT to the audience. Make PERSONAL to the audience.)

Leadership styles

-Situational leadership (leadership depends on the situation, no one style of effective leadership. Effective leadership is a match between what a situation calls for and how a person behaves.) -Functional Leadership (leadership involves acting in a way that helps the group achieve its goals. ) -Transformational Leadership (being a visionary, helping the group to set goals and motivating, if not inspiring, the group to achieve its goals.) Formal leaders: are assigned, appointed, or elected leaders who are given legitimate power or influence others. Informal leaders: members of the group whose authority to influence stems from the power they gain through their interactions in the group.

What are some effective strategies for a strong attention getter?

-Startle/shock -Speak directly to audience -Curiosity/Suspense -Quotations -Humor -Stories

What kinds of things can you stress or do in order to ensure that you are seen as a credible speaker on your topic?

-Talk about personal experience -Talk about education -Talk about related others

What is communication apprehension?

A type of communication anxiety or nervousness. The level of fear you experience when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience.

Orin is about 3 minutes into his speech on the Rose Bowl. He is feeling more confident than when he started, and his heart rate is decreasing. Orin is in the _____________ stage of speech anxiety:

Adaptation

Type of Persuasive speech: Question of fact:

Question of Fact: arguing if it's true or false.

What does topical mean in a speech

Random doesnt matter

What does R+O=I mean?

Relevance + originality = interest

What is self-disclosure and how does it relate to SE, SC, and impression management?

Self Disclosure is the primary way that we manage self presentation & foster self esteem. It relates to Self esteem because we foster our self esteem in our self disclosure. It relates to self concept because if we have a positive self concept, then the outcome of our self disclosure will also be positive. Finally, it relates to impression management because we influence how others perceive and see us, and if our self disclosure if reveled as positive, then people will see a positive person. Or vice versa.

Self-esteem/self-concept

Self Esteem: makes us feel positive/negative self concept. Self Concept: how you perceive yourself, including your understanding of your own attitudes, values, beliefs, physical appearance, etc.

What is communication? What is competent communication?

The process of creating or sharing meaning in informal conversation, group interaction, or public speaking. Effective and appropriate. Competent communication is the effective and appropriate exchange of meaning.

Stages of speech anxiety

Three stages: 1.) Anticipation stage- before you begin 2.) Confrontation stage- when you face audience and start talking 3.) Adaptation stage- when you adjust and settle in to speech.

Competent communication is the effective and appropriate exchange of meaning.

True

What are trust misers? What are trust givers?

Trust misers are when we make people earn our trust before giving it to them completely. Trust givers are when we trust people right away and give them our trust automatically.

Trust, intimacy, and power

Trust= the degree to which we feel safe disclosing personal info to another. The degree to which we feel confident that another person will follow through on promises or commitments made. Intimacy= the degree to which we can be our natural selves with no masks in front of another person and still be accepted by him/her. Power= the degree of influence one has over how another person thinks, feels, behaves.

Group presentation format

When working with multiple people in a speech it isn't going to work as well as when you work individually.

WHY are YOU telling US about THIS TOPIC in THIS MANNER?

Why- what's the worth/significance and who is it affecting? You- Your personal story, how you are related. Us- Why do I care, how does it impact us? Topic- Is it new info or new topic? Manner- Eye contact, gestures, visual aids.

What is your self-esteem?

Your overall evaluation of your competence and personal worthiness. Makes us feel positive/negative self concept.

What is your self-concept?

Your self identity. How you perceive yourself, including your understanding of your own attitudes, values, beliefs, physical appearance, etc.

What does manuscript mean in a delivery

always find your script, never say anything stupid.

What is a formal leader

are assigned, appointed, or elected leaders who are given legitimate power or influence others.

What is transformational leadership

being a visionary, helping the group to set goals and motivating, if not inspiring, the group to achieve its goals.

What does spatial mean in a speech

by space

How does culture affect language (Osgood's studies)?

fill in later

Karl was giving a speech on how to give emergency first aid. The BEST choice of dress for his presentation to ensure his credibility would be:

his Emergency Medical Technician uniform

What does chronologically mean in a speech

in order

What is the golden rule of speech writing?

(Tell, tell, tell.) Preview, body, conclusion (recap) Aids audience retention and comprehension

What are the five elements of an introduction?

1. Attention getter 2. Establish credibility 3. Relate topic to audience 4. State thesis 5. Preview main points

What are the different modes of delivery (impromptu, etc)?

1. Memorized (minimal ums, no note cards, good gestures.) 2. Manuscript (can always find your place, never say anything stupid.) 3. Impromptu (Natural and not forced, but spontaneous. 4. Extemporaneous (speech is always a little bit different.)

If conflict cannot be resolved, what are the ways in which relationships die?

1. Positively or negatively 2. Unilateral or Bilateral 3. Fade away, sudden death or incremental

What are the 5 "normal" conflict resolution styles discussed in class and how do they work?

1. Problem Solving/Collaborating- managing conflict by fully addressing the needs and issues of each party and arriving at a solution that is mutually satisfying. 2. Forcing- managing conflict by satisfying your own needs or advancing your own ideas, with no concern for the needs or ideas of the other and no concern for the harm done to the relationship. 3. Compromising- managing conflict by giving up part of what you want, to provide at least some satisfaction for both parties. 4. Withdrawing- managing conflict by physically or psychologically removing yourself. 5. Smoothing/Accommodating- managing conflict by satisfying other's needs or accepting other's ideas while neglecting our own.

Informative conclusion components?

1. Signpost 2. Recap 3. Relation to audience statement 4. Clincher/Wham Bam Bang ending

Know and be able to explain the various things that effect how well we listen (including the speech/thought differential, auditory fatigue, listener expectations, gender, culture, etc)

1. Speech-thought differential: (listen faster than someone can talk) 2. Auditory fatigue (repetitious noise becomes white noise.) 3. Listener expectations (hear what you want/expect to hear.) 4. Noise (External & internal noise) 5. Gender & Culture (Raised to tune into different stuff.)

Stages of Perception

1.) Attention and Selection 2.) Organization 3.) Interpretation

What are the different power relationships we discussed in class?

1.) Complimentary- chose to give a lot of power to another person. 2.) Parallel- share power but in different arenas. 3.) Power Struggle- lazy, no one takes charge or bother people want power.

What are the 5 principles of Communication? Can you explain and apply each one?

1.) Inevitable- communication requires someone paying attention. 2.) Transactional- takes place between two or more people. 3.) Longitudinal- when the act of communication began & ended (birth & death.) 4.) Irreversible- once it's out there, you can't take it back. 5.) Symbolic- Facial expressions, smiles, words, gestures.

Persuasive conclusion components?

1.Signpost 2. Recap of main points 3. Call to action 4. Wham bam endin

What are the three stages of comm. app?

3 stages: 1. Anticipation Phase- anxiety prior to giving speech 2. Confrontation phase- anxiety when you face audience and start talking. 3. Adaptation phase- gradual decline of anxiety about 1 minute into speech when you adjust and settle in.

Merhabian Formula:

38% pay attention to vocals, 55% to nonverbals, only 7% to the context.

There are ___ essential components to an introduction:

5

What are the characteristics of self-esteem (reciprocal, involves risk, etc)?

?? ?? ??

What are the different contexts of communication?

?? ?? ??

What is group think?

A deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgment that results from in group pressure.

Black's Basic Assumption of communication

All human interaction based on this wheel is true. Discourse (say it to you) goes around to Response ( you understand) goes around to Intention (Articulate thought) Which goes back around to discourse.

What is Edward Black's Basic Assumption of Communication and how does it work?

All human interaction is based on this wheel is true. 1. Intention (Articulate Thought) 2. Discourse (Say it to you) 3. Response (You understand).

What is a small group?

Also known as work group, is a collection of three or more people who must interact and influence each other to solve problems and to accomplish a common purpose. They all have a shared goal with interaction between members.

A, T, D, S!

Always list Author, Title, Date, Source when citing sources.

What is an interpersonal relationship?

An outgoing interdependency that we carry in our minds/hearts whether the other person is not present or is.

What are the stages of listening?

Attending- actively attend and pay attention to the message Understanding- comprehend the message without multi tasking Evaluating- Who, how, where, etc. Attribution theory (internal, external.) Implicit Personality Theory (Halo effect/reverse halo effect, primacy, recency.) Responding- Using your verbals and nonverbals. Remembering- Remembering what the speaker is telling you.

Active listening

Attending: actively attending and paying attention to the message. Understanding: comprehending the message. Can't multitask but can switch back and forth really fast.

Be able to understand and apply some of the mental short cuts we use to help us apply meaning to what we listen to. These shortcuts include: attribution theory, self-serving bias, halo/horn effect, self-fulfilling prophecy, primacy/recency, etc.

Attribution Theory: Self Serving Bias: Halo/Horn Effect: Self Fulfilling Prophecy: Primacy/Recency:

Language styles for presentation

Be descriptive, be vivid, be concrete, be clear, keep it simple, be accurate, avoid grammatical errors, slang, profanity, religionisms, sexist, racist comments.

Briefly explain some of the benefits and challenges to working in a small group.

Benefits: 1. Access to someone else's brain 2. Shared resources 3. Costly errors caught by other members of the group. 4. Accept recommendations better from a group than from a individuals. 5. Output created in a group is far higher quality than output of individual. Challenges: 1. Bossy leaders 2. Lack of consensus 3. Time consuming to do work with groups 4. Pressure to conform to what the group thinks 5. Slackers to deal with 6. Sometimes the group just doesn't get along.

What mental tricks do we use to help put sensory data into logical patterns?

Punctuation, superimposing, closure.

Conflict styles

Conflict Resolution Styles: 1.) Problem solving- 2.) Interpersonal- when the needs or ideas of one person are at odds or in opposition to the needs or ideas of another. 3.) Accommodating- managing conflict by satisfying others' needs or accepting others' ideas while neglecting our own. 4.) Forcing- managing conflict by satisfying your own needs or advancing your own ideas, with no concern for the needs or ideas of the other and no concern for the harm done to the relationship. 5.) Compromising- managing conflict by giving up part of what you want, to provide at least some satisfaction for both parties. 6.) Withdrawing-managing conflict by physically or psychologically removing yourself. 7.) Smoothing- 8.) Collaborating- managing conflict by fully addressing the needs and issues of each party and arriving at a solution that is mutually satisfying.

What characterizes language to use?

Descriptive, metaphors, parallelisms, alliterations, repetition, definitions

What is a speaking outline?

Exactly what gets transferred to note cards, clear organized pattern, full verbal citation info, performance notes, indicates transitions, full works cited page.

A vocalized pause is a positive feature of speech delivery in the United States because Americans dislike silence.

False

What are the 5 stages of perception?

Five stages: 1.) Select 2.) Organize 3.) Interpret 4.) Evaluate 5.) Retain

What are the various types of listening?

For pleasure, comprehension, support, evaluative/critical.

What are the characteristics of good delivery? Be sure to address both body language (i.e. nonverbals) and Vocalics?

Good delivery is spontaneous, natural, and highly polished and professional at the same time.

What characterizes language to avoid?

Grammatical errors, slang, profanity, jargon, religionisms, sexist or racist comments, abstract language.

When you are choosing sources, how do you evaluate their worth?

If they have an author, a title, a date and a source then it is good?

How do self-concept and self-esteem relate to self presentation and impression management?

If we have a positive self esteem, then we will perceive ourselves as personally worthy and have a better idea of our self identity. We will understand our attitude towards who we are better, and be okay with our physical appearance. That would all result in an overall good self presentation and impression management. If we have a negative self esteem, we won't feel worthy of who we are, and how we look. Our self concept will be negative, and we won't have a good identity of ourselves. Therefore, our self presentation will be low and negative.

What are the patterns of organization for informative speech

Informative: 1. Chronologically (In order) 2. Spatially (By space) 3. Topically (Random, doesn't matter)

Ways to organize an informative speech/a persuasive speech

Informative: Chronologically (in order), spatial (by space), topical (random, doesn't matter.) Persuasive: Issue/Pro/Con, Problem/Solution, Monroe's Motivated Sequence.

What are the different forms of intimacy?

Intellectual, emotional, physical. These are all interconnected but not interdependent. Which means you can have one without the other.

What is conflict? Is it always bad?

Interpersonal conflict- when the needs or ideas of one person are at odds or in opposition to the needs or ideas of another. No, conflict is good!

Components of an introduction/components of a conclusion

Introduction-Attention getter, establish credibility, relate topic to audience, state thesis, preview main points. Conclusion- Signpost, recap of main points, relation to audience statement, wham bam bang ending.

Which of the following is the correct VERBAL citation?

Jake Hanson stated in his "I hate my representative" article posted on the Truepolitics blog accessed September of 2010, that "good guys finish last in politics."

Audience analysis

Know what type of demographic I'm talking to. Do they have an interest in the topic? Do they have previous knowledge of the topic? What are their attitudes or values towards the topic?

What should you think about when doing a comprehensive audience analysis for a speech?

Know what type of demographic I'm talking to. Do they have an interest in the topic? Do they have previous knowledge of the topic? What are their attitudes or values towards the topic?

What are the characteristics of a good visual aid?

Large tasteful picture, pie chart, info graphic, simple designs, animations

What is the difference between a rule and a norm?

Norms are expectations for the way group members will behave while in the group. Ground rules prescribes behaviors designed to help the group meet its goals and conduct its conversations. Often unconscious, repetition, reward/punished, climate is based on trust, cohesiveness, supportiveness.

Axioms of Communication

Paul Watzlawick's Axioms: 1.) Cannot not (one cannot not communicate because every behavior is a kind of communication.) 2.) Content & relationship (Every communication has a content and relationship aspect such that the latter classifies the former and is therefore a meta communication. Each person responds to the content of communication in the context of the relationship between the communicators. 3.) Punctuation (The nature of the relationship is dependent on the punctuation of the partners' communication procedures.) 4.) Digital & Analogic (Digital= discrete, defined elements of communication. These are usually words, but very specific gestures with generally agreed meanings would also qualify. Analogic= In this case, it describes a type of communication in which the representation to some extent evokes the thing to which it refers. For example, shaking a fist in front of a person's face would evoke the idea of violence. 5.) Symmetric or Complimentary (Symmetric relationship means one where both parties involved behave as equals from a power perspective. Complimentary relationship means one of unequal power, such as parent child, boss employee.

Organization patterns for a persuasive speech?

Persuasive: 1. Issue/Pro/Con 2. Problem/Solution 3. Monroe's Motivated Sequence

What are common small group roles?

Problem roles (negative criticizer, silent observer, off tracker, self centered follower, chatty Kathy.) Task roles (Helper, questioner, task leader, information provider.) maintenance roles (Funny guy, climate balancer.)

What is the definition of Perception?

Process of selectivity attending to information and assigning meaning to it. Process by which we assign meaning to sensory data.

An informative speech on the architectural structure of the Effiel Tower is BEST organized:

Spatially

What does extemporaneous mean in a delivery

Speech is always a little bit different.

What does a thesis statement do?

State simply what you are trying to get across in your speech in one sentence.

What is the physical "upside" to comm app? :)

The audience can't tell how nervous you are?

Speaker credibility

The audience's perception of your effectiveness as a speaker. Based off of your: -personal experience, education, related others.

What is power?

The degree of influence one has over how another person thinks, feels, behaves.

What is intimacy?

The degree to which we can be our natural self with no mask in front of another person and still be accepted by him/her.

What is trust?

The degree to which we feel safe disclosing personal info to another. The degree to which we feel confident that another person will follow through on promises or commitments made.

What is situational leadership

leadership depends on the situation, no one style of effective leadership. Effective leadership is a match between what a situation calls for and how a person behaves.

What is functional leadership

leadership involves acting in a way that helps the group achieve its goals.

what are informal leaders

members of the group whose authority to influence stems from the power they gain through their interactions in the group.

What does memorized mean in a delivery of a speech

minimal ums, no note cards, good gestures.

What does impromptu mean in a delivery

natural and not forced, spontaneous.

Characteristics of Self Disclosure:

occurs in small increments. -moves from less personal to more personal -involves risk/trust -deliberate VS. unintentional -we control to some extent how others perceive us -how others respond to our self disclosure impacts how +/- we see ourselves (SE/SC)

What is intimacy

the degree to which we can be our natural selves with no masks in front of another person and still be accepted by him/her.

What is trust

the degree to which we feel safe disclosing personal info to another. The degree to which we feel confident that another person will follow through on promises or commitments made.