COMM 1300 - Public Speaking Final Study Guide

Parallelism

the state of being parallel or of corresponding in some way.

Why is it so important to use inclusive language in your speeches?

to be respectful to the listeners, to avoid stereotypes based on age, race, gender, disability, and other factors

Alliteration

-Anaphora: Repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or sentences ---Used for emphasis, clarity, and a rhetorical sense of style.

Antithesis

Antithesis: Clauses set in opposition to one another, usually to distinguish between choices, concepts, and ideas

Why is it important to always cite your sources during your speech?

Because it made the source/materials more credible

Why are supporting materials important?

Building Audience Interest Enhancing Audience Understanding Strengthening Audience Memory Winning Audience Agreement Evoking Audience Emotion

Ethos

Ethos: Your credibility as a speaker -Credible and moral speakers, those with ethos, win audience trust, as they are seen as knowledgeable, honest, and genuinely interested in doing the right thing -Components of ethos include the following: ---Competence— practical wisdom derived from knowledge of the topic and experience with it ---Trustworthiness —virtue— characterized by being honest and fair ----Goodwill toward the audience illustrated by empathizing with their views, putting their needs, feelings, and concerns first, and responding quickly to others' communication -You can build Ethos: ---Share your qualifications to speak on the topic. ---Present strong evidence from reputable sources. ---Highlight common ground with the audience. ---Choose your words carefully. ---Show respect for conflicting opinions. ---Practice your speech until your delivery is fluent.

Identify the three types of examples listed in the text

Example Brief Example Extended Example

Examples as supporting materials

Examples -Samples or instances that support or illustrate a general claim -Brief examples ---Set of short instances used to support or illustrate your claim ---Usually a single sentence -Extended examples ---Provide details and give the audience a deeper and richer picture of your point

Canons of Rhetoric

Invention - The generation of ideas for use in a speech --Speaker generate many ideas and choose those that best serve their purpose ethically. --Effective speakers choose ideas that are adapted to their audience. --Speakers select ideas based on their topic, purpose, and supporting evidence Arrangement -The structuring of ideas to effectively convey them to an audience --Most speeches have three parts: ---Introduction ---Body ---Conclusion --Effective speaker arrange ideas to be clear and memorable Style -The choice of language to express ideas --Effective language can make a speech clear, memorable, and free of bias Memory -Preparation, or the work speakers do to remain in command of their material Delivery -Speaker's use of his or her voice and body during the actual presentation of a speech. --A strong delivery -one in which the speaker's voice, hand gestures, eye contact, and movements are appropriate for the audience and setting -can make a powerful impressoin

Logos

Logos: The evidence and reasoning behind your message -Using Evidence ---Research evidence from credible sources (see Chapter 7) and then present that evidence in your speech. ---Show that the conclusions you've drawn from the evidence make sense. ---Do not use fallacious (faulty) reasoning to distort facts in your favor. ---Identify your sources and their qualifications. ---Give listeners new evidence to increase their perception of your credibility. ---Provide precise evidence by including dates, places, numbers, and other important facts. ---Look for compelling evidence. ---Use concrete or detailed examples. ---Help your audience visualize your points and try to engage their senses. ---Characterize your evidence accurately by carefully wording your claims. -Using Reasoning ---Speakers generally use inductive reasoning whereby they generalize from facts, instances, or examples to make a claim. -----Example -----Comparison -----Sign -----Causal

Pathos

Pathos: evoking your listeners' emotions -Appealing to your audience's emotions more than to their minds (pathos) puts a human face on the problem that your speech is addressing and can be a big motivator. ---Use sound reasoning and concrete details to make a logical connection between your point and the emotions you are evoking. ---Consider using a fear appeal in which your argument presents a serious threat that audience members believe they have the power to remedy. ---Effective word choice can also strengthen the power of an emotional appeal. -Ethical Use ---Do not use emotional appeals to manipulate your audience. ---If you fail to establish a sound connection between your point and the emotion you are invoking, your appeal will be neither logical nor ethical. ---Fear appeals are often presented unethically — premised on false evidence that arouses the emotions but is simply not true. ---Avoid the loaded language fallacy: using emotionally charged words to convey a meaning not supported by the facts.

Repetition

Repetition -Benefits: ---Repetition can draw listeners' attention and leave lasting memories. ---Repeating words later in the speech can remind the audience of previous points. -Use repetition sparingly. -Rewording potentially confusing passages is a form of repetition.

Tips for using statistics effectively and thically

Statistics -Information presented in numerical form -When used properly statistics can help you: ---Quantify points you're making ---Show the big picture regarding multiple instances or instances over time of the situation you are discussing -Disadvantages of using statistics: ---The more statistics you include, the greater the chance that your listeners will consider your topic too complicated. ---Too many statistics can also bore listeners. -Guidelines for using statistics: ---Limit the number of statistics you present. ---Use visual aids to explain your statistics. ---Establish context.

Types of Testimony

Testimony -Information provided by others -Expert testimony ---Comes from professionals who have in-depth knowledge of a topic ---Used to increase acceptance of your claims -Lay testimony ---Comes from people without special expertise ---Used to show how a typical person has been affected by your topic

What is testimony? What is the difference between expert and peer testimony?

Testimony: consists of information provided by other people Expert testimony: consists of statements made by credible sources who have professional or other in-depth knowledge of a topic Peer testimony: consists of statement made by persons with no special expertise in the subject they are discussing. Peer source should generally not be used to prove factual claims in a speech

What are the criteria for using language effectively in your speeches?

Use language accurately, clearly,vividly and appropriately.

How do you create imagery in your speech?

Vivid language Grabs attention with words and phrases that appeal to all five senses Stronger imagery creates deeper impressions on an audience. Select descriptive words that evoke pictures, smells, textures, sounds, and flavors. Overuse of vivid language may diminish effectiveness.

What are different ways of organizing persuasive speeches?

--Causal Pattern: One thing causes another (fast food cause health problems) --Comparison Pattern: Claim that two situations are similar or different. (smoking ban decrease smoking to secondhand smoke) --Categorical Pattern: Sometime each main point in your speech will reflect a different reason why you believe your fact claim to be true (The earth is experiencing climate change cuz of multiple reasons) --Criteria-Application Pattern: This pattern has 2 main points. One establishes standards for the value judgement you are making; the other applies those standards to the subject of your thesis. --Monroe's Motivated Sequence: Aims to establish five main points, typically about how people think when solving a problem or considering a new idea --Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern: The first main point demonstrates a problem that needs to be addressed, the second explains the causes of the problem, and the third presents a solution that can minimize the problem.

What is the difference between denotative and connotative meaning?

-Denotative meaning: Exact, literal dictionary definition ---When a word has a single, not overly technical definition, you can expect your audience to understand what you mean. ---Many words have numerous definitions. ---If using a specific word is likely to confuse the audience, choose a different word or phrase. -Connotative meaning: Association that comes to mind when people hear or read a word ---May bear little or no resemblance to its denotative meaning

Audience analysis for controversial topics

-Disposition: The audience's likely attitude toward your message -Sympathetic audience ---Already holds you in high personal esteem or agrees with your message and will respond favorably to your speech. ---Push for commitment rather than trying to convince them your ideas have merit. -Hostile audience ---Opposes your message or you personally, and will resist listening to your speech. ---Define realistic goals. -Neutral audience ---Has neither negative nor positive opinions about you or your message. ---Determine the source of their neutrality, then figure out how to overcome it and get them to support you.

Be able to differentiate between questions of fact, value and policy

-Fact Claim: You will be seeking to prove that something is true or false -Value Claim: Attach a judgement to your subject and then try to get the audience to agree with your evaluation. -Policy Claim: In this claim, your aim is a call for action. Either by telling the audience to do something or telling them to convince the organization to do something.

Personification

-Hypothetical examples: Imagined examples or scenarios that you invite your audience to think about ---Can help your listeners follow a complicated point that you present immediately afterward -Personal anecdotes: Brief stories that can be used to help you further build credibility and reassure listeners that you're not judging them

What tips would you give someone using statistics in a speech?

-Limit the number of statistics you present -Use visual aids to explain your statistics -Establish context

Metaphor/Simile

-Similes ---Make explicit comparisons with like or as -Metaphors ---Make implicit comparisons ---Suggest connections between objects that are not alike by identifying one object with the other -Be clear and consistent when using similes and metaphors. ---Avoid mixing comparisons.

How to develop Imagery and Rhythm

-Vivid language ---Grabs attention with words and phrases that appeal to all five senses -----Stronger imagery creates deeper impressions on an audience. -----Select descriptive words that evoke pictures, smells, textures, sounds, and flavors. ----Overuse of vivid language may diminish effectiveness.

Style of delivery

-Word choice (diction) ---Requires consideration of audience, occasion, and nature of message ---Well-chosen words can make a speech clear and memorable. ---Speakers can confuse some listeners through unconsidered word choice. -Denotative meaning: Exact, literal dictionary definition ---When a word has a single, not overly technical definition, you can expect your audience to understand what you mean. ---Many words have numerous definitions. -----If using a specific word is likely to confuse the audience, choose a different word or phrase. -Concise language ---Use the fewest words necessary to express an idea. ---Avoid verbal clutter (extraneous words that make it hard for the audience to follow your message).

What are ways you can enhance your credibility during your speech?

1) explain your competence 2) establish common ground with audience 3) deliver speech fluently, expressively and with conviction

What is persuasive speaking different from informative speaking?

1) informative speeches reveal options, while persuasive speeches urge a choice among options 2) informative speakers act as teachers; persuaders act as advocates 3) informative speeches offer supporting material to illustrate points; persuasive speeches use supporting material as evidence that justifies advice 4) the role of the audience changes dramatically from information to persuasion (informed listeners expand their knowledge, while persuaded listeners become agents of change) 5) persuasive speeches ask for more audience commitment than do informative speeches 6) leadership is even more important in persuasive than in informative speeches 7) appeals to feelings are more useful in persuasive than in informative speeches 8) the ethical obligation for persuasive speeches is even greater than that for informative speeches

Using evidence ethically and persuasively

Identify Your Sources and Their Qualifications -Indicate who your source is for each piece of evidence you present, along with his or her qualification, before providing the evidence during your speech Give Listeners New Evidence -Facts that the audience are not yet familiar with are more likely to increase their perception of your credibility Provide Precise Evidence -Precise Evidence: consists of specific dates, places, numbers, and other facts Look for Compelling Evidence -Compelling Evidence are concrete or detailed examples. Such evidence engages listeners' senses, help them visualize the point you're presenting, and increases the likelihood that they will remember the information Characterize Your Evidence Accurately -Carefully word your claim so that it accurately reflects what your evidence proves.

Persuasive organizational strategies

There are three organization strategies, each have 2-3 patterns: -Facts Claims --Causal Pattern --Comparison Pattern --Categorical Pattern -Value Claim --Criteria-Application Pattern --Categorical Pattern -Policy Claim --Monroe's Motivated Sequence --Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern -Fact Claim: You will be seeking to prove that something is true or false --Causal Pattern: One thing causes another (fast food cause health problems) --Comparison Pattern: Claim that two situations are similar or different. (smoking ban decrease smoking to secondhand smoke) --Categorical Pattern: Sometime each main point in your speech will reflect a different reason why you believe your fact claim to be true (The earth is experiencing climate change cuz of multiple reasons) -Value Claim: Attach a judgement to your subject and then try to get the audience to agree with your evaluation. --Criteria-Application Pattern: This pattern has 2 main points. One establishes standards for the value judgement you are making; the other applies those standards to the subject of your thesis. -Policy Claim: In this claim, your aim is a call for action. Either by telling the audience to do something or telling them to convince the organization to do something. --Monroe's Motivated Sequence: Aims to establish five main points, typically about how people think when solving a problem or considering a new idea --Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern: The first main point demonstrates a problem that needs to be addressed, the second explains the causes of the problem, and the third presents a solution that can minimize the problem.