Comm 180 psu
Bits
(Binary Digit)- smallest unit of digital information (1= on, 0= off (electrical charge)) - far fewer mistakes with 1 & 0 than with letters - 1 byte = 8 bits = 256 possible values (0 to 255)
Customer connects to Internet via BroadBand Connection
- Cable modem, Telco DSL, BPL, Wireless (Fixed + Mobile), satellite - Multiple devices can share the connection - Customer pays $ fee for residential connection - Business pays $$$ for high capacity connection
Circuit Switching (PSTN)
- Dedicated line reserved for one connection - All content travels over same route - No one else can access the line while it is in use - Mostly reliable, secure connection - Reliabe and Secure but VERY inefficient - If one thing does not connect, nothing will (all or nothing)
Packet Switching (Internet)
- Efficient - Efficiency related to cost- more efficient = cheaper source - Message broken up into small uniform packets - Each packet might take a different route to destination - Packets are reassembled at destination - Less reliable, especially for real time delivery - Multiple messages can share same line
Disadvantages of Wired
- Expensive - Not mobile - Limited reach - Messy - Large sunk costs
Internet Impact
- Internet = Lower barriers to entry = more voices - Gatekeepers lose powers - Lose control over agenda setting - From broadcasting to narrowcasting Newspaper Radio and music Television Telephones Shopping Work Politics
Radio Spectrum
- Permeable: 3 kHz - 2 GHz (radio, TV, cell phones) - Semipermeable: 2 GHz - 5 GHz (Satellite radio, WiFi, and Bluetooth) - Long line of sight: 5 GHz - 50 GHz (DBS television) - Short line of sight: 50 GHz - 300 GHz - Infrared (TV remote controls)
Advantages of Wired
- Reliable - Secure - High capacity - Low interference
Cellular Telephone Architecture
- can use frequency more than once and more than one person - creates relatively small cells served by a single antenna (everyone making a call in that cell using the same frequency)
ISP (Internet Service Provider)
- connect to each other at Internet Exchanges Points (IXP) - Peering: When two ISPs exchange traffic for free - Transit: When a smaller ISP pays $ to a larger ISP to exchange traffic - Tier 1 carriers are the largest and own much of the backbone infrastructure
Military and Internet
- military increased internet usage because of the fear of the Cold War, wanted generals to be able to communicate with the field - no commerical activity allowed - military's focus was to design a decentralized communication network to stop certain messages from going through (worried ab. enemies)
CompuServe and American OnLine (AOL)
- offer internet access to consumers and businesses - AOL= used to be largest internet company in the world (had to connect to internet through phone line = very slow) - most connections were dial up
Advantages to Digital
- perfect copies over and over (eliminates signal noise) - strong compression - easy editing (editing audio, mashups) - advanced tracking and control: digital rights management (each song has a unique fingerprint which helps with copyright management) - Higher sample rate = more information = higher quality = larger file
Film and Video (how they work)
- persistence of vision (display a sequence of photographs in rapid succession = illusion of movement) - light energy is converted into electrical energy, then stored (as frame rate goes up, movement becomes smoother) - When light hits film, the chemical coating on the film reacts based on the intensity (brightness)
Fiber Optic Cable
- tiny glass or plastic filaments that carry light beams - digital data is transmitted through the cable via rapid pulses of light - the receiving end of a fiber optic transmission translates the light pulses into binary values, which can be read by a computer
Social Forces
-children with a tv -long commute to work and drive time radio
Political/ Regulatory Forces
-net neutrality -requiring U.S. citizenship to own a broadcast network
Todd Gitlin Reading: Trucks
-the idea of this comparision is that we miss the big picture -we spend most of our time consuming media
Todd Gitlin Reading: Media Effects
-the media affects us because of long term cumulative repetitive exposure -Violence? Body Issues? (Transmission Model)
Speed of Communication Examples
-voice/drums (1000 ft/second) -smoke/fire (speed of light-simple messages) -carrier pigeon (50mph) -horse/pony express (10-15 mph) -sailing ship 1700's (10mph) -railroad 1800's (50mph) -steamship 1800's (15-25 mph) -telephone/telegraph wire (2/3 speed of light) -radio waves (speed of light)
Stations (FM & AM)
1 FM station = 20 AM stations
Domain Name System (Transport Layer)
1. Every computer connected to the Internet has a unique IP address (systems know where to send the info) 2. DNS translates domain names into the corresponding IP address - Uniform Resource Locator (URL): www.psu.edu - Www (host computer) .psu (second level domain) .edu (top level domain) 3. DNS is constantly updated as new IP addresses and domain names are created or changed.
Electronic Media Order of Occurence
1844: First Telegraph Line (Baltimore to D.C.) 1866—First transatlantic telegraph cable 1876—First voice telephone (Alexander Graham Bell) 1877—Phonograph (Thomas Edison) 1896—First radio transmission (Guglielmo Marconi) 1903—First transatlantic wireless message 1925/1926—First television transmission
Post Radio
1920's+ - radio reduced demand for records - record labels used radio to promote record sales
Universities and Internet
1986- E-mail and FTP (File Transfer Protocol) usage increases and colleges and universities - Stanford University: designed a computer for their scientists to use (10$ million dollars in the 1960's) - development of protocols so computers could communicate with one another and could share and transfer information
Privatization of Internet
1991: - Hypertext Linking- connect files across the internet - World Wide Web- graphical browsers and modern look of the Internet
Radio Spectrum and Usage
90% of usage is concentrated below 3.1 GHz (one percent of radio spectrum) - "The radio spectrum is to the information age what oil and steel were to the industrial age" -- former Senator Larry Pressler.
Sound Waves
A form of energy that requires a medium (air, water, wood, metal, etc) 760mph (relatively slow)
CCD
A type of semiconductor chip which measures the light energy and stores it as electrical energy.
Compared to AM radio, FM radio A.Carries more information but doesn't travel as far B.Carries less information but travels farther C.Carries more information and travels farther D.Carries more information and travels faster
A.Carries more information but doesn't travel as far
A microphone works the same way as a A.Loudspeaker B.Television set C.Video camera D.CD player
A.Loudspeaker
When watching a movie or video, the movement becomes smoother by displaying A.More frames per second B.Fewer frames per second C.Larger frames D.Smaller frames
A.More frames per second
In the Introduction to Media Unlimited, Todd Gitlin lists many troubling media effects. According to Gitlin, most media effects are the result of A.Repetitive exposure to thousands of messages B.Exposure to one very powerful message that we agree with C.Exposure to one very powerful message that we disagree with D.Viewer bias
A.Repetitive exposure to thousands of messages
When people moved to the suburbs, they had longer commute times to drive to work. This led to the development of "drive time" radio programming. This is an example of how ____ influence the development of telecommunications. A.Social forces B.Economic forces C.Technological forces D.Political forces
A.Social forces
When discussing radio waves, A.The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength B.The higher the frequency, the longer the wavelength C.The higher the frequency, the faster the wave travels D.The lower the frequency, the faster the wave travels
A.The lower the frequency, the longer the wavelength
Digital technology converts information into A.Zeros and ones (0 and 1) B.Bar codes C.Alphanumeric symbols (letters and numbers) D.Sounds
A.Zeros and ones (0 and 1)
A URL is A.a Uniform Resource Locator, which represents the address of a webpage B.an Unlicensed Restricted Location that is not accessible via web browsers C.a Uniform Repeater Location that forwards Internet traffic to the nearest hub D.an Unlicensed Resource Line where excess fiber capacity is used as needed
A.aUniform Resource Locator, which represents the address of a webpage
Some scholars have said that watching football on TV is like religion. We gather in groups, engage in ritual routines, and use it to shape our identity. This is an example of the A. Transmission model of communication B. Ritual model of communication C. Technological model of communication
B. Ritual model of communication
Some scholars study whether people use social media as a substitute for face-to-face interaction. This is an example of the A. Transmission model of communication B. Ritual model of communication C. Technological model of communication
B. Ritual model of communication OR C. Technological model of communication
We measure the SIZE of a file in _____ and we measure download SPEED in _____ per second A.Bits......Bytes B.Bytes.....Bits C.Bits....Bits D.Bytes.....Bytes
B.Bytes.....Bits
When you browse Facebook on your phone or computer, your device is the A.Server B.Client C.NAP D.IXP
B.Client
Which of the following is NOT true about digital media A.Every copy is a perfect copy B.It is harder to track how the file is used C.Video files are larger than audio files D.The information is converted into ONES and ZEROS
B.It is harder to track how the file is used
According to the Light Speed video, fiber optic cables transmit information through the process of A.Electrical impulses B.Total internal reflection of light C.Total internal reflection of sound waves D.Satellite relays
B.Total internal reflection of light
Some scholars study whether smartphones are causing users to have shorter attention spans. This is an example of the A. Transmission model of communication B. Ritual model of communication C. Technological model of communication
C. Technological model of communication
A radio station broadcasting at 94.5 MHz is sending out A.94.5 waves per second B.94.5 percent maximum energy C.94.5 million waves per second D.94.5 frequencies per second
C.94.5 million waves per second
Audio and video recording convert A.Radio waves into gamma rays B.Radio waves into sound waves C.Light and sound energy into electrical impulses D.Electricity into gamma rays
C.Light and sound energy into electrical impulses
Packet switching is not always as good as circuit switching for A.Downloading a file B.Tweeting C.Streaming live video D.Sending an email
C.Streaming live video
A BYTE is A.A series of letters A-Z that represent a word B.A series of pictures that represent an idea C.A series of radio waves that represent an image D.A series of ZEROS and ONEs that represent a number between 0-255
D.A series of ZEROS and ONEs that represent a number between 0-255
According to the online technology reading, cable systems can use different frequencies than broadcast stations because A.Cable television is not regulated by the government B.Cable subscribers pay for television service C.Cable systems pay to use public streets D.The cable is shielded to limit interference with wireless devices
D.The cable is shielded to limit interference with wireless devices
Transport Layer
Domain names, addressing, transmission protocols (TCP/IP)
Post Music Recording
Early 20th century: Recorded music eclipses sheet music sales - Recording allows music to travel more easily worldwide - Recording emphasizes role of musician/performing artist instead of songwriter
Clary Shirky: Impact of Printing
Economics of Publishing: -producing media content is very expensive, thus very risky (so a choice had to be made with what media to show) -has changed now with no-filter internet
Top Level Domains
Ex: .com, .org, .gov, .net, .mil, .edu, .int, *every website has a unique domain name
3 Characteristics of Telecomm
Fast Cheap Mass
Ethics and Diversity in Technology
Film and skin tone - Darker skin = harder to be recognized - Digital camera = light photons caused a reaction - Caucasion skin tones seen much better and more clear Facial recognition software - Only worked on white males Uber and handicapped access One-piece swimsuit emoji - Only option is a bikini Personal assistants and accents
Video Recording Order of Occurence
First photograph: 1826 First motion pictures (film) Muybridge: 1870s Film is projected with light Combining audio and video: 1920s The Jazz Singer: 1927 Kinescopes and video Video is transmitted as electromagnetic energy Kinescope: 1930s Videotape: 1950s Laser disc: 1978
Channel Bandwidth
Frequency can be used to describe channel bandwidth (how large is your property—like how many acres or square feet): - 10 kHz (AM radio station) - 200 kHz (FM radio station) - 6 MHz (TV station) - 30 kHz (mobile phone frequency)
Channel Location
Frequency can be used to designate channel location within the spectrum (like a street address): - 91.5 MHz - 850 MHz - 2.4 GHz
Domain Name Registries
ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) oversees DNS system and approves all registries and registrars
Content Layer
Information transmitted
Before Music Recording
Late 1800s-Sheet music becomes a large industry - Sheet music emphasizes the role of the composer/songwriter - Songwriters/composers earned revenue from commissions and sheet music sales Musicians/performing artists earned revenue from live performances only
Last Mile
Link between customer and ISP (your link has to go through you internet or telephone company)
Cycle
Lower costs-> increased literaacy and circulation->increased advertising revenue->lower cost->increased circulation = mass audience
Audio Recording Order of Occurence
Musical notation: about 2000 B.C. Mechanical sound reproduction: 9th century Phonograph: Edison (1877) Gramophone: Berliner (1887) Electrical recordings: 1924 Magnetic tape: 1930s (invented in 1900) 8-Track, cassette, open reels, digital audio tape Multi-track recording and stereo playback: 1930s-1950s Compact discs: 1982
High Frequencies = Higher Absorption
Nonpermeable: Blocked by solid objects/ hold more information (at low power can be reused more frequently without interference) Ex: light is a high frequency (higher than radio waves)
Low Frequencies = Lower Absorption
Permeable: Can pass through dense material and travel farther/ hold less information Ex: Cell phone radio waves are less than light frequency
Internet Layers
Physical layer Transport layer Application layer Content layer
Industrial Revolution
Printing increases literacy and education which leads to new inventions -Steam Engine and new scientific discoveries: in 1700's lead to advances in farming and manufacturing -Agriculture: (more efficient, less workers)--> more industrial society -Growth in cities = factories need more workers -Manufacturing: made mass produced goods which led to oversupply of products (advertising expanded to stimulate demand, which subsidized newspapers)
Unintended Consequences and their impact
Printing press: 1400s Germany Printing press made books much cheaper to produce—so books become more affordable Impact? Increased literacy More Bible study The Reformation Church loses monopoly on knowledge Increased censorship
Transatlantic Undersea Cable
Ran under the Atlantic Ocean used for telegraph communications - First: laid across the floor of the Atlantic from Western Ireland to Eastern Newfoundland. - First communications occurred August 16, 1858, reducing the communication time between North America and Europe from ten days - the time it took to deliver a message by ship - to a matter of minutes
Influences on Telecomm
Social forces Economic forces Technological forces Political/regulatory forces Plus (Diversity, Ethics, Globalization)
Revolution in Recording Technology
Switch from Analog to Digital
Communication Models
Transmission Ritual Technological
Application Layer
Web, e-mail, IM, VoIP, RSS, webcasts, Twitter, Facebook, radio
Physical Layer
Wired: Cable, DSL, BPL, Ethernet Wireless: Cell phone, Microwave, Satellite WiFi hotspots
POP (Point of Presence)
a place for local users to access the company's network, often through a local phone number or dedicated line
NAP (Network Access Points)
a public network exchange facility where Internet Service Providers (ISPs) can connect with one another in peering arrangements - a key component of the Internet backbone because the connections within them determine how traffic is routed (points of most Internet congestion)
Economic Forces
advertisement history
Technological Determinism
attributing all social changes to technological development
Mass
billions can be reached simultaneously (ex: youtube videos get millions of views per second)
Analog
continuous: the sound or image causes variation in an electrical signal (the more copies the worse it gets)
Complementary Goods
demand for two different goods increases or decreases together Ex: paper and printing, cars and gas, cereal and milk
Light Waves
electromagnetic energy that can travel in a vacuum (outer space) or a medium (travels at the speed of light)
Electromagnetic Radiation
energy that radiates from a source - absorbed as it passes through a medium (water, air, clouds, buildings, etc) - absorption varies by wavelength - energy radiates in the form of waves - speed of light - energy could be classified in wavelength or frequency
Technological Forces
file sharing platforms such as Napster and LimeWire
Ritual Model
focus on the cultural practice (ritual that affects the community)
Transmission Model
focus on the message (does the message have an effect on people?)
Technological Model
focus on the technology (tech allowed people to be more logical)
Steamed Powered Printing Press and Rotary Press: 1800's
increased capacity and lowered the cost of publishing
Moveable Type Printing
introduced in Europe by Gutenberg in 1450 (developed because Latin was a smaller alphabet and there was an abundance of paper)
Microphones
measure the vibrations caused by sound waves and convert vibrations into electrical energy (energy is recorded into electrical impulses)
Wavelength
measures the length of the wave (shorter the wavelength-> the higher the frequency)
Frequency
measures the time it takes the wave to complete one cycle (cycles per second or Hertz (Hz)) - higher frequency changes the way the waves act
Measure of Internet Speed
megabits per second (Mbps)
Measure of File Size
megabytes (MB) 1KB < 1MB < 1GB
Cheap
millions can be reached for pennies (blog is free vs. books/newspapers are expensive to print and distribute)
What did digital media allow for?
more choices and more customizaion
Radio Waves
mostly travle in a straight line: need tall antenna and high power for distance - can pass through solid objects, but only a certain distance before you lose contact - Satellite = VERY tall antenna (22,000 miles above earth)
Development of Mass Audiences
publishers focus on objectivity and neutrality to appeal to everyone
Digital
sampled: the sound or image is measure thousands of times per second (each sample is then converted into electrical energy)
Printing Development
started in China as block printing (never led to printing b/c there were too many characters in the mandarin alphabet making it labor expensive)
Telecommunications
th electronic transmission of information, or to communicate over a long distance (b/c it is electronic transmission it cannot be in print) (Greek word "Tele"-fair over a distance) (Latin word "communicare"- to share/in common)
Utopian vs. Dystopian Perspectives
the good vs. the bad
Todd Gitlin Reading
the idea that people spend most of their time consuming media without realizing
Digital Camera (how it works)
the image is focused on a charge coupled device (CCD)
Todd Gitlin Reading: Buzz of the Inconsequential)
the media is everywhere around us, so we do not realize it is there
Narrowcasting
transmit a television program, especially by cable, or otherwise disseminate information, to a comparatively small audience defined by special interest or geographical location
Fast
travels the speed of light (186,000 miles per second)
Recording Technology
uses a mechanical or electrical means to convert energy into a readable form that can be stored (when played back it is reconverted into sound and light energy)
Todd Gitlin Reading: Media as means
we use media to find information but the primary way we use it is as a security blanket (sense of comfort)
