COMM 2100 Exam 2
Doom
an early first-person shooter game that influenced later hits like Halo, was first developed for home computers, spawned several sequels and a feature film
Year of the first TV transmission - in the lab & public demo
first transmission was in a lab during 1927 by Farnsworth, first public demo was in 1939
Jazz music
an improvisational and mostly instrumental musical form that absorbs and integrates a diverse body of musical styles, including African rhythms, blues, big band, and gospel
% Social Network Users
72% of US adults use social networking sites
Binge-watching
the act of watching many shows at once, often entire seasons or series; Netflix promotes binge-watching by releasing entire seasons/series at once intentionally online such as House of Cards or Arrested Development
Introduced R&B to white teen audiences
Alan Freed and other white DJs
"democratization of the art of film" done via microcinemas by...
Making a film from a few dollars to a few thousand dollars (as opposed to multi-million dollar blockbuster films), Distribution to a "found audience", online or in a small theater, Marketing and merchandising is done online
Screenwriter
the author of the script, often also fulfill the role of director
Ways radio adapted to the introduction of tv into society
Became a local medium, Music-driven medium
Owner of most owned radio station in Columbia/Jefferson City
Cumulus
Cinema as a reflection of reality or of ourselves
Freudian Psychoanalysis of Film: film is a mirror of reality, not the spectator, Media Identification: viewed as if the film is happening to us/the spectator
5 ways YouTube facilitates audience engagement
Live: YouTube Live gives your fans another reason to tune in, cover timely evens and create new ways for fans to interact with you, Promotion: paying to promote your videos on YouTube can connect your channel with new audiences and convert existing viewers into subscribers, YouTube Analytics: uncover key channel insights based on viewers data and the content they engage with most, Google+: leverage Google+ to build viewership and engage with your audience in new ways, Build Your Community: interact with your audiences and build a community around your content on YouTube
"Live" vs "Live Plus Same Day" vs "Live Plus 7" viewing
Live: watch as it is happening/being aired on television, Live Plus Same Day: watch on DVR within the same day that it originally aired, Live Plus 7: watch on DVR within 7 days of it being aired
The Dixie Chicks example
Natalie said that they were ashamed that the President was from Texas, which caused a huge uprising basically ending their career and radio stations pulled their music nationally
Radio consolidation & 3 effects on local market
No longer local medium: stations are no longer local after deregulation (which makes it harder to compete with TV), example: Minot, North Dakota example Self-censorship in radio industry: individual stations are no longer allowed to determine what they should/should not play but this is dictated to them by the conglomerate ownerships, example: list of songs that Clear Channel said could not be played after 9/11 Explicit censorship of radio companies on artists' views: removes an artist or group from their repertoire due to a conflict in views, example: Dixie Chicks, also causes artists to refrain from expressing their views for fear of being blacklisted from a radio station
Psychological appeal of reality TV
Perceived reality, Social comparison, Voyeurism: being able to peak into someone else's life, Enjoyment of the spectacle, Parasocial interaction
Pop music over time
Pop music is defined as popular music that appeals either to a wide cross section of the public or to sizable subdivisions within the larger public based on age, region or ethnic background; the word pop has also been used as a label to distinguish popular music from classical music, Just the popular music overtime has changed, for example blues to jazz to rock to punk to r and b to rap to hip hop etc
3 things that contribute to a video going viral
Tastemakers: people with influence like Ellen or Jimmy Fallon that promote content that they think is interesting/good, Participation: participation with others in community allows things to spread quickly and become viral, Unexpectedness; All of this means that anyone has access to the popularity and the audience has the power of determining what is popular
Effects of the VCR on the TV industry
VCR means video-cassette recorder and was introduced in 1976, it allowed people to participate in timeshifting/zipping (recording videos and watching them later) and created possibilities for viewing options such as skipping commercials
Kinetoscope
an early film projection system that served as a kind of peep show in which viewers looked through a hole and saw images moving on a tiny plate
Kinds of things that individuals listened to in 1920s
World Series, Presidential Addresses, War of the World
Podcasting
a distribution method (coined from "iPod" and "broadcasting") that enables listeners to download audio program files from the Internet for playback on computers or digital music players
Vlogumentary
a documentary created about online content creators of YouTube which discusses the ways in which they vlog
MP3
a file format developed in 1992 that enables digital recordings to be compressed into smaller, more manageable files
Avatar
a graphic intensive "character" situated within the world of a game, such as World of Warcraft
Parasocial relationship
a one way relationship with an individual online or on television, basically how we view celebrities in that we know everything about them but they know nothing about us/don't even know we exist
Radio waves
a portion of the electromagnetic wave spectrum that was harnessed so that signals could be sent from a transmission point and obtained at a reception point, these are a finite resource and can only be used with a government license (which will only be given if they serve a public interest)
Morse code
a series of dots and dashes that stood for letters in the alphabet, used in telegraphs
The Minot, North Dakota example
a train with toxic gas was derailed and the public sought information about the disaster on the radio, but because it was a national station, it was just playing normal music (which was a disservice to the town)
How are individuals able to listen to Pandora for free?
advertisements
Studio system
an early film production system that constituted a sort of assembly-line process for moviemaking; major film studios controlled not only actors but also directors, editors, writers, and other employees, all of whom worked under exclusive contracts, Idea of a "found" audience: small online or small theater audiences that are "niche" in culture and are typically interested in a more diverse, smaller idea
Bluegrass music
came from white music in the south and Appalachia, building on Irish and Scottish instruments and traditions
The "medium is the message"
coined by Marshall McLuhan and promoted the idea of technological determinism which means that the media (or technology) affects the culture in which we live in
Virtual world
computer simulated, 3D, persistent interactive world where "residents" can communicate synchronously
Impact of Internet on radio
created a larger music diversity, allowed personalizations (instead of having a classic rock station you can have a Pink Floyd station)
Video games
defined as any computer based game regardless of the device being used, despite stereotypes because we can use any device, many more individuals play games (40% are female)
Broadcasting
derived from agriculture, means transmission of radio and tv signals to a broad public audience/distribution of content to a dispersed audience via a mass communications medium, usually using electromagnetic radiation (radio waves)
Radio Act of 1927
determined radio waves as a national resource that all can use (even though a license is required)
Distribution cycle
distribution is the process of releasing a movie to audiences, theatrical distribution: movie is released in theaters, Pay cable exhibition: movie is sold to places like HBO or DirectV for on-demand and purchasing options, Network and basic cable exhibition, syndication
In early 1950s, who dominated and listened to popular music?
dominated by "wholesome white performers" which were listened to by the growing middle class
Nielsen rating
estimates the size of TV audiences by creating a random sample and testing if people are going to watch a certain program, Nielsen meters can be connected on TVs, DVRs, DVDs, and gaming consoles
Controversies in Pop
for many years, radio stations and consumers discriminated against music created by black artists and the artists themselves; often popular songs that were originally created or performed by black individuals would be covered by popular white singers before putting them on the radio
Video game play & persistence
idea that the individuals/people are continuing to play/exist despite whether or not the gamer is playing the game (such as crops continuing to grow in FarmVille or other similar ideas)
Virtual economies
idea that virtual worlds have economies in which individuals can pay with real currency to obtain computer simulated items (such as paying real money for more bombs in Candy Crush etc.), according to PBS these ideas are not novel/new
"What is old is new again"
idea that while we are changing the mediums in which we view, the messages that are being transmitted are the same with repeating themes and ideas
Cable coverage rating formula
impressions ÷ universe = ratings
Basic and cable television
in cable programming, a tier o channels composed of local broadcast signals, nonbroadcast access channels (for local government, education, and general public use), a few regional PBS stations, and a variety of cable channels down-linked from communication satellites
Vertical integration
in media economics, the phenomenon of controlling a mass media industry at its 3 essential levels: production, distribution, and exhibition
First-run syndication
in television, the process whereby new programs are specifically produced for sale in syndication markets rather than for network television
Contributions of the show I Love Lucy
influenced the business of and the look of TV up to that point, Lucille Ball was asked to move from her radio show "My Favorite Husband" to this television show by CBS, this represents the dominance that television was having that time
Cookies
information profiles about a user that are usually automatically accepted by a Web browser and stored on the user's own computer hard drive
First cable TV station
introduced in 1975 as HBO
Impacts of web TV
introduction of web TV providers (which create online content) and YouTube creators (which create content and have a large advertising capacity)
Director
jobs is to guid actors, stage the actions, supervise shootings, etc.
Clear Channel
largest radio conglomerate (before deregulation/1995: 40 stations after/1996: 1000 stations), also own concert venues and radio/music billboards which creates a need for artist to be on CC's good side
1996 Telecommunications Act
major effect was the deregulation of the media industry as a whole, which allowed for fewer rules and less government oversight 2 main effects: allowed cross-media ownership (so companies could own all medium kinds) and increased ownership limits (so larger companies/conglomerates could form)
Film noir
means "black film" in french, developed in the US in the late 1920s and hit its peak in WW2. Still, the genre continues to influence movies today using low-lighting techniques, few daytime scenes, and bleak urban settings, films in this genre explore unstable characters and the sinister side of human nature.
Social Media
media whose content is created and distributed through social interaction, there are 5 different types:
Talkies
movies with sound which began in 1927
Social news
new items and voting systems used (example: Reddit)
Future for music listening
no one will own music in 10-20 years because there will be no need due to streaming services
Web blogs
online journals (example: Tumblr)
Blues music
originally a kin of black folk music of the early 1900s influenced by African American spirituals, ballads, and work songs from the rural south
Golden Age of Radio
period when radio was the dominant medium of American consumption until the 1940s
Narrowcasting
person-to-person communication such as telephone/telegraph
Social networks
personal portfolios used for connection and communication, more of an umbrella terms (example: Facebook)
Producer
producers are the central organizer and raiser of money for a film
Executive Producer
producers are the central organizer and raiser of money for a film, usually executive producers work more on the money role
Off-network syndication
programs that can/are purchased as re-runs (such as Two and a Half Men)
Music genome project
promoted by Pandora, simulates an all-knowing DJ that focuses on your personal tastes, people categorize music and then the website automatically provides music using those categories
Three forms of music listening
radio/dj shuffling (such as the radio or Pandora), Subscription services (again Pandora or Spotify), Personal ownership/a la-carte (iTunes)
U.S. ratings
ratings created when the "universe" is the entire US, instead of just the network that the program is being aired on
C3 ratings
ratings that are calculated of just the commercials within a program, they also must have been watched in 3 days of the program (aka C for commercial and 3 for 3 days)
Public Broadcasting Act of 1967
required places like NPR and PBS to provide alternatives to commercial broadcasting
Must carry rule
rules established by the FCC requiring all cable operators to assign channels to and carry all local TV broadcasts on their systems, thereby ensuring that local network affiliates, independent stations (those not carrying network programs), and public television channels would benefit from cable's clearer reception
Microblogs
short posts and quick updates (example: Twitter)
Comparisons between early TV viewing & 1930s radio listening
similar because there are set "prime times" and people are loyal to certain shows, different because listening to the radio was always a family affair done in the evening together, now individuals watch TV all the time in many settings, alone or with people
CATV
stands for Community Antenna TV systems, created to provide any television signal to all individuals/consumers
MMORPG
stands for Massively Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games, role playing games set in virtual fantasy worlds that require users to play through an avatar
PBS
stands for Public Broadcasting System which was created by congress in 1967, it is funded by the government and viewers
A&R
stands for artist and repertoire agents, the talent scouts of the music business that discover, develop, and sometimes manage artists
FCC
stands for the Federal Communications Commission, which regulates telegraph, radio, TV, etc. (a governmental body)
Virtual reality
technologically created real-looking visual experiences using 3-dimensional images, recent devices have sought to make VR immersive (as opposed to older 3D films)
Microcinema definition & history
term coined by Rebecca Barten and David Sherman in 1991, defined as the movement of low-budget video and production and distribution made possible by digital video and editing technologies, where independent film-makers find audiences for their work both online and in small theaters
Deregulation
the ability to operate in its own financial/company interests without government oversight, stations are now owned by media conglomerates, no "Mom and Pop shops"
Video game industry trends
the largest new trend in video game production today are digital games (including freemium games which are digital games that are free to download but have in game currencies, sometimes advertising is even the currency)
Blockbuster mentality
the mentality that companies can/should produce blockbusters so that there is reduced risk-taking by creating formulaic/predictable storylines and the business concerns overshadow artistic considerations; blockbusters are defined as the type of big budget specialty films that typically have a summer or holiday release date, heavy promotions, and lucrative merchandising tie-ins
Modding
the most advanced form of collective intelligence (defined as the sharing of knowledge and ideas, particularly in the world of gaming), slang for modifying game software or hardware
Payola
the practice by which record promoters pay DJs to play particular records, so they could guarantee sales
Net neutrality
the principle that every Web site and every user--whether a multinational corporation or you--has the right to the same Internet network speed and access
Conservatism tied to large radio?
those that are fiscally conservative allow radio conglomerates to get much larger (which is beneficial for the radio stations)
Content communities
used to organize, share, and comment on images and videos (example: Pinterest)
Advergame
video games created purely for promotional purposes
Social Networks
websites that function as online communities for users
Cross-ownership
when one firm/conglomerate owns different media outlets in the same area
Hashtags
words or phrases with the pound sign used to tag messages, originated from Twitter
Mirrored world
worlds that mirror our actual world in many ways