comm 2nd

two techniques of ads

"fear" ads they make you afraid—that if you don't buy this product you wont have sex appeal, you wont have fun, you will have bad breath, youll have split ends etc. "competitive" ads- a commercial with coke vs. pepsi or car company ads to show off theirs

two techniques of internet ads

"flogs"-fake blog- that are ads, a fake blog about traveling across country and in the blog they include products "viral"-making it so the people will spread it online. For example making the ad so funny, strange, compelling etc. so you share it with your friends!

what were John Milton's ideas about freedom of speech

"marketplace of ideas concept" -best test of truth of an idea is the power of a thought to get itself accepted in the competition of the open market -The government shouldn't regulate speech or thought because in a completely open marketplaces, good ideas will beat out bad ideas and truth will "emerge victorious" at the end of the day

how is digital media changing our conception of privacy

(In this realm there is a lot of confusion over what is acceptable or even legal.) -a blog, your Facebook etc can be used against you at a job interview or hurt your career etc.

4 post WWII factors that made books flourish

-books clubs led to the sale of many books. -emergence of the paperback book -consolidation of book publishing industry: reduced operating costs and increase profit margins. lead to great push for sales volume, which has fostered industry growth. -boom in American education

what year came to be known as the age of "Yellow Journalism." and what does it mean?

1890s to early 1900s. yellow journalism is a type of journalism that presents little or no legitimate well-researched news and instead uses eye-catching headlines to sell more newspapers.[1] Techniques may include exaggerations of news events, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism

what year was "golden age of cinema" and what was it

1930-1946 - during the great depression/the start of Nazis/Japanese threats, movies helped people deal with these. "escapist films" like comedy and musicals were popular where you get away from reality -patriotic films, gangster film, documentaries -huge studios like Fox, Universal, Columbia etc formed and boomed

what is the basic rationale for a free press?

John Milton's "marketplace of ideas." This is a rationale for freedom of expression based on an analogy to the economic concept of a free market. It holds that the best ideas, and ultimately the truth, arise out the competition of widely various thoughts in a free and open debate.

how do magazines get most $

Magazines now get most of their money from paid circulation rather than ads

what is a quality of magazines that haven't really declines in circulation

Many of the more successful tend to focus less on text and more on pictures, e.g., magazines like People and US Weekly

what are mondegreens? give an example

Misunderstood lyrics ex- hold me closer tony danza

how has the modern studio changed

Most of the production is no longer done by Hollywood studios its done by hundreds of little independent companies and contractors. One company that proved wardrobe, one that feeds everyone, etc.

what are most papers today in regards to geography?

Most papers today are local in orientation and coverage

what type of stories did newspaper of penny press era/1800s report on?

Newspapers of the era were filled with sensationalized coverage of crime, scandal, gossip, divorce, sex, disasters, and the like. These were accompanied by scare headlines, sensational pictures and photos, stunts, and faked stories

what happens during Sweeps months?

Nielsen, the rating company, makes there rating during these months of how many people are in the audience to report it to advertisers. these months are feb, may, nov. during these months, stations put their best shows on to attract large audience and thus more advertisers. they also put the best movies on.

what was a key mistake of CDs

One key mistake that was made when CD's were introduced was the elimination of the single, forcing people to buy an entire CD to get the song or few songs they actually wanted -This built up customer animosity. Thus, when Napster and other music sharing sites showed up, the single came back with a vengeance

Telecommunications Act of 1996

One significant result of this new act was the relaxation of how many radio stations any one owner could hold -led to a considerable amount of consolidation and related content homogenization within the industry

whats a zine

Zines are self-published magazines;quirky periodicals with only a handful of readers that tackle some narrow subject matter with unrestrained subjectivity; the zine is an example of specialization run amuck. There are zines dedicated to anarchism, vigilantism, androgyny, the Virgin Mary, serial killers, zombie movies, and obscure bands

That-not-all technique

a large request is made followed by the offering of incentives for following the request

Syndication market

- a secondary market that helps to decrease risk of losing $ -for T.V is where the profit comes in—its when you have a certain amount of episodes you can sell that show as a group to other countries/tv stations around the world and each time they show that program they have to make a certain amount (simpsons, friends) -mainly procedural dramas (have a beginning, middle, end in one episode)

how non-hollywood takeover changed movies

- went after money and youth -disaster movies, epics, action -blockbuster trend: focused on sensation, not plot or characters -bigger, louder faster -jaws, starwars

radios place in family

-1930s networks drew large audiences as living rooms became entertainment and information centers -family bonding -Network radio was dominant in this period

What is a client/server model of computers?

-Audience members access a growing portion of content produced by media organizations via web servers -network model relies on a centralized computer or server that stores content that the clients or audience accesses -It is a hierarchical model whereby most computers users do not contribute content, they simply receive it. -Centralized storage locations (URL) make information easy to find

give example of stereotypes as an ethical issue in media

-Coverage of Jeremy Lin emphasized stereotype that asians can't play sports since he was a rarity...is this ethical? -Or using white people to play roles of Persians, Asians etc. is this ethical?

benefits for ads in magazines

-Gives advertiser narrowly defined target audience since magazines are very specialized. -You can even add your ad to some zip code and not others to further reach your target audience. - put your fishing rod ad in a fishing magazine! o Magazines have longer shelf lifes than newspapers o Theyre kept longer, shared more, o Superior graphics/colors=higher quality

despite technology, how has sound changed in recent days with music.

-Music sound quality has actually suffered. -The sound quality of these new technologies is decidedly inferior. Fidelity has been traded for portability and convenience.

how is profit/proction split with huge companies and independent label

-Now the profit-oriented part of the business is dominated globally by three companies, referred to as the major labels -But independent labels-produce the majority of music titles (about two-thirds, yet only with about one fifth of the sales).

why did gov't have to regulate spectrum of radio

-There had agreements among nations on how to manage the spectrum internationally, but each country was left to deal with its own domestic situation - there was chaos b/c airwaves were a natural resource belonging to the public and so there were many many stations

two important developments that address increasing radio profits as opposed to getting money from people just buying a physical radio.

-advertising -networks: which meant that the increased costs of expanding programming could be shared

new regulations of TV

-all television stations must have 3 hrs of educational programming for children each week. -Another regulation was having a V-chip to block unwanted material coming into tv.

how has a music artists dependency shifted

-an artist's route to success is no longer dependent on radio play and support by a recording company -more artists are depending on Facebook, YouTube, Twitter

benefits of E-readers and e-books

-are ideal for school (eliminate lockers, textbook cost/paper etc) -available for download by patrons of libraries where they can be treated like printed ones and rented out - boosted sales

Telecom act 1996

-as the first significant overhaul of United States telecommunications law in more than sixty years, amending the Communications Act of 1934. -deregulated how many radio and tv stations you can own as long as you don't hit 40% of american populous

why do advertisers no longer "sponsor" a show

-before one advertiser would buy all the ad space on one show, they would 'sponsor' a show -its too costly -it puts too many eggs in one basket -advertisers too much control over a show

radio is now going digit and this allows for what?

-better sound -multi-casting (Stations can divide their dial spot into two to four channels)

Give an example of how digital media has shrunk space.

a whole library of books can be turned into a kindle with hundred of ebooks

what drove the fear of loss of diversity, quality, and innovation in books

consolidation of books -was pressure for bigger best sellers and ever larger profits. -less willing to take risks with authors who would not sell large numbers of copies -greater emphasis on already proven authors (this is similar to music industry)

What trade-off has resulted in the inferior sound quality of music today?

convenience and portability

• "Birth of the Nation"-

extremely important film- it was important technically, stylistically, ... it was 2.5 hrs long, told a fully developed story, most widely seen film of era, made $$,

what is the post modern family and how did it arise

family that has a diversity of formed, step fathers, interracial, homosexual etc. it came from women's liberation; increase in divorce rates and single parent households, womens entrance to labor force, decline of family wage and need for women to work, globalization.. etc.

where did newspapers first flourish in 17th century Germany?

first began to flourish in areas where authority was weak

two distinct changes in books

first religious (bible/ancient classics) and in greek/latin now on popular subject (non-religious) and in vernacular (common language)

"hyper local"

focus report intensely on events/issue within a well defined community intended primarily for consumption by residents of the community. • Many believe this localism will save papers b/c it distinguished them from national voice.

why have there been clashes between the established music industries and emergent forms of digital media

free music sharing- violation of copyright -Digital sales of music have increased dramatically in recent years, but at a slowing rate and not at a pace that compensates for the decline in physical sales of CDs. -U.S. music sales plunged to $6.3 billion in 2009, down from $14.6 billion in 1999

what are the 2 broad categories of newspapers?

general vs specific (1) general papers intended for all readers in an area and (2) specialized papers aimed at a particular kind of reader. (LA times general, Korean times specific)

how is "Taste" an ethical issue

good/bad taste -o Stuff on radio about sex o Weird april fools things on the radio

Professional tool

help your career, etc. scientific journals can help you if youre a scientists, articles to help teachers or moms, linkedin.com helps to connect with other professionals, to find job openings and see qualifications, to apply,

Services the political system - societal function of mass media

helps make our democracy work. Obama will address the country through it. During campaigns the media is so important to find out things about candidates. It also allows presidents or leaders to communicate around the world.

what did The whole spectacle about war of the worlds on radio demonstrate

how central and important radio had become in the lives of many Americans.

when it come to storage of the media content what is accessibility

how easily can you get to the content. With tv, radio, computers you need a source of power to get to the content- which you didn't need with a book. Standards in devices change making it harder to access content from older storage—like floppy disk. Its hard to access a floppy disk

when it come to storage of the media content what is longevity

how long will the stored content last... cave paintings have lasted thousands of year, hieroglyphics, o film, paper, tape- don't last nearly as long.. how long is that VHS tape going to last... photographs last longer.. but wear too. o Most silence movies are gone.. its desinigrated.

what lead to the takeover of the film industry by non-hollywood business interests

huge failures that tried to pull people away from TV that were very costly like "cleopatra"

latent function

if the function is on the surface and is clear- ex you listento the radio at breakfast to learn what happened in the world- this isan intended function. The manifest function of a car ad in a magazine is to sell the car

manifest function

if the function is on the surface and is clear- ex you listento the radio at breakfast to learn what happened in the world- this isan intended function. The manifest function of a car ad in a magazine is to sell the car

Aiding emotional release

if youre bored you can go online, If you want to relax you put on music, if youre sad you can watch a tv show, if you feel unmotivated you can watch motivational speeches, you can relieve stress with classical music.

why were comics so popular in late 1800s

immigrants who used the picture stories to help them learn English

Substitute for interaction

indirect human relationship, vicarious companionship, esp. for those who are socially isolated. If you live alone you may not feel as lonely if you are watching a show and getting a connection with them.

why do non-book sellers sell books

like kitchen stores, grocery store etc. -non-book establishments typically stock books that are related to their products or that would be of interest to their clientele -walmart/cosco sell books!

5 aspects of storing media

longevity, capacity, portability, accessibility, reproducibility

what became the first medium to reach a national audience on a regular basis.

magazines

Of all of the media, what media has the broadest ownership.

magazines- largest number of separate owners

main goal of hate speech websites like white supremacist

main goal is usually to recruit people: their websites are typically not filled with hate speech or violence, they appear unextreme and respectable

whats the benefit of Digital media being automated

makes time-consuming and complex tasks easier; content can efficiently be made personalized or localized-- you type in what you want and the computer selects relevant content, automatically doing the work for you.

what does issue ten say about hate speech in the media?

makes us value profit of people it marginalizes the poor, unemployed, minorities violent films/games make us endorse violence influences politics-esp.right wing who bash the left...

new ways music artists are making $.

making money from sales of ring tones, licensing fees for computer games like "Rock Band" and "Guitar Hero," and royalties from satellite and Internet radio

how does Internet alloww people to completely bypass established media outlets and communicate directly through a host of means

many-to-many distribution model made possible by the Internet completely sidesteps traditional distribution networks that favor established media companies.

Classical libertarianism idea on free speech/press

means that you cannot be prevented from saying or printing anything, nor can you be forced to say or print anything -open talk will make truth be victorious and any false/harmful information will be put down and things will be okay because there is a self-correcting mechanism built in -preferred remedy to harmful speech is more speech, NOT enforced silence

how is reporting on risks an ethical issue

media be responsible for giving us accurate picture of the risks, but they makes us afraid of the wrong things. Shark attacks, school shootings, plane crashes- they are very rare but make us a lot more afraid because they are so heavily reported upon. is this ethical?

how has success of indies has increased with the changes in American movie theatre

more screens. *internet is also important! long-tail

what does it mean that were moving from an acquisition model to an access model

moving from having CDs or files on your computer to use of these streaming services

who were crusades of reform headed by during yellow journalism age

muckrakers. Muckraking is journalism that searches for and exposes misconduct in public life

what is the oldest of the electronic media

music industry

what media has the highest rate of turnover of talent and content and is constantly changing

music industry

whats a negative aspect of automation (choosing the media you want to see)

narrows your scope of info: If people just focus narrowly on what they already know and like, audiences could be fragmented into small groups of like-minded individuals who do not interact with other groups or society as a whole. People could choose to receive only the news and information that reinforces their beliefs and values

what is essential for digital media; and what do they do

networks; These networks connect computers or media devices to each other so they can communicate. This particularly refers to the network of the Internet, the World Wide Web.

whats the issue with foreign films

never done well because indies compete with them

what was the first medium to become a true mass medium and what does that mean?

newspaper; what was the first medium to become available to large numbers of people on a regular basis.

first movie theatre was called?

nickelodeon

whats the "modern family"

nuclear family- consists of a mother housewife and a working dad and two kids. they were upper middle class and white. this was presented as normal but in reality most families didn't live up to how it was portrayed.

whats the FCC and how have they influence ads

o FCC "federal communication commission"- if ads move into realm of public importance the FCC can force broadcast stations to run "counter ads"- these counter ads force broadcaster to run another point of view. • Ex. For ever 2 Cigarette commercials aired, there must be one counter ad that was against smoking.

in 1915, what did the important court case about film decide regarding the 1st amendment?

o Film is not an mode of expression because it's a for-profit industry • Not protected by the 1st Amendment -government was free to regulate content and censor film after this court case

What were jefferson's ideas about freedom of speech

o He believed that human beings were rational creatures, and that, if given all available information, they would make the best possible decisions • Important in a political sense o He thought it was vital that people have all available information, and this information would come from open, free, unrestricted, unregulated newspapers

whats are "virtual ads"

using a technology to superimpose an image on a television screen. If your watching a soccer game and there appears to be a sign/ad on the field its not actually there. Or if there's an ad behind home plate it can be super imposed.

• Direct-to-video

video is one that is never shown in movie theatre and just goes to video. It used to be for only bad movies. But then, they began being used for other purposes—sequels to animation films, -> lion kings 2, Aladdin 2, etc. o American pie initially was in theatres, then 2 sequals for movie theatre than the 4th and 5th was direct to video

how public unity combats conservative dilemma

they combat with social media that will compensate for the disadvantage of not having discipline and coordination because social media reduces the cost of coordination. this way looser groups can coordinate actions such as protest movement/campaigns that were previously reserved for formal organizations.

how is it flawed to compare 9-11 to pearl harbor

they deal with very different things. 9/11 was terrorist attack on civilian land; peal harbor was a state attack on a military base. in both events there is no mention of action we did to provoke the onset.

whats the environmental view

view believes a slowly developing public sphere relies on media and conversation and this is the core of internet freedom. *****Access to information (what the west thinks is good) is less important than access to conversation!

what was the paramount case

was a constraint of trade case, the movie industry was vertical integrated which means they control all aspects of making a movie production-making the movie, distribution-getting film outta market/advertisement and exhibition-showing the film, a small number of companies controlled the market place (oligopoly), the court decided to break this up, they made each studio get out of one of the 3 facets of the industry—so most sold their theatres.

Guide behaviors-individual functions

what to wear, how to dress, how to act, who to vote for, how to behave, how not to behave, how to dance, consciously and unconsciously

Door in the face technique

when a person is asked to do a large request and then is asked to do a small one

whys it easier to make expensive movies today

• Most studios have cost sharing expenses now • Financing is more global- drawing investors from different countries

what is the social harm criteria. what are the 9 things that can be restricted in some way.

part of the consensus definition. its the speech we can restrict. (gaby, likes, NPR political statements,-false advertising, content of court, copyright) • 1.Gag orders • 2. Libel/slander • 3. National security • 4.Privacy • 5. Religion • 6. Political statements • 7. False advertising • 8. Content of court • 9. Copyright

whats Checkbook journalism and how is it an ethical issue

paying for stories- reporters should not have to pay for info/stories b/c this creates a situation in which sources are encourage to deceive and sensationalize. Tabloid shows do pay for stories/interviews... theyre not totally trustworthy.

what are the two basic ways to obtain music online

peer-to-peer file-sharing services and legal download or subscription services. -but theres a trend toward music streaming through Internet sites like YouTube (the most popular of all listening platforms), VEVO, Rdio, Pandora

initial use of radio

person-to-person communication

Key to the ongoing success of Internet radio?

portability

what was the most important single innovation for book publishing

printing press and movable type

what brought about scientific revolution

printing press-- helped make/publish multiple copies of their works, discoveries, and theories. Fueled by each other's progress

Pique technique

to arousing someones interest with something unusual

how does book reading reach soul/help oneself

solitary activity that nevertheless alleviates loneliness establishing an autonomous self

how does media NOT unite us in times of crisis?

sometimes it can divide us even more-- hurricane katrina, mostly affected poor african americans-- it depicted them as looking and whites as "trying to survive" to made their life seem to different than the white people and divided us.

What two major restrictions can be overcome by Internet radio?

space and time -Programs can be archived indefinitely and accessed at any time. The Internet also gives stations unlimited range as they are available anywhere in the world to anyone with an Internet connection.

-what is the Hays Office and the Hays Code

strict regulatory codes -• Films had to be (voluntarily) submitted to the office to be reviewed. • The restrictions were extreme (this ended in 1966 but started in the 1920s) -- The film studios still believed in self-regulation to stay on the good side of the American people

whats inverted pyramid style

style used by wired service- it includes most important info in first paragraph, second most important in second paragraph etc.

. Asynchronous media

such as newspapers or magazines, on the other hand, do not require the audience to assemble at a given time. Audio and video recording devices let people time shift and record a performance or broadcast so that it can be watched/listened to anytime, turning synchronous media into asynchronous media.

what's the Preferred medium for most advertisers

television

Give an example of how digital media has sped up time.

text message to someone in china. before you'd have to send a letter... or telegraph

whats the "conservative dilemma"

the conservative dilemma is that disciplines and coordinated groups like gov't always have an advantage over undisciplined ones like the people because they have an orderly way of directing action.

what was the 1st form of print ad

the flyer

What development turned the recording and radio industries from competitors/enemies to allies/bedfellows?

the phonograph record- when radios started to focus on music they played the phonograph record and this gave free exposure to recording industry and they became bedfellows.

explain how Violation of Privacy is ethical issue:

the publics desire to know can intrude on privacy; rape victims names released, celebrity weddings exploited, • News respected JFK's affairs and romantics life, but in the 90s they did not respect Bill Clintons

tyranny of the majority

these rights that we are guaranteed protect us from the tyranny of majority

how is customization helping artists compete with decrease in CD sales

they are creating different products for different outlets

what are Wire services and why are they important for newspapers

they are organizations that collect and provide news pieces to individual papers. they use an inverted pyramid style for their stories. This means that the most important elements are placed in the first paragraph, the next most important in the second paragraph, etc.

how did magazines adapt to survive television

they became very specialized ones. aimed at specialized and segmented readers-specialized magazines aimed at target audiences of every conceivable sub-culture

whats multi-media.

to combine a variety of media types into one package

How does media chose the content? (primary reason)

to minimize risk (profit)

what is the only defense for liber/slander

truth

whats "TV in context"

tying ads to which the shows they appeal • pairing commercials with relevant scenes. Such as a car insurance commercial right after a car crash scene.

Fastest growing segment of audience is

over 50

why are baby boomers changing things with media/advertisement

- acting different than their parents did -more willing to travel, dine out, try new things etc. - they're healthier -they have more money - they cling to youthfulness and want to buy. - Theyre not as loyal to companies - because of them ads/tv/movie etc. are starting to target older people now (It was the babyboomers when they were young that encouraged ads to focus on younger people, but now theyre old!))

describe how P2P works

- all computers on the network are considered equal and can send and receive information equally well. It is the basis of file-sharing services. -On the network, there exists an interconnected group of computers, all essentially equal in their ability to send, store, and receive information. - It is a network of peers. Its architecture is decentralized and nonhierarchical

why have artists over the age of 40 topped charts in recent years and children's music

- appeal to the older baby boomers -The older (and more affluent) folks to whom these artists mostly appeal are less likely to use file-sharing services, and they have fewer CD-burning friends -Children are the other major group that does not use file-sharing services.

Low ball technique

- compliance is gained by not telling the other person the whole story/truth so that they are persuaded toward that side. • hate speech websites will make their website look less extreme and likable • Ex. A website talking about problems minorities cause—leaves out benefits and is biased.

what happened to radio with TV

- huge blow to radio, programs became less popular -networks decreased -Local programming developed primarily around a disc jockey with a stack of records, in conjunction with a skeletal news and sports operation

Telecom Act of 1996 was accompanied by...

- increase in ads -shrinking play lists -narrowing and making more uniform programming format = doubled revenue in 5 yrs But faced with the competition from satellite and Internet, radio traditional radio has subsequently fought back. it is going back on these changed

how has where we buy books changed

- initially sold by individuals who loved books (local/family owned) -1900s chain stores (Walden etc.) -end of 20th century=internet -now many locations (grocery store, kitchen store, hardware store etc.

how does reality TV degrade post modern family

- makes us feel sympathy for shows with a single mother etc. -it shows families that fit outside the modern family, who have their quirks etc and makes us look at them as weird. -they reinforce of normality of the 'modern' family...

how does a book a function as markers of our lives

- mark our life stages -we look back at childhood books -books in our teens -books we read in college or on vacation etc -physical evidence of your past

what is the culture of the open-source movement and how has it made Digital Media cheap.

- people work for other than monetary reward - a strong spirit of keeping information freely available to anyone and letting everyone share the benefits - audience members are not simply consumers, but also take an active role in producing content or information -Digital media is often cheap because some content producers or providers are not being paid *old model was producer/consumers

Harry Potter's influence on books

- shot up sale of children's books -made reading cool

whats so good about FM radio

- superior sound (higher and lower frequencies) compared with AM and is therefore especially suited for music. Today FM has become the dominant programming vehicle

whats a "corrective ad"

- the ad that the company has to run where they point out where they lied to you!

Two main Problems that arise when you try to create a restriction of speech code

- trying to define it-- For example, how do you determine what is obscene and what is not. o Cost/benefit analysis- For example, obscenity cost it objectifies women; obscenity benefit its legal and you can tax it

effects of the big takeover of chains on radio

-both play lists and disk jockeys became centralized -same songs played everywhere, all across the nation. -more formulaic radio, more ads -most stations in bigger cities are owned by big corporations -DJs may sound live and local, but now very often shows are re-runs, produced from far away, and use computer-generated play lists, which are typically much smaller than those in the past.

what are magazines like geographic wise and audience wise compared to newspapers?

-broader range of geographical distribution than newspaper -designed to reach more specialized audiences than newspapers

why are books arguable most personal medium

-can change our way of seeing the world and seeing ourselves -change our beliefs and values -change our lives

problem that arose as radio became a big business

-chaos on the airwaves -because of limited spectrum and unregulation -showed that efficient system of regulation be implemented.

dime novel

-comparable to the penny press and the nickel magazine -brought books to masses -books were less of literary merit and more based on popularity

why does the environmental approach support a civil society so much?

-creates awareness which makes it harder for repressive regimes to maintain the status quo. -communication and coordination is key to strengthen public spheres

being able to read at your own speed and they can contain many many pages allows them to do what: 2 things

-develop subject matter much more completely, nuances, subtleties, and complexities

difference between analog and digital media

-digital- perform all calculations using ones and zeros. CDS, DVDS etc. -analog-record data linearly from one point to another. Tapes, VCR he ones and zeros only estimate the actual soundwave, whereas analog records the exact sound

downfall to client/server model?

-easily become overloaded if many clients request content at the same time. -vulnerable to attack or destruction (single location) -If the server or servers with the hard drives containing the information are destroyed, the information is lost, unless back-up copies were made and stored elsewhere.

What the 1934 Congress passed the Federal Communications Act do?

-expanded and clarified the 1927 act established the Federal Communications Commission to regulate telephone, telegraph, and radio communications systems. Thereafter all stations had to secure a license from the FCC to operate. - it set government rules and regulations: one rule is that radio stations had to operate in the public's interest.

how does digital media influence collaboration?

-give people ready tools to produce media if they wish to do so, and far more cheaply and easily than with analog media (Collaboration is an important possibility on the digital media. People can work together for the common good)

what are some advantages that magazines have (over newspapers) vs the internet

-higher quality paper and higher quality graphics -Magazines can even function as social markers as they sit conspicuously on someone's living room coffee table, or as they are read in public -they have smaller staffs they can sell their work to other companies or supply work for online companies etc.

3 main boosts to music industry in 50s/60s

-increasing popularity of FM radio -potential to make a great deal of money -a very important part of the counterculture scene of the time

what is the effect that one medium, television, has on books

-it boosts sales if its on TV

why do books have an aura of dignity and respect

-medium most associated with education and intellectual activity -recorded wisdom of humankind is found in books

3 special aspects of books

-most specialized -most varies content -most long term power/influence

2 kinds of internet radio

-ordinary broadcast stations that can also be heard online -many stations have been created exclusively for and can only be heard through the Internet.

4 main characteristics of digital media

-pervasive (virtually everywhere, use it and communicate 24/7) -fluid; they are malleable and changeable (mash up digital music, change music videos) - interactive and feature active audiences (This interaction also typically gives audience members some measure of control over what media content is seen and in what order. People can become more critical consumers of the mass media) -space-saving (reduced size also means that distribution costs are greatly reduced)

how is Internet competing with radio

-providing a diversity of music ! and you can pause, skip etc. -overcome both time and space restrictions. Programs can be archived indefinitely and accessed at any time -Internet also gives stations unlimited range as they are available anywhere in the world to anyone with an Internet connection -interactive. Stations evaluate your musical tastes, and then serve up a continuous stream of programming to match, typically mixing familiar songs with new material you might like

philosophical basis of the First Amendment

1. We can trace the ideas underlying the First Amendment to the ideas of "free men" These men are John Milton, Mill, and Jefferson.

why have newspapers historically been the backbone of retail advertising

-since newspapers is a reading activity so ads here are more seriously considered -you can go back and read it again-its tangible. -Newspaper readers are older, better educated, wealthier, a con it that Newspapers may not be as good because they don't have slick colors like magazines

how is Satellite radio stations bringing added diversity to the industry

-sound is better -no commercials (but a fee) -free from FCC licensing and restrictions, so the programming could be more adult-oriented

what is the effect from competition from satellite radio and Internet radio on over-the-air broadcast, terrestrial radio

-stations are cutting back significantly on the number of commercials -played up their local emphasis that satellite cannot offer -adding hundreds of songs to once rigid play lists -added new formats like indie music

how did a synergy develop between radio and recording industry

-the phonograph record became the primary content of radio and so radio provided free exposure for music industry (increase potential buyers) -boom in rock n roll helped this

Give 2 examples that go against the Classical libertarianism idea that gov't cant restrict you to say something and they cant make you say something.

-• However in court the judge can compel you to say something, especially for journalist. They can compel a journalist to turn over notes, sources etc. -• Teachers have the right to tell kids not to swear

internet impact on book industry 2)

1. *many books are now available on the Internet, i.e., the text is on the web* 2. *electronic readers and other devices used in conjunction with electronic books* 1) -Many people who previously could not have been published are writing books and putting them online -virtual stores of all books ever published -online digitalization of books (scanning them) -continue, expand, and unify all these efforts to create a universal digital library 2) -With one device you can have access to many books -Created a whole new industry -there has been a migration to tablets, which offer so much more than e-reading

why do Advertisers love magazines

1. Magazine readers tend to be better educated and more affluent 2. More women (who tend to do most of the buying for families) 3. deliver up a very specific type of person, allowing companies to zero in on those who might be potential consumers of their product or service

three changes of newspaper in 20th century

1. focus more on profit 2. include more entertainment 3. no longest fastest medium for news (since TV arose) 4. because TV/internet provides news in short synapsis, the newspaper began to include more analysis so people would still go there (4) more focus on people with higher income to buy stuff from ads

how did media coverage fail during hurricane katrina?

1. it didn't examine the economic status of the people so it made them look stupid for now leaving when they knew a hurricane was coming, but they were too poor to! 2. focus on looting and crimes-divided us, divides black/white, emphasized differences between us. it made the issue seem black and white-- when there were many many minorities involved.

what was the significance of penny press

1. lead to newspapers being the first truly mass circulation medium at end of the 1800s 2. mass circulation newspapers turn it into big business.

what 2 things do The digital media include :

1. old media delivered digitally 2. new media created specifically for use online or in the digital format

target age for TV ads?

18-49 -- hopefully a woman who is part of a family why? be around longer to endorse product

what is the primary conflict on reality TV?

conflict between the past modern family type arrangement and the new post modern familial arrangements. reality TV challenges and then reaffirms the modern family (osborne show)

despite people thinking that radio was going to die off with the television, it successfully thrived. Why? (3 ways that influenced its survival) (this is also the "great transformation" that radio underwent when confronted with television after WWII.)

1. organization and structure of the industry was transformed- went from national/network system to local operation with limited, if any, network service -Radio became local in terms of content, audience, and source of income (***however, more recently power has shifted the structure back to national--power has been taken away from local DJs as play lists, formats, and schedules have come to be shared by many stations, especially those with the same corporate owner. More nationally syndicated shows are being used. For example, Rush Limbaugh is heard on hundreds of stations across the country, as is Ryan Seacrest on the weekly music countdown show American Top 40;Moreover, satellite radio stations are national. And stations on the Internet also have national, and even international, reach) 2. change in terms of style and content:content aired on radio stations largely went from original programming that primarily told stories (soap operas, comedies, Westerns, mysteries, drama) to recorded music and disc jockey talk 3.radio transformed itself in terms of function:Radio went from being an in-house, sit-down, immobile storyteller, to being a non-home, mobile (in the car, portable headset, carried transistor), take-with-you informer, entertainer, and companion. It went from being largely a prime time medium (listened to in the hours after supper until bed) to being a highly selective medium used throughout the day.:now typically radio is listened to while one is primarily doing something else. This is what we mean when we say that radio is a secondary medium. Few today actually just sit down and listen to the radio

4 ways the media is regulated

1. self regulations- flagging photos on internet for example 2. interest groups-try to influence media/pressure the media to regulate it in a certain way such as pushing for sex violence in movies, more programs for children, etc. they can boycott corporate companies if they don't get their way. 3. Parents!- they want to regulates books etc. especially ones in school. 4. retailers-Wal-Mart is #2 company apple #1- they refuse to stock things they think are offensive. Because of this bands design different album covers or change lyrics so they will stock them.

4 benefits of digital media being a reduced size

1. shrunk space (storage space) 2, they have also sped up time (interact instantly) 3. reduced production costs (Digital media is cheap) 4. *reduced distances between people because of nearly instantaneous communication.

what happened in 1950/60s to magazines

1. television took away magazines' mass audience 2. television took away advertisers that had previously used magazine ads to reach national audiences.

Gutenberg legacy : how did printing press change society (7)

1. the realm of science flourished 2. Oral traditions gave way/literacy rose 3. authors gained recognition and importance +idiosyncratic changes made by scribes decreased 4. printed works became profitable/Copyright laws were created 5. Pagination (the numbering of pages) took hold=first indexes and tables of content 6. increased secular word non-religious works were made 7. a standardization of spelling, punctuation, and syntax as local languages coalesced into national languages

what are the 3 major challenges to newspaper today?

1.decline in readership 2. decline in advertising revenue 3. unknown place of newspapers in the new world of the Internet

J.S Mill's believes

3 part defense of freedom of speech 1) if opinion is silences, the truth could be silence and we don't want to miss out on the truth 2) even if the opinion is false, it may contain an element of truth and will help to discover the whole truth 3) even if the commonly accepted opinion is true, it is important to have to debate and defend it to understand it better and by hearing alternative opinions and still being able to believe the original idea.

whats the difference regarding a public figure or a regular person and libel/slander

A public figure must prove that the person who spoke/wrote the libel against them was known to be false but published it anyway. A regular person must just prove that it is false.

whats format broadcasting

A station selects an audience segment and attempts to reach that group throughout its entire schedule. This is accomplished by using a particular format. In other words, radio formats are used to attract particular audience segments. Most stations direct their programming at a certain segment of the audience in terms of age, income, lifestyle (interests, tastes, attitudes, habits, values), and other demographic characteristics -- stations formatted for elder people, ones for youth, ones for latinas. etc.

what is the cost of automation (cons)

Automation allows people to receive a narrow scope of news. Democracy depends on a citizen's ability to engage with multiple viewpoints. If the Internet offers citizens only information that reflects their established point of view, such engagement is seriously limited

why did chinese printing fail

Chinese technology stalled because of the nature of the Chinese written language, which is comprised of more than 5,000 basic characters

absolutists idea on free speech/press

Congress shall make zero laws restricting free speech/press - this may lead to problems . ex. The man who shot Bobby Kennedy said he was making a political statement

how has interactivity and active users changed the distribution model

Digital distribution has gone from a unidirectional model in the analog world where large media companies sent out messages to a mass and largely silent audience, to one in which all of us can distribute content as widely as an established media company, without spending money on advertising or marketing.

major advantage of digital media is:

Digital media content is typically available all the time and can be accessed on demand: basically how and when content is distributed is changing. it available 24 hrs/day

who regulates ads? and what do they primarily so (2)

FTC federal trades commision o Protect copyrighted ideas o Punishes false advertisement

Will e-books ever replace conventional books-- what helps them not get replaced

Historically, the reading of the book has been a physical thing: the handling of a book, the stains, ... the physicality of a book is important and equates to a considerable part of the pleasure of reading books many publishers are now focusing on the physical aspects of books

how has technology given artists more freedom/power

In the old days, the big recording companies largely called the tune, controlling what and when most artists would record.But now there is technological equipment that can be purchased by the artist and they and make their own music.

how can magazines use the internet

Increasingly the Internet is an indispensable companion to the print versions of magazines. A magazine's experience can be extended onto the Internet. Its an extension/companion

what is payola/reverse payola and how is it an ethical issue

Payola is used to to influence coverage in media -record companies would slip DJs money to play a record. - Food critics accepting free meals, travel editors accepting free trips etc. giving things, trips, cars etc. -Reverse payola/coercion Is also an issue. Ex. A radio station tells an artist that if they don't play at their weinie roast for free their music wont get played on the radio.

why is there a per capita decline in books sales in recent years.

People, especially the young, are reading less and shifting more to video, DVDs, the Internet, cable television, and other basically visual electronic venues

what greatly helped music industry in the 80s?

The 1980s also saw the birth of MTV and other music video stations on television. Videos became more effective than touring for selling records

global implications of time-space compression

The Internet enables audiences around the world to participate in a global dialogue about events and issues, and can bring individuals throughout the world in direct contact with each other, even though they are separated by thousands of miles and political and cultural boundaries

why have magazines declined in circulation

The Internet is largely responsible because it provides competing content.

what came in place of the Hays Office and what sort of "regulation" did they put in place

The Motion Picture Association of America came in place (MPAA) that created an age based and content based rating system for films o G, PG, PG-13, etc. o Studios voluntarily submit their films to the MPAA for ratings • Most theatres wont show a film without a MPAA rating o This led to more adult language, more sex, more gore, etc. • Kids and other vulnerable audiences would be kept out o PG-13 films make the most money • Films often shoot for this rating

what is the precedent of truth as a defense?

The basic idea is that you can print anything as long as it is true

what medium had a great influence on public opinion leading to revolution against Britain?

The colonists increasing attacks on the British in newspapers; After the Revolution newspapers played an important role in convincing the American people to ratify the Constitution and adopt democracy

whats youtubes place with music

The company's free online video site is already the most popular on-demand music service in the world, having surpassed radio as the leading way in which teens and young adults listen to songs. (The vast majority of the most-viewed videos on YouTube are music.)

whats a music locker

These are storage services that can play files remotely. Amazon is already offering a web-based hard drive backup service called Cloud Drive, where people can store their music (along with documents, photos, and videos).

what are Syndicated features

These refer to content produced and provided by external organizations. This is mostly entertainment and opinion material, e.g., editorial cartoons, opinion columns, comic strips, cross word puzzles, movie reviews, astrology columns, advice columns, etc.

how did muckraking influence politics

They exposed misconduct in public life and these stories drove up circulation and had great influence on public opinion, leading to municipal reform and the passage of significant legislation.

how has radio specialized

Through narrowcasting-- linking of specific audiences with programs that speak their language.

main benefit of wireless digital media and main drawback

access from virtually any location; lack of security (eavesdroppers)

not only should the government not being able to control the press, but the press should _____.

act as a watchdog over the gov't

whats selective editing (of magazines)

advertisers can target consumers even more effectively by allowing advertisers to place their ads in some copies of an edition of a magazine, and not others. Say you are Mercedes and only want your ad to go to subscribers who have money. With selective editing, your ad can be placed in copies of a magazine going to zip codes where the average resident is wealthy and not in copies that go to less affluent areas.

Digital media is largely replacing what kind of media

analog media (Analog signals actually resemble reality directly in some way)

whats a "360 deal"

artists get a cut of all revenue producing activities in which the artists are involved, e.g., concerts, merchandise sales, and product endorsements

Podcasts

audio programs that can be downloaded or streamed from websites onto personal computers, laptops, or digital listening devices such as iPods or MP3 players.

why are men starting to objectify themselves

because of our more equal representation (wages, activities, convergence of bodies etc.) men feel obligated to become more attractive since now attractive is not only about economic status and power... since women can now have this

Give an example of how digital media undermines traditional business models.

because of the open source model, where people provide info for free, it undermines the distribution agency of business. Like the music industry-- we no longer go to buy CDs we get them online for free with P2P The old model was one of producers (media industries) and consumers (the audience). But now people have much more power to choose, create, and talk back (and talk to each other). Consumption still predominates, but not as it used to.

why is it powerful to compare 9-11 to pearl harbor in the media

because we are familiar with pearl harbor and we recognize the profundity of it. we see the soldiers as heroes and the japanese as horrific... we recognize our innocence of both (despite if we are truly innocent or not)

how has the function of music changed?

before it was a social thing to gather around and listen to an album -Listening to music was often a deeply social activity, whereas now it is mostly a solitary experience, one undertaken while primarily involved with something else.

because book business is not that difficult to break into what's occurred

big have gotten bigger and swallowed up many of the small, but the small also continue to multiply

whats media has the most long term power and influence.

book

what is the most specialized mass medium

books

what media has the most varied content

books

whats the media most used to educate

books

which medium has most permanence and highest re-use rate

books

how was money originally made in radio

buying a radio set

how did magazines become a counterpart to the penny press and the dime novel?

by introducing the five cent magazine-making the medium affordable to the masses.

how did consolidation affect music industry

cause many people to lose jobs and bands to lose label deals. it lead to less mainstream bands fighting to survive and a turnout in very homogeneous music/bands-because their main goal was profit. -consolidation lead to increase price for CDS and concerts.

what was an early 20th century concern of newspapers

chain ownership : The norm earlier in American history was ownership by prominent local families. But as newspapers became big business, this model was largely replaced by corporate consolidation. One concern with chains was that these owning companies would not be loyal to the local community, nor would they know what was really important to local residents

what was the earliest importance for newspapers?

challenging monarchical and authoritarian governments by allowing the people to aquire information and have more power.

benefit / con of ads on radio

cheap, repetitive, can specialize con- no visuals

consensus definition

claims that some restrictions are necessary, BUT no restrictions are allowed simply because the speech is unpopular (cannot allow the tyranny of the major) -• The purpose of the first amendment is to foster the widest possible range of ideas • Public debate should be wide open, robust, inhibited, etc under the consensus definition o The First Amendment is primarily about protecting unpopular ideas from the suppression of the majority • You DO have the right to burn the American flag • The government may not prohibit the expression of an idea just because the public finds the idea offensive or disagreeable o The First Amendment requires freedom for the thoughts we hate • i.e. the Westboro Baptist Church is protected by the First Amendment however The gov't can restrict speech based upon a social harm criteria.

books are used primarily to:

communicate our most important thoughts, and to present new ideas and stimulate change

what happened after yellow age of newspapers? why?

corporate caution came around b/c they couldn't risk fake sensationsit stories and journalism became a profession with a code of ethics.

whats curation and how has it changed with new technology

curation is process of collecting, organizing and displaying information relevant to a particular topic (collecting & filtering). now it is changed because individuals can curate their own news through sharing, retweeting, posting etc.

what the primary advantage of magazines

custom-tailor mass communication ideally suited to small groups and their specialized interests, organized by culture, religion, geography, subject matter, etc. And again, this is particularly of interest to advertisers

After World War I what was the shift in radio

development of broadcasting as opposed to point-to-point communication

what does it mean that Digital media are typically ethereal

digital information has an immaterial quality; it exists, in a sense, without a physical presence

what is the basis for P2P distribution (peer to peer)

distribution is no longer dependent on a central location sending out content to a passive audience. Distribution has become decentralized. Rather than central servers containing media content that the public accesses, or rather than these alone, audience members can now store media content on their own computers and make it available to others on the Internet. Centralized distribution points are greatly supplemented, if in some cases not virtually replaced by, many localized distribution points

whats an "Institutional ads"

don't seek immediate sale of product, rather deliver messages to develop image of the advertiser. Good will toward the company. Often done by aligning the company with some noteworthy goal/philanthropic work/support for education etc.

why is there now a convergence of men and women's bodily displays and practices in health and fitness magazines.

economic equality!! men and women are more similar and make more similar wages, they are engaging in similar activities

what were the two schools of thought on what it meant to operate in the public's interest? what were their thoughts? What was the consensus ?

elitist school-public's interest was that which was good for the public (discussion, educational, opera, arts etc.) populist school-public's interest is that which the public is interested in (sensationalism, entertainment etc.)

when did magazines become true mass medium

end of 1800s

beginning from catering to elites, how did magazines changes in 1890s?

evolved into nationally circulated journals, supported by ads and appealing to the widest mass interests possible,

what were muckraking magazines

exposed crime, fraud, and corruption.

what is the "publish, then filter" model

information specialists or professionals (editors, music producers, etc.) select which information will be used as content. They act as gatekeepers, controlling the flow of information made available to the public by their decisions (with the given limitations of the medium, such as those of time or space). The material (e.g., stories in the newspaper or music of a band on an album) is distributed to the public, which is unaware of all the possible information it could have received.

civic journalism

is a form of participatory journalism where the community is engages in dialogue. Inviting comments, citizen panels, citizen surveys etc.

Why is the instrumental approach flawed

it bases the approach only on access to info and doesn't take into account that a strong civil society/public sphere... you can have all the info you want but you need to us it with discussion etc.

What the instrumental approach dealing with social media and democracy?

it believes democracy will increase if people have access to media and content. google, wiki, Facebook etc. will open their minds to the west or other democratic ideas and then they will apply them.

how does circulation affects newspapers?

it changes the character... Bigger papers, having more resources, tend to be more varied in content, with more special interest sections (e.g., arts, travel, health, technology, etc.).

what limits the subject/object metaphor

it doesn't take into account that women participate in their own objectification like kate upton and it can give them power and lead to them being the subject.. However this is limited because her power is limited by what men think is attractive.

whats the hybrid approach news as taken on as a result of more technologies in media like blogging etc.

it is using a combo of citizen journalism and professional journalism

what are "integrative ads" and why are they becoming more popular

it melts the advertising with the entertainment content - product placement -virtual ads -tv in context its more popular because we have ways around seeing ads now.. like DVR.

what was the Miracle Case

it reversed the original 1915 court case and made films protected under the 1st amendment & gov't could no longer sensor it

what's narrow curation

its getting your viewpoints/news from a small group of people leads to narrow curation b/c you all have similar interests and are similar (school wise, economic wise etc.)

how is distribution affect by digital media

its instantaneous! -speed and convenience can be problematic (if its distribution of a nude photo of you if can cause problems)

whats is the "publish, then filter model "

its made possible with social media: in operation in the social media of the Internet the public can connect directly with the vast universe of information out there in cyberspace, much of it made available by non-profit organizations or just average Internet users like you and me. People can find what is relevant through a variety of social networks, ratings systems, online discussions, etc. Much of what they encounter may not be relevant, and much of it will be of inferior quality. They will have to wade through it and filter it for themselves.

whats the electromagnetic (EM) spectrum

its used for communication of radio, TV, -communicated through electromagnetic waves -adio waves can be made to carry information by varying a combination of the amplitude, frequency, and phase of the wave within a frequency band

early newspapers were primarily for what

journals of commercial and business information, printed for the elite of the mercantile class; also stories about political conditions that affected business

how is Conflict of interest an ethical issue

o If Nissan pays a newspaper to advertise, the newspaper will most likely never publish a story about a recent lack of safety in Nissan because Nissan with drop the ads. This is confliting interest. 2.o As a journalist you have a duty to yourself and your family—should they take risks to cover a story in Iraq? But theres a duty to your job and a duty to society to show them about the war

benefits/cons as TV advertising

o Largest audience o Audio and visual o Specified audiences o Drawback- expensive (production costs and cost to put it on tv)

benefits of internet advertisement

o Really good for narrow focus, niche sites etc. o You can place an order online for something advertised online o Facebook sds/ ads based on their fav. Activities, bands etc. because the see you've mentioned these things o Geographic positioning related ads.

how is Reporting on Crime an ethical issue

o Should rape victims names be made public. If not does it further stigmatize rape? What about publicizing crime detail which can encourage copy cat crimes.. ? Whats important vs. sensational. Should you mention the gender, race, etc of the accused or does it just reinforce stereotypes.

give example how Trials/Court is an ethical issue

o TV cameras in court interfere with a fair trial? It can scare aware important witnesses or make people false witness

whats a problem with brand names

o You can run into problems if your brand name becomes to well known- it can become a generic name for the product and you can lose your rights to that name. "asperin" "yo-yo" "escalator" "jello" "Vaseline" all are brand names that became common language.

how are Undercover Reporting Techniques an ethical issue

o is it ethical to use hidden camera, to lie about your identity, people submitting fake job resumes going into a company and secretly reporting on the bad conditions, or being posed as someone else online to get people to talk about things that they wouldn't talk about with journalists

how are Basic obligations an ethical issue

o to fellow humans: ethical issues to protect people or to make it news. - ex.when a man called a news crew and told them to come to the center square to see him set himself on fire. The news crew filmed the whole scene. This was aired on the evening news. Why didn't they try to stop him? Should jounralists intervene on a story?

why is Accuracy of information an ethical issue

o youre not supposed to make up stories or quotes or miscreate photographs. One guy writing for the Washington post wrote a story about an 8 yr old heroine addict, won a Pulitzer prize, but in the end found out she made it all up! not ethical!

how has internet helped recording industry

online distribution is allowing for a much greater variety of music to reach the public, including music that the traditional marketing and distribution system would not support because it would not be profitable. Digital distribution has allowed for making profit through the "long tail," i.e., the retailing strategy of selling a large number of unique items in relatively small quantities (often done in addition to selling fewer popular items in large quantities) -digital delivery has significantly lowered the record companies' costs -explosion of smartphones (the third most popular device on which to listen to music, after personal computers and stereo systems) is also fueling the expansion. --But, in general, digital technology has led to an incredible amount of pain for the recording industry. Total revenue from U.S. music sales plunged

13 ethical issues media faces

privacy - such as interfering in sex life of president basic obligation- to humans ; to protect them or make them news conflict of interest- between getting $ from Nissan ads or reporting on a dangerous aspect of nissan cars for public safety trial/court- TV coverage can scare witnesses or bring fake witnesses gift/payola- slip DJs money to play a record/weinie roast crime- will publicizing it encourage copy-cat crime, should you mention gender or race or will it reinforce stereotypes? sterotypes- is it ethical to include sterotypes in media- italian mafia named vinnie, or reporting on jeremy lin? accuracy- ethical to use fake sources or quotes? to make up a story? edit photos? undercover reporting- fake job resumes going into a company and secretly reporting on the bad conditions checkbook- is it ethical to pay for stories? or does this encourage lies? risks- is reporting heavily on plane crashed, school shootings etc. ethical? it makes us afraid of risks that arent truly a huge risk. war photos- is showing war photos too cruel/unpatriotic/harsh for the family? or by not showing them are we lying to the public about reality of war taste- theres ethical dispute if its good or bad taste to include grusome photos or to edit them to make them less gruesome; ethical to show a live car chase that then ends in death? or is this in bad taste CCC crime conflict of interest checkbook TT taste trials/court PGWCC SUBTRACT privacy, gifts/payola, war photos, crime, conflict of interest, stereotypes, undercover, basic obligation, trails/court, risk, accuracy,checkbook, taste

what were newspapers chains main focus and how does this affect newspaper in 3 ways.

profit; 1. stints on the volume and quality of news 2. focusing on entertainment at the expense of providing important information 3.trying to please people with more dispensable income who could buy the advertised products, many of whom lived in the suburbs

whats most familiar and far-reaching mass communication medium in the world.

radio

whats the most widely available medium of mass communication.

radio

what was the first form of radio

radio telegraphy (the sending of Morse code wirelessly)

music industry hit hard by competition from radio why?

radio was free radio had live music which had a better sound

how does digital media help/hurt trust, transparency, and reputation of a company

ranging from the rankings on Amazon or eBay, restaurant reviews, there is discussion that helps/hurts a company

whats a muckraker and give an example

reform-minded journalists who wrote largely for all popular magazines and continued a tradition of investigative journalism reporting; muckrakers often worked to expose social ills and corporate and political corruption. ex. Chambers undertook a journalistic investigation of Bloomingdale Asylum in 1870s

liberal democracy idea on free speech/press

representative democracy (majority rule) operates under the principles of liberalism (despite what majority thinks you can't have rights taken away from you) -includes equal protection of human rights, civil rights, civil liberties, and political freedoms for all persons such as free speech/press in the first amendment -this relates back to first amendment because ***just because the majority doesn't like your speech/press, you have a right to it --- protects us from tyranny of majority

synchronous media

requires an audience to be assembled simultaneously with the broadcast, transmission, or event

In considering the plight of the major labels, we need to remember that each is part of a much larger conglomerate. These enterprises make money in variety of ways other than the selling of music-- what is a major outlet of $

sale of electronics.

how is internet self regulating

screens on search engines, youtube regulators, prohibiting bad images/video etc. you can flag a photo.

how is posting War photos ethical issue

should war photos of dead/mutilated by shown o is it ethical that we don't really see the images, that we are getting an incomplete portrayal of the violence and more. o When they are shown people say its cruel/unpatriotic and hurts the family

digital technology all together is called?

social media: illustrates how we have gone from the broadcast of one-to-many to a dialogue of many-to-many.

Foot in the door technique

when one person will agree to a larger request if he already agreed to a smaller request • Ex. Books available through the website that are typically unaffiliated w/ white supremacy movement

difference between men and women portrayal historically

woman are objects linked to nature and emotions men are subjects, not objects, and are depicted powerfully rather than sexually, they are linked to reason/knowledge

name some other venues for advertisements

• Clothing, product placement, billboards, trucks, grocery carts, tattoos, airplane, stadiums

The First Amendment

• Congress shall make no laws abridging the freedom of speech or freedom of press

whats "spot advertising"

• Most common format of ads on network Tv - ads will make an advertisement or two and scatter them over a variety of shows and you get a group price -they just pick the demographics and the tv will pick where it goes best

whats are the 3 S's parents try to regulate

• Swearing, sex, Satanism

persistence of vision

• an image is retained on the retina a a fraction of a second after you saw it • Still frame movies blend together because of the persistence of vision creating the illusion of motion.

what was Jaws release strategy

a "high profile nationwide release" - releasing it everywhere on say day.... now we typically do this

characteristics of 60s movies

These 60s films were most artistic and experimental, film could go after more specific audiences (since TV went after common audiences)60s was a time of expression, social awareness, change in the world and movies went along with this by addressing social commentary

what is the method of measuring audience that is trying to be started because of the fact that Younger people and younger more wealthy people watch most of their shows in some other way other than live broadcasting.

"anywhere anytime" media measurement also known as A2M2

what age do advertisers like best and pay more for?

** 18-49 • Advertisers may much less for ads aimed at very old and very young. most money is in 18-49 yr old area. • Even though dancing with the star and American idol had the same amount of veiwers, American idol ads were a lot more $ cause it appealed to 18-49 and boys and girls whereas dancing with the stars is mostly older women

how have tv and film cooperated

- TV is a place to recycle old movies. - TV networks pay. -Some film studios even made these movies for TV. -Film studios even started making TV shows or series for TV.

even though 3D film isn't doing that well, what are the benefits of it

- can't be pirated - can't be view at home

Facilitating social interaction

- gives people something to talk about with other folks, brings people together on facebook, you can meet people online, online dating, instagram, twitter,

4 more recent changes in news

- less iron core, more entertainment -tabloidization -fewer jounrnalists now and fewer stories, fewer in depth stories -The audience is moreso now determining what news is going to be spread

Ritualize

- listening to the radio while getting ready every morning, watching the evening news that signals the end of the day for you, you read the Sunday newspapers, it helps you organize your life and make you feel secure. However, more so now we are making the media conforms to our schedules like by watching tv shows on DVR/Netflix, or the news on your iphone etc.

Status conferral- societal function of mass media

- puts status on people, organizations, issues etc. if an issue is discussed on the news it must be important. If someone is on the cover of a magazine they must be important. The media legitimizes the status of a person, idea, social movement. When the media focused on civil rights, it brought importance/status to it- lead to political advances.

struggles of film in 1920s

- scandals of actors, content of films started to upset some people like issues of sex, foul language, crime etc., -competition to film from radio and automobile -emancipation of women (they wore shorter dresses, did makeup, smoked, drank) movies portrayed this change and this was unacceptable to older people. Gangster, alcohol use, sexual themes, people wanted the gov't to regulate the film industry→ lead to self regulation like screening movies

2 main differences after MPPC lost control?

- stars became celebrity, high paying etc. - agents became important to be the deal maker between the film company and the actor

content function

- vote guiding function of the newspaper is a contact function because the specific info telling you about the candidates and the election helps guide your choice, or the functionof the weather channel as a dress guider to tell you how to dress due to the weather- it's the specific info they give you about the weather that influences the function.

why go to hollywood?

- warm -cheap land -escape MPPC

pictoral realism

--1st type of film -- realistic pictures with the emphasis of movement, like a film of Niagra falls, or Venice showing gondolas, --were short and were seen in machines at arcades where you pay a penny and crank and handle and see the movie.

why pay actors hella money

-1st weekend of a movie is very important to determine successfulness and one way to open a movie strong is to put a big star b/c it makes the movie stand out -Stars also get paid buck $ if they attract international audience. Foreign market is increasingly important.

what types of movies attract international audience (5)

-action -animated family film -movies that busted here -movies with huge stars -sequals

"agenda setting"

-aspect of news setting the agenda by picking whats important to show. - "gatekeepers"- do the selection; from the publisher to the editor to the camera women who points the camera a foot to the left instead of the right. Etc.

what are the 2 main things advertisers want to know ?

-how many people are in your audience -composition

changes when sound came into theatre (first sound movie was the jazz singer)

-it was expensive - they had to renovate movie theatres, make things sound proof - certain stars who basic style was visual weren't that good of actors with their voice - verbal comedy arose - sound boosted the industry - sound changed international movies because now voiceovers or subtitles were needed which lead to some diminishment,

how did the post ww2 attendance drop change movies

-leads to trying to better quality to get more people so they -improved sound and picture quality, bigger screens, -they created large scale epics to counter small scale televisions, - they put more color in movies, - they ordered people to stay out of tv industry, -they started using stunts, - the 3D movie emerged, - they tried putting on odors in theatres, -they hired actors to sit in the theatre and scream or pass out to get people excited.

why was there a Post ww2 decline of film

-reemergence or foreign film industry- they became more popular, there was more competition, -rise of TV -red scare- 40s/50s concern about communism, mccarthyism located a lot of communists in the media industry- particularly film. If youre name got on the black list you couldn't work in the industry anymore—so many talented directors, writers etc lost their jobs. This created a chilling effect—which is where writer were afraid to make movies/experiment for the fear of being deemed communist

whats the sell through market

-selling directly to market the video either to people or to movie rentals. -They would charge a lot to a rental person like $200/movie. Since it gets rented out many times. For the people its was $19.99 - so different economic strategies. -in time studios began making more $ from sell though market of videos than from movie theatres.

5 ways a company can make a "less risky" movie

-sequels- much less risky, you continue the story of a previous movie mostly with same cast, if it world the first time it should work again -prequels→ putting on a movie that takes place earlier than a previous movie -remakes since they were once successful but with some changes and usually new cast -reboots- you take a franchise back to its origins and begin again with a different take- -Films based on video games (tomb rader), based on books, etc. are similar b/c they are familiar with people, comic books, based on TV show (dukes of hazard, simpsons etc), parents fondly remember the tv show and want to see the movie.. or really enjoyed the book etc.

what are 5 important audience composition aspects for advertisers and why?

1. Geography—foolish to advertise for snowmobiles in AZ. 2. Age- Kellogg's still sells most cereal to children- so their commercials are on during cartoons. 3. Sex- male or female.... Revlon is not gonna advertise in men's magazines 4. Income- not gonna advertise in a low class people area for a rolse Royce 5. Employment patterns- unemployed will watch ads at 2am so they are geared toward them

3 ways to minimize risk for the movie industry

1. Go with established genres and conventions 2. They also go with proven talent- people that have been successful before. Also, writers and producers that have been successful in the past. 3. Secondary markets to rely on- all the alternative opportunities for generating profit beyond domestic sale in original format- without any additional cost. Ex. For film the original format is theatres, and the secondary market is DVD, online, rentals --- syndication market is an important secondary market for tv programs 4. • Focus on blockbusters- wildly successful films- sensational- to widest audience possible 5. use synergy ... because of Horizontal integration TV-film-book companies have different arms of production working on same thing and helping to promote each other. (Synergy- coming together of two things and getting people excited) -working in conjunction. o ex. Lion king-

4 Factors that influence selection in the news

1. News people - have to have certain biases. certain channels are more left or right Ex. Saying illegal alien (republican) in a newspaper as opposed to undocumented worker (democratic) 2. Organizational pressures- beat system, pack journalism, regularized, big city bias 3. Technology-Makes news gathering easier and you get stories you would've never gotten before, you can go places you've never gone before; helicopters; satellite 4. Factors within the story- events are easier to cover, timeliness (people want new dramatic stories w/ beginning middle end, conflict, unusual

do you you know how many people are in your audience?

1. measure directly- how many copies of a CD are sold or tickets sold ** if its harder to count directly you can: 1. *randomly samples*: TV- Nielsen company goes out and randomly samples American households to see TV watching habits they pay the household to be able to put people meters in them for them to press the button when they start watching TV and press when they stop. 2.*Portable people meters*: which picks up your television viewing inside and outside the household After these meters are read, they come out with a rating. the rating is # of households watching the show over # with TVs on

factors within a story that effect if its reported upon

1. proximity- stuff in their own backyards is more interesting 2. personalization--we have human interest in humans; emotional appeal 3. unusual 4. good film-they want action that max sound and picture 5. events 6. timeliness 7. conflict

describe how the 4 factors within a story affect what gets reported

1.people want conflict! its more interesting 2. people want something unusual! 3. people want timeliness- they want to know about something right away 4. certain events are designed to get press coverage and they are easier to cover than some philosophical or political debate.

since DVR has been invented, they have to include these viewer in the rating. how did they do this?

C3-measures viewing within 3 days of a broadcast however now people are waiting longer to watch these shows so they moved to C7 advertisers don't like this because they figure people that wait this long will skip commercials

Procedural dramas

Shows that each show is a separate entities and doesn't need to continue has syndication in mind. Like house—you can watch the show and appreciate it because theres a plot and conclusion at the end. - these are more likely to be syndication shows

8 individual functions of media:

Helps guide understandings, Helps us develop our self concept, Professional tool, Facilitating social interaction, Substitute for interaction, Aiding emotional release, Ritualize, Guide behaviors

3 Realities that influence content of media that we are unaware

The legal system, Various organizational procedure, Various technological constraints

first countries of film

U.S and france

other ways form film industry to make $

Video, DVD, selling films to Tv, selling to airlines, merchandise (for ex. With big toy companies like stuff for lion king), sell to netflix,

define how these 4 organizational pressures influence how the new is selected: beat system, big city bias, pack journalism, regularized (BBRP)

a. beat system- to be efficient, the news needs to predict where news events will occur so they post reporters at beats b. Pack journalism- journalists on a beat will often converge around a single story. Everyone sees it as important news, especially after one important guy reported on it.; c. Regularized- news is regularized media, which means you have to put together a story every day. Daily paper or newspaper...; d. Big city bias- having big camera crews is expensive and you can only place them in a limited amount of places so you place them where the action

whats A2M2

anywhere anytime media measurement to see the audience of tv shows in order to report to advertisers since they need to know how many people are in an audience before they pay the tv show.

how'd WW1 strengthen film

b/c Europe has to curtail movie business during war, so more films were made here—establishing SoCal as center of film.

Narcotizing effect - societal function of mass media

blunts and distorts senses. Ex. Some people talking about information overload from the mass media gives us no time to do anything about it. Ex. Mass media clutters our mind with unimportant superficial things like celebrities, sitcoms, etc. Ex. The media makes us passive and inert- it doesn't support critical thinking.

Services economy - societal function of mass media

business page of newspaper, market reports, ecommerce, online buying/selling, advertising helps capitalist economy work, it helps sell products, when products are sold jobs are produced.

Creates a sense of cohesion/community - societal function of mass media

by providing a base of common knowledge, focus, interest, concerns, you may interact with friends over face book, the media can bring people together during times of crisis like 9/11- tv brings home the faces and feelings of the victims/volunteers that were there. This brings people together. People feel comfortable with getting news from someone they've been getting it from for years. Some regular tv shows also were a things that would bring people together like American idol. Newpapers played this role too. However, not that there are hundreds of channels its not has common as when it was with 3 channels. But now you can gather with more specific interests. Ex you can go on the computer and find other people that share your interest in antique piccolos.

give example how the legal system influence content of media

copyright law:changes in copyright law: in the 19th century people recognized the copyright to American authors but not of European authors so b/c of that books by European authors were cheaper b/c they didn't have to pay royalties. So American authors were forced to compete and they did this by creating characters and plots that differentiated them substantially from European authors (huck finn, moby dick)... after congress passed a law that extended copyright to foreign authors, the price was the same and there wasn't a need to create such distinct American characters. This lead to a convergence of themes with American/European books.

hollywood 1920s

film companies rise in power and size, they call them studios, movie theatres call palaces build, actors were treated like royalty, westerns were popular, comedies of Charlie chaplin, 1/3 of americans were going to the theatre once a week.

when it come to storage of the media content what is reproducibility

how easily can you make accurate copies. Before the printing press you need scribes. It was extremely hard and laborious. Visual media used to have to be copied by hand too. In digital media you can make copies of books, videos, music, art, etc.

when it come to storage of the media content what is portability

how easy is it to move around. Cave paintings have great longevity but you cant move them easily.. papyrus was a great invention in portability of content. You can store hundreds of songs on an ipod and easily move it around. this is a great advance than a Walkman.

when it come to storage of the media content what is capacity

how much can be stored? Books and other print retain more info than the cave paintings...but books tend to decay fast. Floppy disk, CD roms, those passed by USB and flash drives, these can store a lot more in a small amount of space. o Miniaturization has greatened capacity—a whole lot of info in a little space.

Pass on and enforce norms/values/traditions- societal function of mass media

it helps to inform you what is normative, what is right and wrong, traditions of the u.s like importance of democracy, what it means to be an American, it does this through fiction and nonfiction media. In comedy-people that break the norms are punished or laughed at for example.. this reaffirms norms. Media can expose people who commit crimes, who cheat receive etc. and makes people see that as wrong and want to behave. In doing this it upholds the status quo. Gangster rap is an example that does not uphold status quo and values but this has been widely criticized. Homogenizing affect- media gives same values, norms etc to the society. Everyone watching the same tv, movies, music- the differences in people start to minimize.

how has the formula of stars being main aspect of movie success changed some recently

now sometimes familiar books, directors, cartoon characters, fictional characters etc. are attracting larger markets than actors.

what characterizes Indies

o Indies cost less money to make o They have no major movie stars o Stars may appear for much less money o They attract more sophisticated audiences o They depart from the 'tried and true formulas" and are more character drive, serious, provocative, -Juno, Her etc.

give example how the various technological constraints influence content of media

o Whyre most pop songs 3-4 min. long—you can trace this directly to technological constraints- in 1940s songs were recorded on 78s, that could only hold a certain about of songs... when LPs (1940s/50s) were invented they had 45 min on each disk so you can record longer songs...after LP was the concept album (1960s)- an album that was intended to be heard in its entirety, it all fit together..the songs were carefully woven together. but now we still have the 3-4 min. norm because of this survival from the past we became conditioned as a society to define the length of a song...

mirror analogy

o historically they've argues the news is like a mirror analogy- they are simply reflecting what is going on in the world, and mirrors are objective. (but true mirror would have to reflect billions and billions of things.. so judgments have to be made to select news, this mirror analogy doesn't hold up)

• The Great Train Robbery

one of the first films 10 min. long 1906-1916. 1st long film, 1st film stars, distinguished directors, film palaces (fancy place to watch movies),

give example how the various organizational procedure influence content of media

procedure of testing songs: market-testing of songs, songs were selected by profit seeking record companies. They play small snippets to people and see what they like. influence content because this market testing procedures favors a certain type of songs- catchy songs, hooks, something that will pull you in right away. It filters out innovative music and deeper lyrics. therefore it

difference between remake and reboot

remake retells the same story with usually a different cast, remakes are usually of a single movie reboot retells the story in a different take with a different cast, reboots are usually with series

Media gatekeepers

review the contect (movie reviews, magazine editors, etc) theyre professional evaluators -minimize risk

6 societal functions on media

status conferral, norms/behavior, narcotizing, cohesion/community, service economy

creation of Hollywood, sometimes this is called what and why

the age of Griffith- the 1st film director. - pioneered more natural acting (not on a stage-like), various techniques of camera angles, the close-up, symbolic imagery,

Changes that movie theatres have undergone in recent times

they need to compete with home theatre comfort: More comfy, bigger, more reclined, better screens, more beautiful, more lavish, better food, (unlike crammed, dirty ones in 1970s), now theres sometimes restaurants attached, coffee bars boutiques, = better overall social + film experience o Luxury theatres - waiters can serve you while you watch the movie, craft beers, crab cakes, sofas, = this is to compete with home entertainment system o Increasingly owned by chains. Barely any privately owned movies theatres anymore

medium function

tied to the general nature of the medium or conditions of it's use, example- the movie theatre provides a place to go on a date, it provides a place to become acquainted with someone, it provides a basis for conversation, this is the mating function of the medium of the theatre, the content is irrelevant. Another example is the radio- which in the 1930s served the function of bringing family together at the end of the day, it didn't make a difference what the content was, it still served the function of bringing family together.

Helps guide understandings

what we think about the world, gives us ideas what the world is like, help understand political issues, helps to define reality to us- things that go on in third word countries, what I means to be a woman/man, ex. Mean world syndrome- the more tv esp. more violent tv, the more the people believe the world is a mean/scary place.

how does media help us develop our self concept

who we are, where we fit into the world, if we're pretty/ugly, fat, skinny, who we can identify, helps us understand who we are, we pay specific attention to people in the media who are most similar to us. Role models- we see people who we want to be like, and who we never want to be like. Media brings about stereotypes and brings about our ideas of different races, sexes etc.

whats a synergy?

working in conjunction with different arms of production you have. because of Horizontal integration TV-film-book companies have different arms of production working on same thing and helping to promote each other. (Synergy- coming together of two things and getting people excited) -working in conjunction.

2 main focuses of non-hollywood business interests

youth money

4 ways media makes money

• 1. Audience- directly from audience; paying directly for a book • 2. Advertiser- money comes from ads; tv/radio has ads- typically these media are free (facebook) advertisers buy audience • 3. Combo of 1. & 2. Example a newspaper you pay 50 cents and there are ads that may the newspaper. (movie theatre you pay to see the movie, then see preview ads, then see product placement in movies) • 4. subsidized- comes from private (certain corporations or wealthy individuals) provide money for certain magazines when they feel strongly about it and public world (gov't) ex. NPR-national public ratio, a lot of tax credits are given- newspapers aren't taxed. A public university could subsidize a newspaper. Ultimately from tax dollars.

what have large movie corps done to fight back indies getting all the awards?

• Caused Hollywood to try to create specialty divisions within the studio that were more independent like how Focus features is a specialty division of Universal. • This gives these films more financial backing but are usually left alone my the main studio. • This brings more prestige and nomination and can turn a good profit • It brings more access to talent and creative talent.

what are some influences of how content is stored in important political/social

• Civilizations that used clay or stone tablets favored centralized gov't where hand is in the hands of the few b/c stone was hard to move around. • Civilizations with papyrus, allowed to political organization with more decentralization- written laws could be passed around more easily. This facilitated spread of civilizations, and the modernization. • Records of business transactions show that from invention on papyrus influence the beginning of trade/business • the video recording or Rodney king—if it hadn't been all of those political things wouldn't have happened.. riots etc. • facebook photos of you drunk that get you kicked off lacrosse team.

whats o Low art vs. high art.

• High- enriches society, requires intellect and sophisticated taste to appreciate it.. some cultivation • Low-also referred to as kitsch, it baser, more common material, you don't need as much intellect.. it wont go over anyone's head,

why does hollywood focus on teens

• Hollywood focuses on teens the most, not only cause they go to movies a lot, but the movies cost less to make, they give repeat business, male teens go the most and are core audience for comedy and action films. They don't pay attention to critics and reviews, they tend to buy more at concession stand; female teenagers are key behind success of titanic, repeat business of teenage girls, girls brings a big group of girls

why are rating different now

• Now ratings aren't based on people watch the shows but how many people watch the commercials - also used to be written diaries and now people meters

describe the nature of film

• Some people say its most persuasive medium • Film is high impact, high involvement, (TV intrudes into your world while film draws you into it's world) • They showed movies to inspire you and motivate you after WW2, very influential, • but film does not attempt to persuade people—it has less to do with transmitting opinion and words—the central focus is entertainment. • It often times entertains us through certain formulas. The villain corners the hero with a gun to his head, and doesn't shoot, but always talks first and give the hero time to think his way out.... Nobody in the movies goes to the bathroom to pee/poop.

what was the motion picture patents company and what did they restrict

• around 1910, the motion picture patents company controlled every aspect of motion picture production and distribution -restricted length of film to 1 hour -restricted actors names from being on the marquee

why's action popular over seas

 "boy with toys travel" means a guy with a gun in a movie is popular all over the planet  action films have special effects that transcend cultural differences more easily then verbal arguments  action films have more physical humor which is more translatable.

whats CB zero

 Now actors are getting the money after all the money has come in the studio and they have reached the break even point