COMM 3750

Heine & Lehman (1997) procedures:

Canadian and Japanese participants Rated 10 CDs in terms of desirability and ranked them Read magazines while waiting... Then, choose between #5 and #6 as compensation ("stocks are low...") Filler task Re-rated the 10 again... Choosing one produces cognitive dissonance. Acted in a way that goes against self beliefs Compare 1st set of rating and 2nd set of rating. The ratings of CDs 5 and 6 would change

(Heine & Lehman, 1997)

Cognitive dissonance Discomfort you feel when you behave inconsistent with self concept Feeling discomfort when you lie Its basis: the motivation to be self-consistent Called a liar - how much self consistency is important Minimizing discomfort Rationalizing (tom is such a good friend, I couldn't say no) Change the way you see yourself (ex eating unhealthy things but wanting to be healthy) Find less cognitive dissonance with INTERDEPENDENT SELF

to what does the "cultural generation" gap refer?

decreasing U.S. population under 45 years of age, increasing U.S. population 45 and older

which ethical approach supports the view that "ethical principles are universally applied...and timeless moral truths are rooted in human nature and independent of the conventions of particular societies?

fundamentalism, moral absolutism

the philosophical perspective of relativism can be succinctly summarized as:

no single morality, no moral framework that is more correct than any other

the state of being just, unbiased, and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices is also known as:

objectivity

Consequences for Self-Perception: Independent self-construals

one's internal attributes such as abilities and personality traits are the most salient self-relevant information

by 2050, world population growth is expected surpass ______:

9 billion

Self-construal

"the self," "self-concept" How you view yourself; how you complete the "I am" statements Self knowledge Reuse our self concept related to the world Idea or images that one has about oneself and how and why one behaves Consequences: Self-construal influences... our own thoughts, feelings, and behavior how we view the world and our relationships

Sensitivity to interpersonal information

(Cohen & Gunz, 2002) Interdependent self: more likely to take an outsider's perspective on the self... experiencing themselves as being the object of observation

Which Subfigures Do You Prefer?

(Kim & Markus, 1999) When asked to rank liking of each "subfigure" within a figure... Also, the SFO study: waited for planes coming from East Asian cultural backgrounds (interdependent self), fill out survey, choose among 4 pens, 3 pens of same color and unique color pen, East Asian picked non unique choice and Americans chose unique color

Causal attribution and social prediction: Independent self

(Miller, 1984; Morris & Peng, 1994). dispositional/internal attribution if someone is mean, you would say its their personality

Causal attribution and social prediction: Interdependent self

(Miller, 1984; Morris & Peng, 1994). situational/external attribution pay attention to situation causes

Self-consistency: Independent self

(Suh, 2002) "autonomous, distinct, and self-sufficient" -> stable

Self-consistency: Interdependent self

(Suh, 2002) "referenced to the thoughts and feelings of others...context-dependent" -> malleable

what percentage of the U.S. population is made up of minorities?

35%

A high power distance culture

Believes that people are not equal, but that everyone has a 'rightful place'

Suh (2002; Study 2)

Colleges students; 84 in the U.S. and 123 in Korea Questionnaires Satisfaction With Life Perceived social appraisal Identity consistency Referring to 20 personality traits, such as "emotional," "modest," and "friendly": Generalized self-view: Ps rated how accurately each personality trait described them (1~7 scale) Contextualized self-view: Ps rated the accuracy of contextualized trait description: "When I interact with my parents, I am [emotional]." (1~7 scale) Implications? How much can we predict people's behaviors from knowing about their personality traits?

List five US vales according to Kohl's American Values Comparison study.

Competition Time and Its Control Honesty Equality Self-help

Evidence for the Five-Factor Model (FFM)

Conceptual model built around five distinct and basic personality dimensions that appear to be universal for all humans Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism (emotional stability) Measurement tool (example): the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R or NEO-FFI; Costa & McCrae, 1992)

Patterns of I-C across the U.S. (Vandello & Cohen, 1999)

Demonstrated the validity and utility of a set of social indicators as measure of cultural orientations (I-C)... Showed variations across states in terms of I-C (within-nation variations)... Thus, an ecological study

In East Asian cultures: (Nisbett, Peng et al., 2001)

Dialectic thinking: Yin and yang

The Tripartite Model

Everybody has the three kinds of self. People in different cultural groups or different situational contexts sample them with different probabilities. Depends on the emphases placed on different types of goals (e.g., personal vs. collective goals).

Collectivism in the United States is seen in the expectation but employees will change jobs in order to advance their careers.

False

Flexhumility cultures place less value on education than monumentalist ones.

False

Human nature orientation refers to the degree to which societal and organizational members acquiesce to unequal distribution of power.

False

In collectivists cultures, a person's face is usually derived from his or her own self-effort.

False

Japan is a low uncertainty avoidance culture with many formal social protocols that help to predict how people will behave in almost every social interaction.

False

In East Asian cultures: (Choi, 2000; Bachnik, 1992).

Important social skill: Detecting and aligning the self to varying expectations across different social situations

Which of the following is not one of the thirteen American Values identified by Kohls?

Formality

Justifying choices made

Hoshino-Browne et al. (2005) Interdependent self: making an inconsiderate decision for an in-group member is threatening. Thus, need to justify their decisions made for an in-group member. Ps were randomly assigned to either the making a choice for self or for a friend condition. "Cover story" given: the psychology of decision making in real-life situations; i.e., regarding a soon-to-be-opened Chinese restaurant

In terms of person/nature orientation, Western culture traditionally view:

Humans as master of nature

Theories of well-being: (Maslow, 1954; Rogers, 1951)

In North America: Maintaining a consistent, unified identity thought to be important for well-being

Because we view the world through a subjective lens influenced by a number of variables, perception is considered?

Inaccurate

Hashimoto & Yamagishi (2013) Measurement tool:

Independence scale Harmony seeking scale Rejection avoidance scale

Choice

Independent self Personal uniqueness emphasized One's choice thought to reveal one's internal attributes Interdependent self Uniqueness and choice-as-self-expression less emphasized.

List four value dimensions proposed by Hofstede.

Individualism/collectivism Uncertainty avoidance Feminine/masculine Power distance

Monumentalism within a culture, according to Minkov, indicates that members believe?

Interpersonal competition is encouraged

Finer dimensions of the self-construals: Hashimoto & Yamagishi (2013)

Need for finer conceptualization of the interdependent self: "harmony seeking" dimension "rejection avoidance" dimension

List four characteristics of perception.

Learned Selective Consistent Culturally Determined

Interdependent self: Consequences for cognition

Level of elaboration of others or the self-in-relation-to-others. More detailed memory of what other people think of them, how they feel, and how other view of them Relationship to other people Perceived social appraisal is important. Care about what others think and how they're behaving Level of inclusion of social context in mental representation. Able to remember doing things with other people

Compare Hall's high-context and low-context orientations.

Low: Population diversity Compartmentalize interpersonal contacts Verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context or the participant's nonverbal activity High: Traditional More attuned to their surroundings and can easily express and interpret emotions nonverbally

Independent vs. Interdependent Self-Construal Theory

Markus and Kitayama (1991) Two types of self-construals and their consequences

MEASURING PERSONALITY ACROSS CULTURES

Need to use measures that have been psychometrically validated in all cultures to be tested Researchers have established some degree of psychometric equivalence across cultures in their measures of personality There are evidence showing that cross-cultural comparisons of personality are meaningful

INTERdependent self-construal

Non-western or collectivistic construal of the self The self as connected with others and inseparable from the social context. View of self can change in the context of family vs friends Important features are external and public (statuses, roles, relationships) One's thoughts, feelings, goals, and actions -> contingent on others' thoughts, feelings, goals, and actions. Relationship with other people in specific contexts defines the self. See self within the context ex when you're with your family, friends, work etc.. Expression of internal attributes is situation specific...(Cousins, 1989) Self is flexible and variable.

The Need to Revise the Theory...

Only few studies have successfully found that self-construals mediate between culture and consequential outcomes (such as psyc). Only a few actually found consistency between nation and self-construal (such as Heine et al., 2002).

The Need to Revise the Theory...back to the cultural-level...

Only few studies have successfully found that self-construals mediate between culture and consequential outcomes (such as psyc). Only a few actually found consistency between nation and self-construal (such as Heine et al., 2002). Need to consider finer dimensions within each self-construal (Brewer & Gardner, 1996; Hashimoto & Yamagishi, 2013)

Cohen & Gunz (2002)

Participants: college students in Canada (117 Caucasian and 78 Asian) Participants asked to recall 10 specific events (such as giving an individual presentation). Each memory was rated (1 = entirely first-person memory, 11 = entirely third-person memory) ex I walked up to the podium and shook my hands vs people were staring at me

Hoshino-Browne et al. (2005), methods: Choice for self condition

Preference ratings of 10 entrées at Time 1 (rate each item in terms of how much oneself would like to order each on a 7-point scale) 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much) Choose for self between #5 and #6 ranked entrée Preference ratings of #5 and #6 entrées along with 23 other entrées at Time 2 1 (not at all) to 9 (extremely)

Hoshino-Browne et al. (2005), methods: Choice for friend condition

Preference ratings of 10 entrées at Time 1 (rate each item in terms of how much their friend would like to order each on a 7-point scale) 1 (not at all) to 7 (very much) Choose for friend between #5 and #6 ranked entrée Preference ratings of #5 and #6 entrées along with 23 other entrées at Time 2 (in terms of how much their friend would like it) 1 (not at all) to 9 (extremely)

Methods alternative to relying on self-report measures of self-construal

Priming studies (such as Trafimow et al., 1991) Analyzing cultural products (such as ads; Kim & Markus, 1999) Analyzing social indicators (Vandello & Cohen, 1999)

An Alternative Theory of Culture and the Self: The Tripartite Model (Triandis, 1989)

Private self Personal attributes, traits, states, behaviors Public self The generalized other's view of the self General public, random people Collective self A group/collective's view of the self Family and friends, parents

The Need to Revise the Theory of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals

Recent studies suggest that the prediction that certain regions are associated with a particular sense of self is erroneous For example: Independent and interdependent self-construals coexist within each individual (Hong et al, 2000). Self-construals are not homogenous within each region (Vandello & Cohen, 1999); see next slides

Choi and Choi (2002, Study 1)

Self-concept flexibility study College students in Illinois and Korea rated themselves: "How introverted are you?" (11 point scale: -5 = very extroverted, +5 = very introverted) "How extroverted are you?" (-5 = very extroverted, +5 = very introverted) The discrepancy between the answers were smaller for Americans whereas the Koreans were influenced by the questions. Koreans self view is malleable. Easily influenced by the situation or what you're told

Defining personality (Matsumoto & Juang, 2008)

Set of enduring behavioral and cognitive characteristics, traits, or predispositions that contribute to differences among individual Quality or collection of qualities which makes a person a distinctive individual Relatively stable across time and consistent across context, situations, and interactions

Hashimoto & Yamagishi (2013)

Study 2: validation of the rejection avoidance scale 51 Japanese college students Procedures and Results Study 3: cultural differences 94 Japanese college students (Hokkaido), 108 European American college students (Illinois) Procedures and Results

The human nature orientation of a culture reflects the general belief

That humans are intrinsically evil That humans are intrinsically good That humans are a mixture of good and evil

Which of the following is true about Hofstede's dimension of individualism?

The individual is the most important unit in any social setting Individual achievements are rewarded

Collectivism means the people in a culture place greater emphasis on?

The needs of in-group over oneself Beliefs shared with in-group Great readiness to cooperate with in-group members

Perception is considered selective because?

There are too many stimuli competing for the attention of your senses

Situational activation of the different self-representations

Trafimow et al. (1991), priming of the self: "Think of what makes you different from your family and friends" vs. "Think of what you have in common with family and friends" On a subsequent TST task: Ps in the first condition -> mentioned more personal attributes and less collective attributes (e.g., group membership)

Cultural patterns are integrated and can be contradictory.

True

Cultures that promote interdependency and cooperation take a negative view of intra-group competition.

True

Cultures with high power distance emphasize status difference.

True

For low-context cultures, the verbal message contains most of the information and very little is embedded in the context meaning through status and informal friends and associates.

True

High-context cultures tend to convey meaning through status and informal friends and associates.

True

The extent to which members of a culture feel threatened by ambiguous and unknown situations is referred to as?

Uncertainty avoidance

The Five-Factor Theory of Personality

Universal personality traits are expressed in characteristic ways, which can be influenced by culture Culture affects values about personality traits and behavioral manifestations of personality

Independent self-construal

Western or individualistic construal of self More likely to see self as unique or independent individual The self as an independent entity, separated from the social context Represented as a stable, bounded-whole. Important features are internal and private (abilities, thoughts, feelings) Other people are important for self-evaluation (reflected appraisal and social comparison).

culture shock refers to:

a mental state experienced by an individual when transitioning between a familiar culture to an unfamiliar culture

cultural generalizations should be considered:

approximations

Independent self-construal: Important tasks:

being unique expressing self realizing internal attributes following one's goals being direct

INTERdependent self-construal: Important tasks:

belonging, fitting in, being in one's proper place acting appropriately promoting others' goals being indirect

a variation on "the golden rule" can be found in which of the following religions?

buddhism, hinduism, islam

the idea that "one must suspend judgement of other people's practices in order to understand them in their own cultural terms" is referred to as:

cultural relativism

at what stage of culture shock does a person begin to recognize the reality of the new setting?

disenchantment

what is the preferred term for the group that "generally exercises the greatest influence on beliefs, values, perceptions, communication patterns, and customs of a culture?

dominant culture

a conviction that one's own culture is superior to all other cultures is known as:

ethnocentrism

Cultural relativism is the idea that timeless moral truths are rooted in human nature.

false

Higher education has resisted globalization.

false

Learning about the language of a host culture is all about language acquisition

false

Technology has brought greater polarization throughout the world, though this is less true within the U.S. society.

false

The definition of intercultural communication involves interaction between government representatives of different nations.

false

While a person who is disabled would not be considered a member of a co-culture, someone with an identifiable ethnic background would.

false

Working to maintain your culture while living in another culture is not helpful

false

if a generalization must be made, it should:

focus on the primary values and behaviors of a particular culture

the process of learning to live in a new culture is referred to as:

integration

_____ involves interaction between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems differ enough to alter communication events.

intercultural communication

early conceptualizations of culture shock included this concept, although subsequent research failed to support

re-entry shock, the U model, the W model

which of the following is an example of global interconnectedness presented in the text?

the 2011 great eastern japan tsunami, the european union's sovereign debit crisis

Consequences for Self-Perception: Interdependent self-construals

the self in particular social relationships or specific contexts is the more salient info. More likely to pay attention to the situation if you're with your family or work

By 2023, minorities are expected to constitute the majority of all U.S. children under the age of 18.

true

Culture shock is caused by the transition from a familiar culture to an unfamiliar one.

true

Generalizations are based on limited data.

true

Globalization, domestic diversity, and immigration make acquiring intercultural communication skills imperative.

true

Objectivity refers to the state of being "just, unbiased, and not influenced by emotions or personal prejudices."

true

Technology has enabled ordinary individuals cheaply and quickly to organize themselves around a common interest, ideology, or social cause

true

The authors prefer the term "dominant culture" over other terms such as mainstream or umbrella culture because it clearly indicates that the group being referred to generally exercises the greatest influence on the beliefs and values of a culture.

true

The second stage of culture shock is the crisis period.

true

to be objective, one must:

use a consistent metric