Communication 8-12

Include Your Central Idea, Not Your Purpose Statement Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Be sure to include your central idea. But as you will not actually say your specific-purpose statement during your presentation, do not put it in your speaking notes. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Meet Your objectiveS Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 111). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Develop a preparation outline for a speech. A preparation outline includes your carefully organized main ideas, subpoints, and supporting material; it may also include your specific purpose, introduction, blueprint, internal previews and summaries, transitions, and conclusion. Write each of these elements in complete sentences and standard outline form. Use the preparation outline to begin rehearsing your speech and to help you revise it, if necessary. 12.2 Prepare speaking notes for a speech. Speaking notes are less detailed than a preparation outline and usually include supporting material, signposts, and delivery cues. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 112). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 112). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 111). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Write and Label Your Specific Purpose at the Top of Your Outline Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 108). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Do not work the specific purpose into the outline itself. Instead, label it and place it at the top of the outline. Your specific purpose can serve as a yardstick by which to measure the relevance of each main idea and piece of supporting material. Everything in the speech should contribute to your specific purpose. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 108). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Include Shortened Versions of Your Introduction and Conclusion Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Even if your instructor does not require you to include your introduction and conclusion on your preparation outline, include abbreviated versions of them in your speaking notes. You might feel more comfortable delivering the presentation if you have your first and last sentences written out in front of you. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

topical organization. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

If your central idea has natural divisions, you can often organize your speech topically. Speeches on such diverse topics as factors to consider when selecting a mountain bike, types of infertility treatments, and the various classes of ham-radio licenses all could reflect Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Acknowledge Cultural Differences in Organization Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 97). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

In general, U.S. speakers tend to be more linear and direct than speakers from other cultures. Semitic speakers may support their main points by pursuing tangents that could seem "off topic" to many U.S. speakers. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 97). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

problem-solution organization. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 96). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

Like causes and effects, problems and solutions can be discussed in either order: Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 97). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

main ideas. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 71). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

Main ideas might, for example, be three types of birds of prey, four reasons the local park needs new lighting, or four steps in writing your own wedding vows. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 71). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Use Standard Outline Form Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Make your introduction, each main idea, and your conclusion distinct. Standard outline form will help you find your exact place when you glance down at your speaking notes. You will know, for example, that your second main idea is indicated by "II." Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Analyze Your Preparation Outline Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 108). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Once you have completed your preparation outline, you can use it to help you analyze and possibly revise the speech. The following questions can help you in this critical thinking task. • Does the speech as outlined fulfill the purpose you have specified? If not, revise the specific purpose or change the direction and content of the speech itself. • Are the main ideas logical extensions (natural divisions, reasons, or steps) of the central idea? If not, revise either the central idea or the main ideas. • Do the signposts enhance the flow of one idea into the next? If not, change or add previews, summaries, or transitions. • Does each subpoint provide support for the point under which it falls? If not, then either move or delete the subpoint. • Is your outline form correct? For a quick reference, refer to the How To box and Figure 12.1. Having considered these questions, you are ready to rehearse your speech, using the preparation outline as your first set of notes. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 109). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 108). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Add the Blueprint, Key Signposts, Introduction, and Conclusion to Your Outline Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 108). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Place the introduction after the statement of your specific purpose, the blueprint immediately following the introduction, the conclusion after the outline of the body of the speech, and other signposts within the outline. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 108). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

speaking notes. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 109). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

This shorter outline should provide enough clearly formatted details to ensure that you can make your presentation Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 109). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Hard evidence Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

To organize supporting materials in this order, you might tell a brief story about your own experience trying to use less water during a drought and then present expert opinions about the best ways to use less water, followed by statistics about which methods actually do use the least water. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 100). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Write Your Preparation Outline in Complete Sentences Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 107). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Unless you write your preparation outline in complete sentences, you will have trouble judging the coherence of the speech. Moreover, complete sentences will help during your early rehearsals. If you write cryptic phrases, you may not remember what they mean. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 107). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Include Delivery Cues Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 111). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Write in your speaking notes such cues as "Louder," "Pause," or "Walk two steps left." However, be sure to write or format your delivery cues in a different color or font so you don't confuse them with your verbal content. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 111). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Include Supporting Material and Signposts Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

Write out in full any statistics and direct quotations and their sources. Write your key signposts—your initial preview, for example—to ensure that you will not have to flounder awkwardly as you move from one idea to another. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 111). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Organize YOur suppOrting Material Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 98). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

You can sometimes use the five standard organizational patterns to arrange your supporting material. Illustrations, for instance, may be organized chronologically, as one speaker did when discussing technology: Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 98). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Choose Your Technology Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

You may decide to display your outline on a smartphone or electronic tablet—perhaps using one of several apps available for speaking notes—or you may opt to use oldfashioned note cards. Regardless of which technology you select, make sure your letters and words are large enough to be read easily. Even if you plan to use an electronic option, you may want to have a backup outline on note cards in case of technical difficulty. Note cards don't rustle like paper does, and they are small enough to hold in one hand. Write on one side only, and number your note cards in case they get out of order just before or during your speech. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 110). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Specificity Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

You may either offer your specific information first and end with your general statement or make the general statement first and support it with specific evidence. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

final summary Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 103). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

Your final summary should leave listeners in no doubt as to the important points of your speech. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 103). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

spatial organization 8

arranges ideas according to their physical locations or directions. Speeches on such diverse subjects as the National Museum of the American Indian, the travels of Robert Louis Stevenson, and the structure of an atom can all be organized spatially. It does not usually matter whether the speaker chooses to progress up or down, east or west, forward or back, as long as ideas are developed in a logical order.

spatial organization Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 96). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

arranges ideas according to their physical locations or directions. Speeches on such diverse subjects as the National Museum of the American Indian, the travels of Robert Louis Stevenson, and the structure of an atom can all be organized spatially. It does not usually matter whether the speaker chooses to progress up or down, east or west, forward or back, as long as ideas are developed in a logical order. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 96). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Primacy or Recency Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 98). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

can help you determine whether to put a main idea at the beginning or the end of your speech. You can use these principles to order your supporting material, too. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 98). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

nonverbal transition Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 103). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

can occur in several ways, sometimes alone and sometimes in combination with a verbal transition. A change in facial expression, a pause, an altered vocal pitch or speaking rate, and a movement all may indicate a transition.

primacy, Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

discuss your most important or convincing idea first. The beginning of your speech can be the most important position if your listeners are either unfamiliar with your topic or hostile toward your central idea. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

blueprint Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 71). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

for your speech by adding a preview of those main ideas to your central idea. An example of a blueprint is, "Toxic waste dumping is a major environmental problem in the United States today. It endangers animals and poisons the water that humans drink." Preview the ideas in the same order you plan to discuss them in the speech.

internal previews Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 101). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

introduce and outline ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 101). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

specific purpose 8

is a concise audience-centered statement of what your listeners should be able to do by the time you finish your speech.

central idea Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 69). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

is a one-sentence summary of your speech. The central idea (sometimes called the thesis statement), like the purpose statement, restates the speech topic. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 69). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

initial preview Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 101). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

is a statement of what the main ideas of the speech will be. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 101). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

introduce and outline ideas that will be developed as the speech progresses. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 101). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

is a verbal or nonverbal signal that a speaker has finished discussing one idea and is moving to another. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 101). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Complexity Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

is one way you can organize your main ideas. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Chronological organization Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

is organization by time or sequence; your steps are ordered according to when eachoccurred or should occur. Historical and how-to speeches are usually organized chronologically.

Standard outline form Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 107). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

lets you see at a glance the exact relationships among the various main ideas and supporting material in your speech. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 107). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

cause-and-effect organization Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 96). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

might first identify a situation and then discuss the effects that result from it (cause→effect). For example, a speaker might describe a recent drought and then discuss its effects. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 96). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

internal summary Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 103). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

occurs within the body of a speech; it restates the ideas that have been developed up to that point. You can use an internal summary after discussing two or three points, to keep those points fresh in the minds of the audience as the speech progresses. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 104). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 103). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

general purpose 8

of virtually any speech is either to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 68). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

a summary, Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 103). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

or recap of what has been said, provides your listeners with additional exposure to your ideas and can help ensure that they will grasp and remember your message. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 103). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

signposts Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 100). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

organizational cues for your audience's ears. Signposts include previews, transitions, and summaries. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 100). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

preview Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 101). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

preview is a statement of what is to come. Previews help to ensure that audience members will first anticipate and later remember the important points of a speech.

complexity, Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

progressing from the simple to the most complex. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

Soft evidence Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 1

rests on opinion Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 99). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

verbal transition Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 102). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 11

simply by repeating a key word from a previous statement or by using a synonym or a pronoun that refers to a prior key word or idea. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 102). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

recency, Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

the point discussed last is the one audiences will remember best. If your audience is at least somewhat knowledgeable about and generally favorable toward your topic and central idea, you should probably organize your main points according to recency. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 95). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

brainstorming 8

to generate ideas for speech topics.

Combine Multiple Patterns Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 97). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 8

you may use an overall cause-effect pattern, discussing a drought and then its effects. Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 97). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.

preparation outline Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 106). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition. 12

• central idea • main ideas • supporting material • the speech's specific purpose • introduction • conclusion • signposts • references (optional) Beebe, Steven A.. Concise Public Speaking Handbook, A (p. 106). Pearson Education. Kindle Edition.