Communications Exam 1

What doesn't feel threatened by unknown situations, uncertainty is normal part of life?

High Ambiguity Tolerant

Which power distributed only a few people?

High Power culture

What has great emphasis on context or the person, information shared between two and previous communications? Not necessarily stated verbally. Usually collective cultures.

High context culture

Which worldwide descriptor is usually assigned to a group by another group? It reflects power relationship. When an ethnic group is assumed to have biological bases, it is called a race.

Identity

In communication process, who is the person who is trying to convey the message? What is the act of understanding the message?

Receiver. Decoding

What is the payoff of interpersonal communication?

Relationship Building. Customer Service. Management (Imprecise and rash business communication frequently results in wasted time). Training. Conflict Resolution (Interpersonal communication is a key component of conflict management in organizations)

What is system of beliefs, rituals and ethics based on a common perception of the sacred and holy?

Religion

Which worldwide descriptor is described as unlike race and ethnicity, one can adopt new religious beliefs and change their economic status, thus changing the culture they belong to?

Religion and Socioeconomic status

What describes who we are? It is the center of our universe, frame of reference and personal reality. It affects how we communicate with others. It develops from 4 sources.

Self concept

In a nutshell: the self is at the heart of all interpersonal communications. Essential concepts for understanding the self are:

Self concept (image you have of yourself). Self awareness (extent you know yourself). Self esteem (extent you value yourself)

Gradually, the values and beliefs of the host culture become more a part of the immigrants culture, this is known as?

assimilation

What is the level of power/membership based on income, education, occupation and social habits?

social class

What is an example of small group communication?

A group planning a surprise birthday party for someone. A team working together on a project. A focus group discussing the pros and cons of a new product. A group therapy session.

What are 4 ways to increase accuracy of perception?

1. Analyze Impressions (logical analysis, critical thinking). 2. Check Perceptions (explore thoughts and feeling) 3. Reduce Uncertainty (asks others, observe in other contexts) 4. Increase Cultural Sensitivity (remindful of cultural differences)

What are 5 ways to increase your self awareness?

1. Ask yourself about yourself: "Who am I?" List strengths, weaknesses, and goals. 2.Listen to others: pay attention to verbal and nonverbal behavior. 3.Actively seek information about yourself: try to reduce your blind area. 4.See your different selves: we are seen differently by different people. 5.Increase your open self: self-disclosure can enhance self-awareness.

What are the three key principles of the perceptional process?

1. Attention and Selection (Needs-things we consciously or unconsciously feel we require to sustain us biologically or psychologically, Interests-Things that prompt our curiosity but are not essential to sustain us biologically and psychologically, and Expectations-Things we noticed because we are accustomed to noticing them.) 2. Organization (Making sense of selection. 2 parts: Simplification-the brain simplifies complex stimuli into a commonly recognized form. Ex: appearance of a well dressed woman/man is a successful business person. Pattern recognition-the brain organizes information according to patterns, fits something it already recognizes or knows. Ex: see people in same uniform marching, assume they are pledging fraternity or sorority) 3. Interpretation (Assigning meaning. 2 parts: Automatic processing/subconscious approach that draws on previous experiences to make sense and Conscious processing/occurs when you have never had this happen. Examine and think about the stimuli. Ex: first learning to drive, first kiss, dating)

Self-Esteem is the measure of how valuable you think you are. What are the 6 major areas of evaluation?

1. One's inherited endowments, including intelligence, physical characteristics, and natural abilities. 2.Feeling likable and lovable 3.Being a unique human being, of value, and worthy of respect 4.Feeling in control or responsible for one's life 5.Moral virtue or integrity 6.What one has achieved-one's skills, possessions, and successes.

What are 4 Barriers to the Grown and Development of Self Concept?

1. Physical Image (we are fat) 2. Intelligence (to young, lack wisdom) 3. The social self (not fitting in with the crowd) 4. The moral/ethical self (made to follow rigid and unreasonable rules)

What are the 6 inaccurate perceptions?

1. Selective Perception (pay attention to only what we expect to see or hear and ignoring what we don't expect. Ex: girlfriend flirting with friend) 2.Stereotyping (applying beliefs you have about the characteristics of a group to an individual whom you identify as a member of that group) 3.Halo Effects (perceive that a person has a entire set of related personality traits when only one trait has actually been observed) 4.Forced Consistency (we inaccurately interpret different perceptions of another person so that our interpretation of what we see remains consistent. Ex: don't like someone, assume the worse) 5.Projections (our tendency to assume that others are similar to us) 6.Fundamental Attribution Error (tendency to look for distortional causes internal to the person, biases your interpretation of his behavior and over attribute to our own negative behavior. Ex: I am really not this mean, but her selfishness makes me this way)

What are two ways people rationalize their inaccurate perceptions?

1. Self-fulfilling prophecies (events happen as a result of being foretold, expected or talked about, such as talking ourselves into success or failure) 2. Filtering Messages (tendency to attend to message that reinforce what we already think of our selves and to down play or not register message that contradict that image. Ex: Someone comments to you about a good job, and you ignore it or discount it by saying, "Anyone could have done that - it was nothing special." )

When needing to give feedback, such as when someone doesn't fully understand the effects of his/her actions, When someone is willing to change on her his/her own with some direction, or Helps diffuse a difficult situation, what are the 6 steps required?

1. Stop & Think (Use the stop & think step to calm down first if you are upset) 2. Ask to talk (Pick a good time, a private place, and be polite 3. Say Something Genuine 4.Explain without Blame (Stay away from "you" statements. Introduction: Tell other person what you want to talk about. Situation: Factual statement on what's going on. If you want to express opinions start with "It seems like...." Effects: Explain how it is affecting you. 5. Ask for Help(ask for help in understanding or solving the problem) 6. End on a Good Note

At the center of our quest to reduce uncertainty is our to need to predict how others behave. We do this by Attributions, or giving reasons to others behaviors. What are the 2 parts of this?

1. situational attribution (situation outside the control of the person) 2. dispositional attribution (behavior is under the control of the person)

What are the 2 ways attributions you make reduce your uncertainty about the other people's behavior?

1. you make an attribution, identifying a cause for the specific behavior you see in the immediate situation, you have a better idea about how to respond. 2. Attributions we make about people's behavior in the current interaction will inform how we expect them to have in the future.

Which worldwide descriptor is the social group that we relate to, our gender, sexual orientation, belief system, values and morals, help to develop the framework that gives structure to our cultural being?

Age

What are some Barriers to Effective Intercultural Communications?

Anxiety (recognize we are different). Assumed Similarity or Differences (assumptions). Ethnocentrism (own culture is superior to others). Stereotyping (perceptual shortcut/assume everyone in group is the same). Incompatible Communication Codes (misunderstand). Incompatible Norms and Values (i.e. Diets/other countries)

What are some suggestions for increasing self-esteem?

Attack Self-Destructive Beliefs. Seek Out Nourishing People. Beware the Imposter Phenomenon (see yourself as fake and don't think you deserve to be successful). Work On Projects That Will Result In Success. Remind Yourself of Your Successes. Secure Affirmation (positive statements about yourself)

What are some examples of receiver barriers in both attitude and understanding?

Attitude of Receiver: people will only get a message when they are ready to be a receiver, motivated to listen. Understanding: preconceived ideas, prejudice, previous experience. Acceptance occurs when they are convinced and agree on content

What are some examples of sender barriers in both attitude and message?

Attitude: Negative attitudes ( biases, prejudices) can affect the impact of the message. Message: Messages are difficult to understand when they lack clarity, are ambiguous, loaded with to much info, or lack info.

With noise barrier in the middle, what is the communication process?

Channel --> sender-->message (encoding) Channel-->receiver-->feedback (decoding)

What are cultures exist side by side with the dominant culture and comprised by small numbers of people who hold common values, attitude and beliefs/ differ from dominant culture?

Co-culture

Self-Esteem includes: Cognitive self-esteem, Affective self-esteem and Behavioral self-esteem. Explain each one

Cognitive self-esteem refers to your thinking about your strengths and weaknesses, about who you are versus who you'd like to be. Affective self-esteem refers to your feelings about yourself in light of your analysis of your strengths and weaknesses. Behavioral self-esteem refers to verbal and nonverbal behaviors such as your disclosures, your assertiveness, your conflict strategies, and your gestures.

What values community, collaboration, shared interest, harmony, the public good, and avoiding embarrassment?

Collective Culture

What are some gender communication tips?

Do not assume you understand what your colleague means. You need to interpret what they are saying. You don't have to change who you are, only how you talk. When you feel insulted or slighted, your first assumption needs to be that there was a miscommunication. Ask them to repeat what they said, using different words than they used the first time. If you still feel insulted, ask them, "Are you saying......?". You are not good at mind-reading. Ask them.

What is learned system of values, beliefs, attitudes and orientation held by the majority of people?

Dominant culture

What view of culture is evolved from Homo sapiens, cultures also evolved? Some cultures may be considered advanced and others primitive. Buys into Ethnocentrism.

Cultural Evolution/ Social Dawism

What is the system of shared beliefs; values, customs, behaviors, and artifacts that the members of society embrace? It helps to shape and influence our perceptions and behaviors.

Culture

What view of culture holds that all cultures are different but that no culture is either superior or inferior to any other?

Culture relativism

What are Principles for Effective Intercultural Communication?

Educate Yourself (understand & anticipate culture shock). Recognize Differences. Differences between yourself and the culturally different (values, beliefs, dress and etc.). Differences within the culturally different group. Differences in meaning. Differences in dialect and accent (dialect variations in language manly in grammar and semantics, southern/northern. accents are differences in pronunciation) Confront Your Stereotypes. Reduce Your Ethnocentrism (understand ethnocentrism exists on a continuum. Where do you stand?). Adjust Your Communication (recognize each culture has its own rules)

What kind of competent communicator follows the morals and codes of conduct within a society? It is how a person behaves and how they treat others. They are honest and truthful. They keep confidences and are cautious about spreading gossip. They consider the needs, rights, and feelings of other people.

Ethical

Which world wide descriptor refers to cultural factors, including nationality, regional culture, ancestry, and language? You can have more than one, but you are said to have one race, even if it's "mixed race".

Ethnicity. Ex: John is black but is Jamaican. Black is his race and Jamaican is his ethnicity.

What is is the tendency of people to put their own culture at the center, and to use their cultural standards to judge the behavior and beliefs of people of different cultures?

Ethnocentrism

Which locus of control (Victimization or Personal Power) describes luck, chance and other people are responsible for the things that happen to us? We have no power or control over what rewards or consequences occur in our lives.

Exterior

What are the 4 sides to every message?

Factual content (contains some form of info, portrayal of facts from the point of view of the sender). Appeal (influence the other person). Relationship (sentiments for each other. i.e. tone, voice, gestures other nonverbal signals). Self reflection (info on the sender, possible how the sender views/him or her self/how the like to be viewed)

True or false: Communication is a one-way street

False. It is a two-way street because it involves an exchange.

In communication process, what is a response from the receiver indicating whether a message has been received in its intended form (verbal or non)?

Feedback

What values modesty, concern for relationships and quality of life?

Feminine culture

Within Sender & Receiver roles, what are the communication skills, beliefs, attitudes and values; general knowledge and information; your social system; our cultures called? This highly influences communication process.

Frame of Reference

What is socially constructed roles that a given society considers appropriate for men and women? Refers to the socially constructed roles, behaviors, activities, and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men and women.

Gender (masculine and feminine)

What is the time period which we were born and raised have strong influence on our values and beliefs?

Generation

What are a few good masculine reminders?

Helpful to avoid sarcasm with women. Helpful to offer supportive feedback frequently. Helpful to be authentic and willing to occasionally share personal information

What values personal rights and responsibilities, privacy, voting ones opinion, freedom, innovation and self expression?

Individual culture

What is gratification of desires; focus on having fun and enjoying life? (research shows more happy with life controls and leisure)

Indulgence

Which locus of control (Victimization or Personal Power) describes us being responsible for own actions and that the results accomplished or rewards receive can be attributed to behavior choices?

Interior

What is communication between two people but can involve more in informal conversations? Through this kind of communication we maintain relationships. Can also be defined as the process by which people share ideas, experiences, knowledge and feelings through the transmission of symbolic messages.

Interpersonal

What is communication that occurs in your own mind? It is "self-talk" which is the inner speech or mental conversations that we carry on with ourselves. It is the basis of your feelings, biases, prejudices, and beliefs

Intrapersonal

In communication process, who is the actual information that is trying to be communicated (This can be done verbally or nonverbally)? What is the medium by which the message is being delivered?

Message. Channel

What are the 6 interpersonal communications axioms?

Involves Interdependent Individuals (2 individuals. One person has an impact on the other person) Inherently Relational (Takes place in a relationship. Defines the relationship. You communicate to determine in great part by the kind of relationship that exist between you and the other person. i.e. React differently with instructor vs. best friend) Exists on a Continuum (Ranges from impersonal to highly personal. At impersonal end of the spectrum you have simple conversations between people who really don't know you. At highly personal end is the communicate which is intimate. Ie. On impersonal side, individuals are likely to respond according to the role they are playing, little emotional content) Takes plans in varied Forms (Online, face to face, emails, texts, Skype, etc.) Involves Choices (Interpersonal messages that you communicate are the result of the choices you make. i.e. what you say nonverbally or verbally) Involves both verbal & nonverbal (90% nonverbal communications)

What are some examples of noises leading to barriers in sender-receiver relationships?

Language (speak different languages). Values/Beliefs (both cultural & religious background differs). Sex/Gender & Age (men & women differ values/ generation gaps). Economic & Educational Status. Environment. Timing

What orientation promotes the importance of future rewards? Save for the future

Long Term

What does much to avoid uncertainty?

Low Ambiguity Tolerant

Which power distributed more evenly. ( a feeling of equality)?

Low Power culture

What is most stated explicitly in verbal messages, formal transactions, contracts?

Low context culture

What values aggressive-ness, material success and strength?

Masculine culture

What communication is the electronic or print transmission of messages to the general public?

Mass

What can be affected by the content(words we choose), the elements (verbal and nonverbal)? Use of different languages and difficulty in understanding each other.

Message

Research suggests that our self-esteem interacts with three important interpersonal needs that affect how we communicate with other people. What are they?

Need for control (motivates us to achieve and maintain some level of influence in our relationships. We need to have some say in what happens. When we feel that we have no control, we are often less satisfied with those relationships. Research suggests that people with higher self-esteem tend to feel more control of their lives) need for inclusion (need to belong. We need to be included in the activities of others, and to have positive human contact. When our need for inclusion is not met, research shows that people can experience mental and physical distress. People with higher self-esteem tend to be more outgoing, thus, are perhaps more motivated to seek out relationships that fulfill their need for inclusion. For example, they might be more willing to join groups or sports teams in an effort to meet other people. This is not to say that people don't need their down time - everyone needs solitude every once in a while.) need for affection (people in our lives who love and appreciate us and express their affection toward us. We also have a need to give love and intimacy to others. Research has shown that the more affection people give and receive, the healthier and happier they are. This relates to self-esteem in that people with higher self-esteem tend to be more expressive of affection than those with lower self-esteem.)

Which channel is any interference in the communication process, can be physical or psychological? For example, being tired or hungry can affect the receivers listening ability.

Noise

What communication involves a speaker who seeks to inform, persuade or motivate an audience?

One-to-group

Self-Awareness is the extent to which you know yourself. The Johari Window provides insight into self-awareness. What are the 4 shelves?

Open self (information about yourself that you and others know) Blind self (information about yourself that you don't know but that others do know) Hidden self (information about yourself that you know but others don't know) Unknown self (information about yourself that neither you nor others know.)

What is an example of mass communication?

Outlets called MASS MEDIA include things like radio, television, film, and printed materials designed to reach large audiences. A television commercial. A magazine article. Hearing a song on the radio. Books, Newspapers, Billboards. The key is that you are reaching a large amount of people without it being face to face. Feedback is generally delayed with mass communication.

What is the process of selectively attending to information that we receive through our senses and assigning meaning to it? It forms our understanding of what for us is real and untrue to us.

Perception

What are the 2 reasons to study interpersonal communication?

Personal Success (success and happiness depend largely on your effectiveness as interpersonal communicator). Professional Success (study found that among the top 23 attributes/ Interpersonal/communication skills)

What did The Clark Doll Experiment (1939) help in the Brown v. Board of education?

Persuade the American Supreme Court that "separate but equal" schools for blacks and whites were anything but equal in practice and therefore against the law. It was the beginning of the end of Jim Crow.

What are some examples of noise/ barriers?

Physical (external noise). Physiological. Psychological. Semantic (ambiguity in words)

We form our perceptions about others in something called the Impression Formation. What are the 3 parts of this?

Physical Appearance. Implicit Personality theory (belief that 2 or more personal traits go together. Ex: meet someone multi language - assume intelligence). Assumed Similarity (thinking that others who share one characteristic with you also share others. Someone shares your faith, you assume that he/she doesn't cheat on exams)

What are some examples of context?

Physical dimension/environment, size of space, temperature. Temporal dimension/time of day, timing after incidents. Social psychological dimension/status relationship, roles. Cultural dimension/cultural beliefs, different rules

What kind of people use their stereotypes to make assumptions about a way a group will act, and then valid the stereotype by looking for behaviors that can support the stereotype?

Prejudice

Which worldwide descriptor refers to a person's physical characteristics, such as bone structure and skin, hair, or eye color?

Race

Who receives the message over 1 or more perception channels? Decodes and interprets, classifies and adopt message in order to understand. Acknowledge receipt of message

Receiver

Who has a message they want to communicate? Codes message/thoughts feelings into words, sounds or written character, nonverbal. And sends in a way that partner receives it--Code switch ( text, tweet). Competency helps

Sender

What are some communication tips for the sender, message, channels, receiver, feedback, and context?

Sender (have credibility, know your audience). Message (consider message itself, written, oral and nonverbal communications are affected by tone, method of organization, messages have intellectual and emotional components) Channels (face to face , telephone, video conferencing written, memos which would work best in this setting) Receiver (consider receivers biases, attitudes and thoughts) Feedback (pay close attention to verbal and nonverbal) Context (Timing, surrounding and text)

In communication process, who is the person who initiates the message? What is the process called of trying to deliver information message?

Sender. Encoding

What is biological and physiological characteristics, defined by genes, that define men and women?

Sex (female and male)

What orientation live for the day, want quick results?

Short term

What kind of communication is communication within formal or informal groups or teams? It is group interaction that results in decision making, problem solving and discussion within an organization.

Small group

Channels used in communicating process involve one or more of our five senses: hearing, seeing, touching/feeling, smelling and tasting. What are some examples of channels?

Speaking. Writing. Video transmission. Electronic transmission. Audio Transmission. Electronic transmission/email. Text. Nonverbal ( body language)

What is is an exaggerated belief, image or distorted truth about a person or group of people?

Stereotype

What was an experiment done by Dr Kenneth Clark and his wife Mamie where they asked black children to choose between a black doll and a white doll? The dolls were the same except for their skin color but most thought the white doll was nicer.

The Clark Doll Experiment (1939)

What are a few good feminine reminders?

The masculine may see asking for input indirectly as submitting and wimpy thus showing a lack of confidence. You do not have to change what you are doing, just be aware of the assumptions he could be making. Remind masculine to listen rather than fix. Helpful to remember that healthy assertion of authority is necessary with some people. Helpful to say to men, "Please don't interrupt me." Helpful to not let men interrupt you. Helpful to jump in early and make suggestions when talking with men, if you want to be seen as an equal. Helpful to remember that not sharing personal information is the norm for most men and not something personally directed toward you. Likewise, many men don't understand why you are share so much personal information

What is communication?

The process of creating and exchanging of information. constantly moves and changes. Involves thoughts, ideas, and understandings shared by the communicators.

According to Harry Stack Sullivan (1953), what is the strongest desire by humans? How is this accomplished?

To be understood or in agreement with. Only accomplished through interpersonal communications (Meeting the need to be understood is accomplished only through effective communication processes)

What are the functions of communication?

To meet Needs. To enhance our sense of self. To develop relationships. To fulfill social obligations. To exchange information. To influence others

True or False: People who are ethnocentric believe their cultural beliefs are morally correct and others are morally questionable.

True

When we perceive others, we do so with goal of reducing our uncertainty about them. What is a way to explain how individuals monitor their social environment to know more about themselves and others?

Uncertainty reduction theory

What are 4 good ways to Balance Your Approach to Effective Communication?

Understand the motivation behind the behavior. Recognize your own communication style and bias. Be respectful and open to the other person's communication style and values. Work on compromise to bring out the strengths of the communication style

What are some examples of feedback?

Verbal & nonverbal reactions to message communicated. Forward feedback/table of contents or give preview of message, "you better sit down for this.."

What are 11 additional communication axioms?

We cannot NOT communicate (everything we say and do sends a message. Communication can be intentional or unintentional (messages can be planned and sent on purpose or they can be unplanned). Communication is circular (goes back and forth). Communications is transactional (transmitted through interaction). Communication is dynamic (each personal brings his/own personality in the process) Communication is unrepeatable (no communication is ever twice the same). Communication is irreversible (communication messages cannot be erased). Communication is an evolution of meaning (meanings are in people not words). Communication is complex (because humans are involved). More communication is not always better (sometimes not saying anything is better because we say to much) Communication will not solve all problems (difference in values exists)

What is an example of one-to-group communication?

a teacher and a class of students. A preacher and a congregation. A speaker and an assembly of people in the auditorium.

What process of learning culture is your original or native culture is modified though direct contact with other exposure to a new and different host culture? Immigrants settle in U.S. and their culture is influenced by U.S. culture.

acculturation

Accuracy of our self concept & self esteem depends on what?

accuracy of our own perceptions and how we process the reactions and responses of others. (You can be talented but not believe in yourself to do the role, task and ect).

Culture is transmitted from generation to generation through learning, a process known as what? We learn our ethnic identity through this (the adoption of beliefs customs and culture)

enculturation

What prevents us from becoming culturally competent and responsive to others who share differing culturalbeliefs, traditions, practices, and affiliations?

ethnocentrism

Our frame of reference can also be referred to as our what? We create from our awareness of objects and events as perceived from the senses.

perceptual framework

First impressions are enduring because of the what? Which leads us to place more value on the first information we receive about a person. So if we interpret the first information we receive from or about a person as positive, then a positive first impression will form and influence how we respond to that person as the interactioncontinues.

primacy effect

What leads us to put more weight on the most recent impression we have of a person's communication over earlier impressions? Even a positive first impression can be tarnished by a negative finalimpression.

recency effect

What is curb gratification, great value on thrift, life is more rigid?

restraint

What are examples of interpersonal communication?

when you are talking to your friends. A teacher and student discussing an assignment. A patient and a doctor discussing a treatment. A manager and a potential employee during an interview. Any one on one or informal communication.

What are examples of intrapersonal communication?

when you make any kind of decision -what to eat or wear. When you think about something -what you want to do on the weekend or when you think about another person. You can also communicate with yourself when you put things down on paper (calendar, to-do list, planner, notes, our writing warm-up)