CommunicationUnit6

A salesperson lying about the effectiveness of his product would be an example of which of the following?

. unethical persuasion

"Nurses are just as important as doctors in the healthcare system" would be best identified as which of the following?

A proposition of value

Define the following fallacies and explain why they are important to avoid: ad hominem, reductio ad absurdum, post hoc ergo propter hoc, red herring, and hasty generalization. Response should be 1 paragraph

Ad hominem is the fallacy of attacking the speaker rather than the contents of the speech. This is important not to do because it weakens ones own arguement and distracts from the real information. Reductio ad absurdum is the fallacy of stretching out an arguement and as a result making it look ridiculious. This is important because it can create inaccurate statements.Post hov ergo propter hoc is the fallacy that one event causes another because things happen sequentially. This is important because not all events are linked together.Red herring is shifting the focus to a tangential subject. This is important because it changes the subject completely. Hasty generalization is reaching an unjustifiable conclusion after making assumptions. This is important because you can leave the speech or argument with inaccurate information.

In a persuasive presentation, the ____________ best represents the listener's point of view before the speech.

Anchor

____________ is the audience's perception of two factors: enthusiasm and likeability.

Charisma

What is the major difference between coercion and persuasion?

Coercion is forcing someone to agree with you. This can be through violence and threats. Persuasion does not involve threats. It is simply motivating someone to change their opinion.

____________ refers to the speaker's expertise on a topic.

Competence

____________ refers to the believability of a speaker.

Credibility

During a presentation to blue-collar workers, a speaker says, "We're all just working stiffs." Which of the following techniques is this?

Establishing common ground

Which of the following best summarizes the difference between ethical and unethical persuasion?

Ethical persuasion is communication guided by the best interests of the audience that does not intentionally mislead or lie, while unethical persuasion misleads or lies to the audience for personal gain.

Which of the following is an unethical practice in persuasive speaking?

Persuading someone for your own benefit.

____________ is the process of motivating someone, through communication, to change a particular belief, attitude, or behavior

Persuasion

Two people engaged in a debate in which both parties are trying to persuade one another to come around to their way of thinking would best exemplify which characteristic of persuasion? a. Persuasion is usually incremental. b. Persuasion is not coercive. c. Persuasion is interactive. d. Persuasion can be ethical. e. Persuasion can be coercive.

Persuasion is interactive.

Explain two reasons why speakers should try to establish common ground with their audience.

Speakers need to establish common ground with their audience because the audience needs to trust the speaker and if they have common ground with the speaker they will be more engaged.

____________ credibility is acquired after a speaker has finished a speech.

Terminal

You are giving a speech about bed bugs. You point out that bed bugs are a common pest that can be found almost anywhere. You have found a variety of sources for your speech including a bed bug registry website where people can report seeing bed bugs in hotels, an encyclopedia entry on bed bugs, a blog containing pictures and personal testimony about an experience with bed bugs, a scientific study on the conditions under which bed bugs thrive, and a psychological study concerning the way that people are conditioned to respond to the sight of bugs in their bed. Which of these is the most credible source to support your point? Why?

The scientific study on the conditions under which bed bugs thrive would be the most credible souce to back up the point that bed bugs can be found almost anywhere. The bed bug registry site and the blog would have been inaccurate because people could have lied. The encylcopedia entry and the psychological study are good sources but they do not have information that supports the claim.

Define social judgment theory.

The social judgment theory is the idea that someones opinion will only change in small increments and only when the person compares their own opinion to the one being presented.

Identify and define the three C's of credibility. Why are they important? Response should be 1 complete paragraph.

The three C's of credibility are competence, character, and charisma. Competence is important because if you are not an expert on your subject your audience can tell. The audience has no reason to listen to a speech where the speaker does not know the material. Character is the second important characteristic of credibility. Your audience needs to know that you have opinions and bias too. They need to understand that your are honest. The last c is charisma. It is important to be a likable speaker so that your audience is engaged in your speech.

Compare and contrast the three different types of propositions in persuasive speaking, using different examples of each. Response should be one complete paragraph.

The three types of propositions in persuasive speaking are propositions of facts, propositions of value, and proposition of policy. Propositions of fact can not be solved with a yes or no answer. It is a claim bearing on an issue in which there are two or more sides of conflicting factual evidence. For example solar power is/isn't a costly way to create energy. Proposition of value is a claim bearing on an issue involving the worth of some idea, person, or object. Male athletes are/ are not/ are equally as important as female athletes is an example of this. Propositions of policy is a claim bearing on an issue that involves adopting or rejecting a specific course or action. For example,marijuana should/ should not be legalized in the state of Idaho.

Which of the following best describes the difference between actuating and convincing an audience?

While actuating an audience motivates listeners to change a behavior or perform a specific task, convincing an audience motivates listeners to change their point of view.

ad hominem fallacy

a fallacious argument that attacks the integrity of a person to weaken his or her position

false cause (Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc)

a post hoc fallacy is an assumption that one event causes another because they occur sequentially

"Citizens should have the option to vote online from the comfort of their own homes" is an example of which of the following?

a proposition of policy

During the presidential elections, candidates are often vying for the attention of a small portion of the audience that are more likely to change their vote, called swing voters. Swing voters are an example of which of the following?

a target audience

Which of the following best summarizes the difference between indirect and direct persuasion? a. A speaker using direct persuasion will make his purpose clear, usually stating it outright, while a speaker using indirect persuasion will disguise or de-emphasizes his purpose. b. Direct persuasion is always more effective than indirect persuasion. c. Indirect persuasion is always unethical, while direct persuasion is always ethical. d. Direct persuasion is always unethical, while indirect persuasion is always ethical. e. A speaker using direct persuasion does his best to disguise or de-emphasize his purpose, while a speaker using indirect persuasion will make his purpose clear.

a. A speaker using direct persuasion will make his purpose clear, usually stating it outright, while a speaker using indirect persuasion will disguise or de-emphasizes his purpose.

fallacy

an error in logic

argument

an exchange of diverging or opposite views, typically a heated or angry one

behavior

an intentional action; it can be verbal or physical but it involves actually doing something; for example, signing a petition, making a phone call, volunteering at a homeless shelter

Monroe's Motivated Sequence (MMS)

an organizational pattern that attempts to convince the audience to respond to a need that is delineated in the speech (Monroe, 1949)

anchors

attitudes already held by a listener.

demographics

audience characteristics that can be analyzed statistically, such as age, gender, education, and group membership

Which of the following best demonstrates the difference between a proposition of value and a proposition of policy? a. Propositions of policy go one step beyond propositions of value and explore the worth of an idea, person, or object. b. Propositions of policy go one step beyond propositions of value and recommend a specific course of action. c. Propositions of policy go one step beyond propositions of value and ask listeners to choose the truth for themselves. d. Propositions of value go one step beyond propositions of policy and ask listeners to choose the truth for themselves. e. Propositions of value go one step beyond propositions of policy and recommend a specific course of action.

b

Two people engaged in a debate in which both parties are trying to persuade one another to come around to their way of thinking would best exemplify which characteristic of persuasion? a. Persuasion is not coercive. b. Persuasion is interactive. c. Persuasion is usually incremental. d. Persuasion can be ethical. e. Persuasion can be coercive.

b. Persuasion is interactive.

Which of the following best summarizes the difference between indirect and direct persuasion? a. A speaker using direct persuasion does his best to disguise or de-emphasize his purpose, while a speaker using indirect persuasion will make his purpose clear. b. Direct persuasion is always unethical, while indirect persuasion is always ethical. c. A speaker using direct persuasion will make his purpose clear, usually stating it outright, while a speaker using indirect persuasion will disguise or de-emphasizes his purpose. d. Direct persuasion is always more effective than indirect persuasion. e. Indirect persuasion is always unethical, while direct persuasion is always ethical.

c. A speaker using direct persuasion will make his purpose clear, usually stating it outright, while a speaker using indirect persuasion will disguise or de-emphasizes his purpose.

convincing:

changing the way a person thinks

A parent who threatens his or her child with a spanking to get him to clean his room would be an example of ____________.

coercion

Changing the way an audience thinks refers to ____________.

convincing

Which of the following best demonstrates the difference between a proposition of value and a proposition of policy? a. Propositions of policy go one step beyond propositions of value and ask listeners to choose the truth for themselves. b. Propositions of value go one step beyond propositions of policy and recommend a specific course of action. c. Propositions of value go one step beyond propositions of policy and ask listeners to choose the truth for themselves. d. Propositions of policy go one step beyond propositions of value and recommend a specific course of action. e. Propositions of policy go one step beyond propositions of value and explore the worth of an idea, person, or object.

d. Propositions of policy go one step beyond propositions of value and recommend a specific course of action.

value

deeply rooted belief about a concept's inherent worth

A motivational speaker who asks the audience "If you want to improve your life today" is doing which of the following?

developing a "yes" response

A speaker who makes his or her purpose clear, usually by stating it outright in the speech, is using ____________.

direct persuasion

indirect persuasion:

disguising the purpose of a speech

emotional evidence

evidence that arouse the sentiments of an audience

Listeners are required to determine the truth when there is a proposition of ____________.

fact

bandwagon

faulty reasoning based on the notion that because a lot of people are in favor of an idea, you should, too

appeal to authority

faulty reasoning that tries to support a belief by relying on the testimony of someone who is not an authority on the issue at hand

attitude

favorable or unfavorable feelings about an idea, person or thing

coercion:

forcing someone to agree with you

A speaker's character is determined by the audience's perception of two qualities: ____________ and ____________.

honesty; impartiality

character

how well an audience trusts the speaker, the speaker shows both honesty and impartiality

Successful persuasion is usually ____________ because attitudes do not normally change instantly or dramatically.

incremental

proposition of fact:

issues in where there are two or more sides about conflicting information

proposition of value:

issues that explore the worth of an idea, person or object

proposition of policy:

issues that involve adopting or rejecting a specific course of action

People who care very strongly about a particular point of view are said to have a very narrow ____________.

latitude of noncommitment

evidence

material used to prove a point, such as testimony, statistics, and examples

actuating:

moving members of an audience toward a specific behavior

A speaker who is worried about the disposition of his audience and uses humor to diffuse the situation is most likely attempting to do what?

neutralize potential hostility

Three latitudes discussed in social judgment theory are the latitude of acceptance, rejection, and ____________.

noncommitment

"Tobacco companies should be abolished" is an example of a proposition of ____________.

policy

A fallacy that unfairly attacks an argument by extending it to ridiculous lengths is ____________.

reductio ad absurdum

either - or fallacy

setting up false alternatives suggesting that the inferior one must be rejected while the superior one has to be accepted

competence

speaker's expertise on the topic

direct persuasion:

stating the purpose of the speech clearly

reduction to the absurd

stretching out an argument through attacks so that the argument ends up looking ridiculous

A(n) ____________ is the subgroup you must persuade to reach your goal.

target audience

Persuasion

the act of motivating a listener through communication, to change a particular belief, attitude, value, or behavior

credibility

the believability of a speaker or other source of information

target audience

the part of an audience that must be influenced in order to achieve a persuasive goal

Social Judgment Theory:

theory that opinions will change only in small increments and only when audience members compare these with opinions that they already hold

proposition:

type of thesis statement for a persuasive speech

belief

underlying conviction about the truth of an idea, often based on cultural training

"California is the best place to live" is an example of a proposition of ____________.

value