Community Final Exam (PRACTICE QUESTIONS) 🙏🫂

A home health nurse enters a client's residence and observes expired medications, pill bottles with different labels, and confusion about administration. What is the most appropriate nursing action? A. Report the situation to the local pharmacy B. Immediately dispose of all expired medications C. Perform a medication reconciliation and provide education D. Call the family and ask them to manage medications instead

✅ Correct Answer: C. Perform a medication reconciliation and provide education Rationale: Reconciliation and education help ensure safe and accurate medication use at home.

Which student would most benefit from a 504 plan? A. A student who needs physical therapy to walk again B. A student recovering from a temporary illness C. A student who wears glasses but otherwise has no academic difficulties D. A student with diabetes requiring accommodations during school hours

✅ Correct Answer: D Rationale: 504 plans are for students needing accommodations (like blood sugar checks or bathroom breaks) due to chronic conditions.

A hospice nurse explains that services are provided for up to how long after a loved one's death? A. 48 hours B. 1 week C. 3 months D. 12 months

✅ Correct Answer: D Rationale: Hospice provides bereavement support to families for up to 1 year after death.

Which of the following demonstrates secondary prevention in the context of communicable disease? A. Advocating for food safety laws B. Administering hepatitis B vaccine C. Teaching safe needle disposal D. Conducting TB screening in a homeless shelter

✅ Correct Answer: D Rationale: TB screening is early detection—secondary prevention.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are examples of primary prevention strategies in public health? A. Providing vaccines to prevent disease B. Educating the public on healthy eating habits C. Performing routine colonoscopy screenings D. Administering medication for hypertension management E. Rehabilitative therapy for stroke patients

✅ Correct Answers: A, B Rationale: Primary prevention focuses on preventing disease before it starts. Screening and treatment fall under secondary and tertiary prevention.

(Select all that apply) A school nurse is reviewing immunization records. Which of the following students require immediate follow-up? A. A 6-year-old who missed the second MMR dose B. A 13-year-old who has not received a Tdap booster C. A 16-year-old without documentation of meningococcal vaccine D. A 5-year-old whose parents signed a religious exemption E. An 11-year-old who received Hep B series as an infant

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, C Rationale: These students are behind on required vaccines. Exemptions may be permitted depending on state law; infant Hep B is complete.

(Select all that apply) Which actions demonstrate culturally competent care in community health nursing? A. Asking about the client's health beliefs before teaching B. Using a certified interpreter for a non-English speaking client C. Encouraging clients to abandon traditional remedies D. Incorporating cultural foods in dietary education E. Making assumptions based on race or ethnicity

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, D Rationale: Cultural competence involves respect, language access, and culturally relevant education.

(Select all that apply) Which activities are commonly part of the school nurse's role? A. Vision and hearing screenings B. Administering insulin to a student with diabetes C. Writing prescriptions for asthma medications D. Conducting lice checks E. Providing psychotherapy sessions

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, D Rationale: School nurses perform screenings, medication administration, and communicable disease control, but not diagnosis or psychotherapy.

(Select all that apply) Which are appropriate interventions for a community health nurse addressing lead exposure in a low-income housing complex? A. Providing education on wet cleaning to reduce dust B. Recommending removal of old paint from walls C. Encouraging use of water from hot faucets for cooking D. Advocating for lead testing in children under age 6 E. Suggesting the use of dry sweeping to manage debris

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, D Rationale: Hot water and dry sweeping increase exposure. Early detection and lead-safe practices are key.

Which principle is central to environmental justice? A. Everyone should receive free vaccinations B. Communities should be equally protected from environmental hazards C. Medical services must be distributed based on individual health needs D. Private well testing should be covered by insurance

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Environmental justice aims to ensure no population bears a disproportionate burden of environmental risks.

A nurse is promoting lead exposure prevention in an older housing complex. Which is the most appropriate first step? A. Recommend vitamin C supplements B. Test paint and water for lead levels C. Provide monthly blood pressure checks D. Distribute emergency contraception

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Environmental testing is key to identifying sources of lead exposure.

Which tool would best assess a family's structure, function, and interaction patterns in community health? A. GCS B. Genogram and Ecomap C. PHQ-9 D. Denver Developmental Screening

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Genograms show family relationships; Ecomaps show external systems and supports.

The term "herd immunity" refers to: A. Passive immunity provided by immunoglobulin injection B. Community resistance due to a high proportion of vaccinated individuals C. Immunity acquired after recovering from an illness D. Infection control via quarantine of symptomatic individuals

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Herd immunity protects the entire population when enough people are immune.

Which of the following conditions would qualify a patient for hospice services under Medicare guidelines? A. Uncontrolled hypertension with mild complications B. End-stage heart failure with life expectancy <6 months C. Newly diagnosed Alzheimer's disease with no comorbidities D. Unstable angina in a patient seeking further treatment

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Hospice requires terminal diagnosis with prognosis of <6 months and no curative intent.

Which term describes the number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific time period? A. Prevalence B. Incidence C. Morbidity D. Risk ratio

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Incidence = new cases. Prevalence includes all (new + existing) cases.

Which infectious disease stage describes the period between exposure and symptom onset? A. Latent B. Incubation C. Communicable D. Symptomatic

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Incubation is the time between exposure and symptom onset.

Which finding should be prioritized by a school nurse during a head lice screening? A. Complaints of scalp itchiness B. Presence of live lice and nits close to the scalp C. Red bumps behind the ear D. Clean, combed hair with occasional scratching

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Live lice and visible nits indicate active infestation requiring prompt intervention.

Which public health framework focuses on improving individual behaviors to create population-level change? A. Social-Ecological Model B. Milio's Framework C. Health Belief Model D. Nightingale's Environmental Theory

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Milio's Framework links personal behavior to societal and policy-level structures.

What is the nurse's primary role during an outbreak investigation in the community? A. Delivering medications to all affected households B. Conducting surveillance and reporting cases C. Filing policy documents with the state D. Lobbying legislators to restrict travel

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Nurses play a critical role in surveillance and case reporting to public health authorities.

Which concept reflects Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory? A. Health is defined by personal relationships and cultural values B. Care is provided when individuals cannot meet their own health needs C. Population-level education drives long-term behavior change D. Health disparities are best solved with policy reform

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Orem's theory emphasizes nursing care when self-care is not possible.

A nurse providing education to a family with private well water should recommend: A. Treating water with chlorine tablets every year B. Having the water professionally tested at least annually C. Relying on visual inspection of water clarity D. Using hot water for drinking and cooking

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Private wells are unregulated, and families are responsible for annual water quality testing.

During a community health fair, a nurse conducts cholesterol screenings and refers high-risk individuals to local clinics. This is an example of: A. Primary prevention B. Secondary prevention C. Tertiary prevention D. Quaternary prevention

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Screening identifies disease early to allow for prompt treatment—secondary prevention.

What is the main role of the CDC in U.S. public health? A. Fund all state Medicaid programs B. Conduct disease surveillance and outbreak investigation C. Approve prescription medications for national use D. Provide direct medical services to rural communities

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: The CDC focuses on tracking, preventing, and responding to disease threats.

In the epidemiologic triangle, what is an example of an agent? A. Crowded living conditions B. Staphylococcus aureus C. Lack of hand hygiene D. Elderly population

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: The agent is the pathogen; host and environment are the other two components.

A public health nurse is applying the Transtheoretical Model to smoking cessation. A person in the "preparation" stage would most likely say: A. "I'm not ready to quit anytime soon." B. "I've set a quit date and bought nicotine patches." C. "I quit two months ago and feel great." D. "I don't think smoking is really that harmful."

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: The preparation stage involves intent to take action soon, often within 30 days.

Which role best describes the nurse working in a School-Based Health Center (SBHC)? A. Assisting students with homework after school B. Providing immunizations and primary care services C. Referring students to community health fairs D. Monitoring playground activity for safety violations

✅ Correct Answer: B. Providing immunizations and primary care services Rationale: SBHCs provide comprehensive primary care, including immunizations and health screenings.

Which of the following interventions aligns most closely with the Public Health Core Function of Assurance? A. Conducting a windshield survey to identify community needs B. Advocating for legislative change to improve air quality C. Ensuring the local health department provides STI treatment services D. Distributing pamphlets on diabetes prevention at a grocery store

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: "Assurance" means ensuring services are available and accessible to meet community needs.

Which of the following best describes the purpose of a community health assessment? A. To diagnose individual patient needs B. To develop staffing schedules C. To identify the needs and assets of a population D. To evaluate nurse competencies

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: A community health assessment is used to identify population needs and available resources.

A nurse is conducting disease surveillance in a local health department. Which of the following best demonstrates active surveillance? A. Reviewing hospital discharge data for reportable conditions B. Waiting for school nurses to report measles cases C. Contacting providers directly to collect data on influenza cases D. Accessing public CDC dashboards for case counts

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Active surveillance involves directly seeking information rather than passively receiving reports.

Which of the following is the most appropriate public health nursing response to high rates of asthma in a low-income urban school? A. Promote use of allergy medications B. Educate only the affected students C. Collaborate with local housing authorities to reduce indoor triggers D. Limit outdoor playtime during the spring

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Addressing housing and environmental triggers is an upstream solution to asthma disparities.

A nurse observes increased domestic violence reports in a low-income neighborhood. What is the best upstream public health intervention? A. Provide free first aid kits B. Open a shelter for survivors C. Advocate for local housing and employment programs D. Distribute emergency contraception

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Addressing root causes like housing and job insecurity is an upstream strategy.

Which is the first step in initiating a community health program? A. Determine the funding source B. Implement the plan C. Conduct a community needs assessment D. Hire a multidisciplinary team

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Assessment always comes first in the public health process.

Which action by a hospice nurse supports bereavement care? A. Reassessing the client's vital signs hourly B. Preparing the body for the funeral home C. Offering follow-up grief support to the family after death D. Reviewing new chemotherapy options

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Bereavement services extend care to families for up to 12 months.

A CHW (Community Health Worker) most effectively contributes to public health by: A. Providing hospital-based direct patient care B. Promoting legislation for national health policy C. Offering health education and connecting clients to local resources D. Prescribing medications in underserved communities

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: CHWs serve as trusted members who help connect communities to health systems.

What data source would be most appropriate to assess cancer trends in a local population? A. Local emergency room records B. U.S. Census Bureau housing data C. Cancer registry database D. Medicaid insurance claims

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Cancer registries provide accurate, population-based data for trend analysis.

Which type of epidemiologic study compares those with a disease to those without, looking back to assess exposure? A. Prospective cohort B. Experimental trial C. Case-control D. Cross-sectional

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Case-control studies look retrospectively to identify differences in exposure history.

Which approach best aligns with the critical theoretical perspective in public health? A. Teaching smoking cessation in schools B. Imposing vaccine mandates for healthcare workers C. Challenging societal norms that limit access to reproductive care D. Posting CDC guidelines in multiple languages

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Critical theory questions power structures and social inequities.

A nurse is providing DOT (Directly Observed Therapy) for tuberculosis. What level of prevention is this? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: DOT ensures adherence and prevents complications—tertiary prevention.

A nurse reviewing data from a community assessment would classify "lack of affordable dental care" as what type of issue? A. Environmental B. Social service C. Health system D. Behavioral

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Dental care access relates to the health service system.

A school nurse is preparing emergency preparedness materials. Which of the following would be included in a school's disaster response plan? A. Strategies to improve student test scores B. Daily schedules for recess and lunch C. Evacuation routes and communication chains D. Social media rules for student use

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Disaster response plans include evacuation, reunification, and safety procedures.

A nurse notes an increase in foodborne illness reports in a local migrant farmworker community. What is the best initial public health intervention? A. Notify CDC for federal investigation B. Provide antibiotic treatment to all residents C. Assess living and sanitation conditions in the area D. Enforce work-hour restrictions

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Environmental and structural assessment helps identify upstream causes in vulnerable communities.

Which measure is most appropriate when assessing a community's environmental health risk? A. Number of hospital beds per capita B. Percentage of adults with a college degree C. Presence of lead, radon, or air pollution in the area D. Rate of falls in assisted living facilities

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Environmental health risks include chemical, biological, or physical hazards in the environment.

A nurse explains the concept of herd immunity as: A. Immunity achieved only through exposure to disease B. A form of passive immunity provided by herd animals C. Protection of unvaccinated individuals when most are vaccinated D. The process of building immunity through dietary supplements

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Herd immunity protects vulnerable individuals when a critical mass is immune.

A hospice nurse visits a client with end-stage liver failure. Which nursing action reflects the hospice philosophy of care? A. Administering IV fluids to reverse electrolyte imbalance B. Encouraging the family to seek experimental treatment options C. Providing comfort care and symptom management D. Consulting surgery to evaluate for transplant eligibility

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Hospice care focuses on comfort and quality of life rather than curative or life-prolonging interventions.

Which best reflects a macroscopic public health intervention in addressing childhood obesity? A. Teaching one-on-one about portion control B. Coordinating school-based nutrition lessons C. Launching a policy to regulate junk food marketing to children D. Encouraging families to cook more at home

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Macroscopic approaches address upstream, systemic causes—like advertising and food policy.

A client in home health reports confusion about which medications to take and when. What is the best nursing response? A. Tell the client to bring all medications to their next doctor's appointment B. Call the pharmacy to ask for a simplified prescription list C. Review all current medications, reconcile with the provider's orders, and provide clear instructions D. Advise the client to take all medications once daily for ease

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Medication reconciliation ensures safe, clear instructions tailored to the client's current regimen.

A community health nurse is applying Milio's Framework for Prevention. Which action best reflects this framework? A. Educating patients about dietary choices B. Providing screenings for diabetes C. Advocating for zoning policies to improve access to fresh food D. Referring clients to a weight loss support group

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Milio's Framework focuses on upstream, policy-level interventions at the population level.

A nurse is attending a health policy meeting. Which of the following actions demonstrates the nurse's role as a political advocate? A. Teaching patients how to manage hypertension B. Volunteering in a school-based health program C. Testifying at a state hearing in support of Title VIII funding D. Administering flu shots at a local health fair

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Nurses act as change agents when they engage in advocacy, policy development, or lobbying. Testifying for funding shows direct political involvement. Options A, B, and D are important, but not policy-related actions.

What does the Outcome and Assessment Information Set (OASIS) primarily measure in home health? A. Number of patient visits per week B. Community satisfaction with services C. Patient functional outcomes and agency reimbursement D. Compliance with prescription refills

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: OASIS tracks outcomes for quality and determines Medicare reimbursement.

A student nurse asks, "What's the difference between hospice and palliative care?" Which response is most accurate? A. "Hospice care can only be given to unconscious clients." B. "Palliative care is curative, but hospice is not."C. "Palliative care can be started at diagnosis; hospice begins when treatment stops." D. "They are the same thing and always begin together."

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Palliative care can occur at any stage; hospice is for terminal stages without curative treatment.

What is a key goal of palliative care? A. Reversing the underlying disease B. Hastening the dying process C. Relieving symptoms and improving quality of life D. Encouraging families to pursue experimental therapies

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Palliative care is comfort-focused and can be given alongside curative care.

Which is the most appropriate explanation of passive immunity? A. Immunity gained through exposure to a live pathogen B. Immunity developed after completing a vaccination series C. Immunity received through antibody transfer (e.g., breastfeeding) D. Community-wide immunity from herd effect

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Passive immunity is acquired from external antibody sources (e.g., maternal transfer or immunoglobulin injection).

In the Health Belief Model, what determines whether someone adopts a health behavior? A. Their personality type B. Their understanding of disease etiology C. Their perceived susceptibility and severity D. Their employment and income status

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: People take action if they believe they're at risk and the consequences are serious.

Which of the following public health interventions is most appropriate during the preparation phase of a disaster management cycle? A. Rebuilding infrastructure damaged by a hurricane B. Coordinating mass shelter services C. Conducting drills and stockpiling supplies D. Assessing community trauma in affected areas

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Preparation occurs before the disaster and includes planning, drills, and resource allocation.

What best describes the difference between public and community health nursing? A. Public health nursing only treats individuals in clinics B. Community health nursing uses only government-funded programs C. Public health nursing focuses on populations; community health nursing works with individuals and families D. Community health nurses do not use the nursing process

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Public health nursing is population-focused; community health also includes care to individuals and families.

What is the primary goal of disaster triage using START (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment)? A. Provide emotional support to victims B. Identify and treat minor injuries immediately C. Rapidly categorize patients by urgency of care D. Wait for physician guidance before treating

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: START triage categorizes victims quickly to maximize survival with limited resources.

Which of the following best reflects a secondary data source in a community health assessment? A. Windshield survey notes B. Focus group with community members C. Health department immunization records D. Key informant interview

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Secondary data comes from existing sources like health departments or public databases.

Which level of prevention is used when a nurse monitors blood pressure in a known hypertensive patient to prevent stroke? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Emergency

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Tertiary prevention aims to reduce complications in those with established disease.

Which of the following actions aligns with tertiary prevention in school nursing? A. Providing dental hygiene kits to students B. Assessing BMI during health screenings C. Developing an asthma action plan for a student D. Teaching about nutrition in PE class

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Tertiary prevention involves managing existing conditions to reduce complications.

A nurse working in Chester, PA identifies a cluster of asthma cases in an elementary school. Based on environmental health principles, which of the following interventions should the nurse prioritize? A. Report the cluster to the CDC as a potential outbreak B. Provide the children with daily albuterol prophylactically C. Collaborate with city officials to address industrial air pollution near schools D. Offer parents information on indoor mold and allergens only

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: This aligns with the environmental justice framework. Chester is an example of a community disproportionately affected by pollution. Collaboration with officials is an upstream, population-based intervention. Options A and B are inappropriate; D is incomplete.

A nurse working with homeless individuals understands that which is the biggest barrier to healthcare access in this population? A. Literacy B. Medication availability C. Transportation and insurance issues D. Lack of knowledge about community fairs

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Transportation, insurance, and systemic barriers are primary obstacles for the unhoused.

Which of the following actions is consistent with upstream thinking in public health? A. Providing CPR during a drowning incident B. Distributing food after a natural disaster C. Creating safe pedestrian walkways in low-income areas D. Teaching proper inhaler use to asthma patients

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Upstream actions address root causes and the broader environment.

Which scenario best reflects the concept of "thinking upstream"? A. Educating diabetic patients on insulin administration B. Screening for breast cancer at a community center C. Advocating for state-funded grocery stores in food deserts D. Administering antibiotics to clients with pneumonia

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: Upstream thinking targets root causes—here, food access policies.

Which is the most appropriate screening tool for detecting functional status in older adult home health clients? A. Glasgow Coma Scale B. Braden Scale C. OASIS Assessment D. PHQ-9 Questionnaire

✅ Correct Answer: C OASIS Assessment Rationale: OASIS is required for home health and measures functional and clinical status.

Which federal agency is responsible for regulating food, drugs, and medical devices in the United States? A. CDC B. HRSA C. FDA D. CMS

✅ Correct Answer: C Rationale: The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates food safety and medical products.

Which action by a school nurse best promotes health equity among students? A. Sending health packets home in English only B. Using standardized BMI assessments without explanation C. Providing interpretation services for parent meetings D. Scheduling appointments only during school hours

✅ Correct Answer: C C. Providing interpretation services for parent meetings Rationale: Interpretation improves accessibility and ensures inclusive care delivery.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following strategies support environmental health equity in low-income neighborhoods? A. Community gardens in urban food deserts B. Advocating for cleaner air standards C. Reducing zoning restrictions for waste sites D. Providing subsidized water filters E. Supporting mixed-income housing developments

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, D, E A. Community gardens in urban food deserts B. Advocating for cleaner air standards D. Providing subsidized water filters E. Supporting mixed-income housing developments Rationale: These interventions address environmental and social determinants of health. C promotes injustice.

Which of the following reflect components of a community health assessment? (Select all that apply) A. Reviewing emergency department visit trends in the last year B. Observing neighborhood walkability and lighting C. Administering medications in a mobile health clinic D. Interviewing community leaders about access to care E. Documenting residents' dietary habits in a food desert

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, D, E A. Reviewing emergency department visit trends in the last year B. Observing neighborhood walkability and lighting D. Interviewing community leaders about access to care E. Documenting residents' dietary habits in a food desert

A community health nurse is assigned to a low-income urban neighborhood recently affected by flooding. The area has poor sanitation, crowded housing, and limited access to healthcare. Several residents report skin rashes, gastrointestinal symptoms, and difficulty accessing medications. Based on the epidemiologic triangle and levels of prevention, which nursing interventions should be prioritized to reduce disease transmission and improve health outcomes? Select all that apply: A. Advocate for mobile clinics to provide wound care and distribute medications B. Educate residents on proper hand hygiene using bottled water C. Initiate mandatory quarantine for all residents with GI symptoms D. Collaborate with local organizations to provide temporary clean housing E. Conduct disease surveillance to track infection patterns F. Recommend vitamin supplements to all residents to boost immunity

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, D, E Rationale: A = Tertiary prevention that improves access to care and addresses the host and agent. B = Primary prevention addressing environmental and host factors. D = Environmental-level intervention aligning with upstream thinking and epidemiologic triangle. E = Secondary prevention that helps contain and understand the outbreak. C = Mandatory quarantine is inappropriate without confirmed diagnosis and may cause distrust. F = Supplements alone are not prioritized in this context without addressing root causes.

(Select all that apply) Which interventions by the home health nurse reduce medication-related harm? A. Checking for expired meds in the home B. Providing client-friendly printed medication schedules C. Instructing clients to crush all pills for easier swallowing D. Contacting the provider to clarify duplicate orders E. Asking clients to describe their medication routines

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, D, E Rationale: These interventions promote safety. Crushing meds is not universally safe.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are examples of vulnerable populations commonly targeted in community health nursing? A. Migrant farmworkers B. Homeless individuals C. Pregnant women with stable incomes D. Older adults with multiple chronic illnesses E. Recently released incarcerated individuals

✅ Correct Answers: A, B, D, E Rationale: Vulnerable populations face increased risk due to social, economic, or health-related challenges.

Which responsibilities fall within the scope of a school nurse? (Select all that apply) A. Administering EpiPen for allergic reactions B. Creating IEPs independently C. Educating students about STI prevention D. Performing hearing screenings E. Prescribing antibiotics for sore throats

✅ Correct Answers: A, C, D Rationale: School nurses assess, educate, and respond to emergencies but cannot prescribe or independently initiate IEPs.

Which of the following are responsibilities of the school nurse according to the National Association of School Nurses (NASN)? (Select all that apply) A. Direct care for complex medical needs B. Diagnosing and prescribing medications for asthma C. Surveillance of communicable diseases D. Screening to identify students at risk for learning delays E. Providing psychotherapy services to students

✅ Correct Answers: A, C, D Rationale: School nurses perform direct care, screenings, and disease surveillance. They do not prescribe medications (B) or typically provide psychotherapy (E) unless they are dual-licensed mental health professionals.

Which findings would alert the school nurse to initiate further evaluation for child maltreatment? (Select all that apply) A. Frequent school absences without explanation B. Appropriate affect during visit C. Multiple healing bruises in various stages D. Clear disclosure of punishment with objects E. Attentiveness to rules and directions

✅ Correct Answers: A, C, D Rationale: These signs may indicate possible abuse or neglect and warrant further evaluation.

(Select all that apply) Which actions reflect tertiary prevention in a public health setting? A. Administering chemotherapy in a home care setting B. Teaching insulin administration to a newly diagnosed diabetic C. Implementing fall-prevention strategies in the elderly D. Vaccinating children during a community health fair E. Coordinating cardiac rehab after a myocardial infarction

✅ Correct Answers: A, C, E Rationale: Tertiary prevention focuses on minimizing the impact of ongoing illness or injury.

(Select all that apply) Which elements are part of the epidemiologic triangle? A. Agent B. Immunity C. Host D. Exposure E. Environment

✅ Correct Answers: A, C, E Rationale: The triangle includes Agent (cause), Host (person), and Environment (context of exposure).

(Select all that apply) Which populations are most at risk during a natural disaster? A. Elderly individuals living alone B. Children in boarding schools C. People with limited English proficiency D. High-income suburban families E. Those dependent on home oxygen

✅ Correct Answers: A, C, E Rationale: Vulnerable populations include the elderly, non-English speakers, and medically dependent individuals.

(Select all that apply) A public health nurse working in an area with poor air quality may advocate for which of the following to reduce environmental injustice? A. Community education on inhaler use B. Installation of air monitoring stations C. Relocation of waste facilities from minority neighborhoods D. Partnerships to create more green spaces E. Mandatory medication compliance for asthma patients

✅ Correct Answers: B, C, D B. Installation of air monitoring stations C. Relocation of waste facilities from minority neighborhoods D. Partnerships to create more green spaces Rationale: These interventions address environmental conditions, which is upstream policy-level work.

(Select all that apply) Which are components of the Chain of Transmission for infectious disease? A. Vector B. Portal of exit C. Mode of transmission D. Host immunity E. Agent

✅ Correct Answers: B, C, E Rationale: The 6 links include: agent, reservoir, portal of exit, transmission, portal of entry, susceptible host.

(Select all that apply) Which of the following are true statements regarding communicable disease control? A. Quarantine involves separating symptomatic individuals only B. Herd immunity protects those who cannot receive vaccines C. The incubation period is when symptoms are at their peak D. Modes of transmission include direct, indirect, and airborne routes E. Public health nurses must report notifiable diseases to authorities

✅ Correct Answers: B, D, E B. Herd immunity protects those who cannot receive vaccines D. Modes of transmission include direct, indirect, and airborne routes E. Public health nurses must report notifiable diseases to authorities Rationale: Quarantine may apply to asymptomatic exposed persons; incubation is before symptoms begin.

A nurse is conducting a community assessment using the Socio-Ecological Model. Which of the following best represents the interpersonal level of influence? A. City policy mandates mask use B. A woman attends a fitness class with her neighbor C. Personal belief that smoking is harmful D. Neighborhood lacks sidewalks or safe spaces for exercise

B Rationale: The interpersonal level involves social relationships (e.g., family, friends, peers). A is policy-level, C is individual-level, and D is environmental.

A nurse is using the Minnesota Wheel of Public Health Interventions. Which example reflects the intervention of advocacy? A. Creating a public handwashing campaign B. Lobbying city council to install lead-safe water lines C. Distributing condoms at a community clinic D. Performing DOT (Directly Observed Therapy) for TB clients

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Advocacy involves influencing policy and decision-makers on behalf of vulnerable groups.

A community health nurse is planning interventions for a population with high hospitalization rates for asthma. Which of the following is the most appropriate tertiary prevention activity? A. Lobbying for cleaner air laws B. Educating the public about asthma triggers C. Facilitating access to inhalers and peak flow monitoring for diagnosed individuals D. Screening school children for early signs of asthma

Correct Answer: C. Facilitating access to inhalers and peak flow monitoring for diagnosed individuals Rationale: Tertiary prevention focuses on reducing complications and improving quality of life for those already diagnosed. A is upstream/primary, B is primary, and D is secondary prevention.

A community health nurse is conducting a windshield survey. Which of the following data would be most relevant for this type of assessment? A. Morbidity and mortality statistics B. Number of physicians in the area C. Observation of public parks, sidewalks, and housing quality D. Satisfaction surveys collected by the local hospital

C. Observation of public parks, sidewalks, and housing quality Rationale: A windshield survey is a type of primary data collection that involves direct observation of the community environment. Options A, B, and D involve secondary data sources.

The school nurse is reviewing vaccine requirements with a parent. The parent expresses concern about vaccinating their child due to misinformation from social media. What is the most appropriate nursing response? A. Advise the parent to consult the CDC website for accurate data B. Encourage the parent to make their own choice based on beliefs C. Emphasize that vaccines are required by law and refusal is not permitted D. Provide a printed vaccine exemption form

Correct Answer: A Rationale: This uses the Health Belief Model (HBM) — addressing perceived barriers and using cues to action(evidence-based resources). It supports autonomy while offering accurate education. B and D reinforce misinformation; C is inaccurate—most states allow exemptions.

The community nurse is working in a low-income neighborhood near industrial sites. Which finding best indicates environmental injustice? A. Presence of a public transportation hub near housing B. High asthma rates among residents living near waste facilities C. Limited access to primary care services D. Local grocery stores selling mostly processed food

Correct Answer: B Rationale: Environmental injustice occurs when marginalized communities are disproportionately exposed to environmental hazards (e.g., pollutants linked to asthma). Limited healthcare access (C) and food options (D) are health disparities but not environmental injustice.

The nurse is educating a group about herd immunity. Which of the following best describes the concept? A. Immunity is transferred from mother to infant through breastfeeding B. A high percentage of immunized individuals protect those who cannot be immunized C. Receiving post-exposure prophylaxis after exposure to Hepatitis A D. Using antibiotics to treat bacterial infections early to prevent spread

Correct Answer: B Rationale: Herd immunity occurs when enough people are immune, reducing the likelihood of disease spread—even among those who are not vaccinated. Option A refers to passive immunity, and C/D refer to tertiary and secondary prevention strategies.

A public health nurse is using Milio's Framework for Prevention to develop an intervention targeting a low-income community with high obesity rates. Which of the following actions best aligns with this framework? A. Provide health education on portion control at a community center B. Increase access to affordable fruits and vegetables through a city policy change C. Counsel individuals on making healthier fast food choices D. Refer clients to a registered dietitian for individualized plans

Correct Answer: B Rationale: Milio's Framework takes an upstream, macroscopic approach, focusing on policy-level interventions to address broader socioeconomic determinants of health. Increasing access to healthy food options aligns with this model. Options A, C, and D reflect downstream, individual-focused interventions.

A home health nurse visits a client recently discharged with new heart failure medications. The client's daughter states: "We're not sure what all these meds are for, and Mom's been skipping them." What is the best nursing action? A. Call the pharmacy to request medication labels B. Provide medication teaching with visual aids and verify understanding C. Notify the provider of the client's noncompliance D. Tell the daughter to write down all questions for the next appointment

Correct Answer: B Rationale: The nurse's role in home care includes teaching, guidance, and counseling. Medication teaching that considers health literacy, memory, and support systems is key. Option C should follow education. Option A is not nurse-initiated. Option D delays essential care.

A school nurse notices an increase in absenteeism among children from low-income families. Which of the following interventions best addresses a population-focused level of prevention? (Absenteeism = practice of regularly staying away from work or school without good reason) A. Teaching individual students about proper hand hygiene B. Calling parents of absent children C. Advocating for expanded access to free school breakfast programs D. Administering PRN medications to symptomatic students

Correct Answer: C Rationale: This is a macroscopic, population-level intervention that addresses social determinants (food insecurity) and promotes attendance and academic success. The others are more microscopic or individual-focused.

A public health nurse is assigned to perform contact tracing during a local syphilis outbreak. What type of prevention does this represent? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Contact tracing helps identify and treat cases early, which is secondary prevention.

Which of the following actions represent primary prevention in the context of communicable disease control? (Select all that apply) A. Administering the annual flu vaccine B. Educating the public about safe food handling practices C. Providing antibiotics for TB contacts D. Screening for HIV at a mobile clinic E. Encouraging mosquito net use in malaria-endemic areas

Correct Answers: A, B, E A. Administering the annual flu vaccine B. Educating the public about safe food handling practices E. Encouraging mosquito net use in malaria-endemic areas Rationale: Primary prevention aims to prevent the disease before it occurs (e.g., vaccines, education, protective equipment). TB treatment is secondary, and HIV screening is also secondary.

Which of the following are characteristics of the macroscopic approach to community health nursing? (Select all that apply) A. Focuses on family dynamics contributing to disease B. Considers socioeconomic factors that affect health C. Emphasizes individual risk reduction D. Targets public policy changes to improve population health E. Encourages lifestyle modification counseling

Correct Answers: B, D Rationale: Macroscopic approaches examine upstream, population-level influences such as policy, social justice, and the environment. A, C, and E are more microscopic (individual-focused).

Which of the following best represents the function of assessment in the 3 core functions of public health? A. Conducting contact tracing for a measles outbreak B. Implementing a seatbelt safety law C. Ensuring health services are accessible to all residents D. Educating high school students about vaping risks

✅ Correct Answer: A Rationale: Assessment includes surveillance and identifying health problems.

A nurse receives funding to implement a nutrition education program for low-income families. This is an example of which level of prevention? A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Emergency

✅ Correct Answer: A Rationale: Nutrition education is primary prevention aimed at preventing disease development.

A community health nurse is educating migrant farmworkers on ways to reduce pesticide exposure. Which statement indicates understanding? A. "We should wear long sleeves and gloves when spraying." B. "We can reuse pesticide containers for water storage." C. "If it smells sweet, it's safe to use without a mask." D. "We should wash produce only after it's been sold."

✅ Correct Answer: A Rationale: Protective clothing reduces exposure risk. The other statements increase risk.

Which disease is targeted for eradication but not yet eradicated? A. Polio B. Smallpox C. Tuberculosis D. Measles

✅ Correct Answer: A Rationale: Smallpox is eradicated; polio is a current global eradication target.

Which of the following best describes the epidemiologic triangle? A. Agent, host, and environment B. Vector, toxin, and immunity C. Susceptibility, exposure, and recovery D. Risk, resilience, and recovery

✅ Correct Answer: A Rationale: These three components determine the interaction of disease development.

A child has not received their required MMR immunizations due to lack of transportation. What is the best intervention by the school nurse? A. Notify the Department of Health immediately B. Refer the family to local immunization outreach clinics C. File a report for medical neglect D. Remove the child from school enrollment

✅ Correct Answer: B Rationale: Addressing access barriers is key. Reporting is not the first step in this scenario.