Comparatie Religions-test 1

The French sociologist who argued that religious behavior is relative to the society in which it is found, and that a society will often use a religion to reinforce its own values. A) William James B) Wilhelm Schmidt C) Carl Gustav Jung D) Emile Durkheim

Emile Durkheim

T/F Monotheism is a worldview common among indigenous religions that sees all elements of nature as being filled with spirit or spirits.

False

Literally "eye-movement", the traditional Hawaiian observance of the four-month winter period, which refers to the appearance and movement of stars A) Maui B) Makahiki C) Heiau D) Kupuna

Makahiki

An indigenous tradition in New Zealand A) Maori B) Yoruba C) Oglala D) Inuit

Maori

Traditional dogon religion A) Bago Bundo B) Sigui C) Omolobulo D) Hogon

Omolobulo

In Hawaii, the goddess of fire, whose place of veneration is the volcano. A) Kapalua B) Makahiki C) Molokai D) Pele

Pele

German theologian who argued in "The Idea of the Holy" that religions emerge when people experience that aspect of reality which is essentially mysterious. A) William James B) Carl Gustav Jung C) E.B. Tylor D) Rudolf Otto

Rudolf Otto

A native tradition in Africa A) Koyukon B) Inuit C) Yoruba D) Ainu

Yoruba

The Native American vision quest is an example of A) a marriage ceremony. B) a girl's reception into the tribe. C) a rite of passage. D) assisting the spirit of a dead person to move on.

a rite of passage

A place where one can sometimes escape punishment is A) the underworld. B) a sanctuary. C) the abode of the ancestors. D) a tiki.

a sanctuary

Religions that are inclusive frequently A) emphasize the sacred as distinct from the world and believe that order must be imposed through separation. B) gather believers together for elaborate rites and ceremonies. C) admit many types of beliefs and practices and stress social harmony. D) worship a sole male deity.

admit may types of beliefs and practices and stress social harmony

The position that holds that the existence of God cannot be proven. A) agnosticism B) nontheism C) pantheism D) animism

agnosticism

A worldview common among indigenous religions that see all elements of nature as being filled with spirit or spirits. A) agnosticism B) monotheism C) nontheism D) animism

animism

A worldview common among indigenous religions that sees all elements of nature as being filled with spirit or spirits A) pantheism B) exotericism C) animism D) monotheism

animism

The position that holds that there is no God or gods.

atheism

A long-stemmed sacred pipe used primarily by many native peoples of North America; it is smoked as a token of peace. A) calumet B) kapu C) totem D) libation

calumet

Religions that believe the universe simply moves through endless changes that often repeat themselves conceive time as A) cyclical. B) central. C) linear. D) sacred.

cyclical

Sacred time is A) always moving forward and future-oriented. B) a time for formal worship. C) cyclical, returning to its origins for renewal. D) linear and focused on the present.

cyclical, returning to its origins for renewal

The name given by the Koyukon people of the Arctic to the holy ancient past in which the gods lived and worked. A) God time B) Near time C) Distant time D) Past time

distant time

A foretelling of the future or a discovery of the unknown by magical means A) shaman B) divination C) libation D) taboo

divination

The belief that reality is made of two different principles (spirit and matter); or the belief in two gods (good and evil) in conflict A) animism B) dualism C) nontheism D) monotheism

dualism

The female divine is sometimes symbolized by A) daggers and trees. B) eggs and spirals. C) long hair and stars. D) rocks and clouds.

eggs and spirals

A bias against the study of indigenous religions up until the twentieth century was A) that too much variety exists. B) the idea that religious art should be impermanent. C) the assumption that they are not complex. D) that they contain too many taboos.

The assumption that they are not complex

Not asserting or denying the existence of any deity; unconcerned with the supernatural. A) agnosticism B) animism C) nontheism D) polytheism

nontheism

The belief that everything in the universe is divine. A) nontheism B) pantheism C) agnosticism D) animism

pantheism

This common approach to religion stresses following reason rather than religious authority and tries to fit answers into a systematic whole. A) mythology B) psychology C) archeology D) philosophy

philosophy

The belief in many gods.

polytheism

The orientation that stresses contact with the sacred by proper belief and by adherence to moral rules. A) sacramental B) prophetic C) mystical D) communal

prophetic

The word religion is usually interpreted by scholars to mean A) renewal. B) worship. C) reconnecting. D) belief in a higher power

reconnecting

Beliefs enacted and made real through ceremonies, certain objects, or specialized locations or buildings define the characteristic of A) ritual. B) sacredness. C) ethics. D) community.

ritual

One of the three orientations of religions, focusing on rituals and ceremonies as the path to salvation. A) sacramental B) prophetic C) mystical D) communal

sacramental

Taboos that have been broken are often mended through A) wearing masks for prescribed periods of time. B) dance and music. C) rites of passage. D) sacrifices.

sacrifices

A state of original purity, a battle to fight disorder, a sacrificial death are examples of A) the sacred. B) ritual. C) projected beliefs. D) symbolic stories of transformation.

symbolic stories of transformation

Navaho sand paintings are A) a lost tribal art. B) etched into the sides of cliffs in the Southwest. C) temporary creations in a ritual. D) used when other materials are unavailable.

temporary creations in a ritual

T/F In Hawaii, Pele is the goddess of fire, whose place of veneration is the volcano.

True

Existing and operating within nature. A) transcendent B) benevolent C) immanent D) decadent

immanent

The belief in one God

monotheism

The orientation that seeks union with a reality greater than oneself. A) sacramental B) prophetic C) mystical D) communal

mystical

Many scholars think that religious symbols A) point to some structure that underlies all religions. B) account for the origin of religion. C) have a literal meaning only. D) are a projection of the fear and insecurity of childhood.

point to some structure that underlies all religions

A human being who contacts and attempts to manipulate the power of spirits for the tribe or group A) taboo B) shaman C) libation D) totem

shaman

A common symbol signifying the center of the universe in many indigenous religions is A) the sacred tree of life. B) a lightning bolt. C) the feather. D) the good luck charm.

the sacred tree of life

The term medicine man refers to A) the keeper of the sacred pipe. B) missionary doctors who visit tribes. C) the chief of the tribe. D) the shaman.

the shaman

In the worldview of animism, A) there are no clear boundaries between the natural and the supernatural. B) definite boundaries exist between the natural and the supernatural. C) animals were once human beings. D) the natural world is superior to the supernatural.

there are no clear boundaries between the nature and the supernatural

Animal (or image of animals) that is considered to be related by blood to a family or clan and is its guardian or symbol A) totem B) taboo C) calumet D) shaman

totem

Not limited by the physical world. A) Transcendent B) Immanent C) Benevolent D) Redolent

transcendent

The year Popay (Popé), a Pueblo native religious leader, led a revolt against religious oppression. A) 1529 B) 1680 C) 1692 D) 1848

1680

A visionary of the Oglala Sioux who, in his dictated autobiography, claims that there is no strong distinction between the human and animal worlds but rather a sense of kinship. A) Maori B) Yoruba C) Black Elk D) Inuit

Black Elk

A Swiss psychoanalyst who described religion as something that grew out of the individual's need to arrive at personal fulfillment, which he called individuation. A) Carl Gustav Jung B) William James C) E.B. Tylor D) James Frazer

Carl Gustav Jung

T/F A totem is a long-stemmed sacred pipe used primarily by many native peoples of North America; it is smoked as a token of peace.

False

T/F Animism means belief in one God

False

T/F Immanent means not limited by the physical world

False

T/F In Hawaiian culture, Makahiki is an esteemed elder who passes what he or she knows (e.g., chants) to worthy disciples.

False

T/F Jacques Derrida was the French thinker who explored types of power in institutions and systems of thought that oppressed minority and other marginalized groups

False

T/F Jurgen Habermas is an Austrian ethnographer and philologist who argued that all humankind once believed in a single High God and that to this simple monotheism later beliefs in lesser gods and spirits were added.

False

T/F Kapu is the traditional Hawaiian observance of the four-month winter period.

False

T/F Libation is a strong social prohibition

False

T/F Sigmund Freud is the American psychologist who viewed religion as a positive way of fulfilling needs and praised its positive influence on the lives of individuals.

False

T/F The Inuit is a native tradition in New Zealand

False

T/F The Maori is the so-called Eskimo culture of Canada.

False

T/F Theodicy refers to not asserting or denying the existence of any deity; unconcerned with the supernatural.

False

T/F Transcendent means existing and operating within nature

False

T/F Transcendentalism is the belief that reality is made of two different principles (spirit and matter); the belief in two gods (good and evil) in conflict

False

T/F William James is the founder of psychoanalysis who theorized that belief in a God or gods arose from an adult's projection of powerful and long-lasting experiences with his or her parents

False

A strong social probation

taboo

A Caucasoid group in northern Japan, especially Hokkaido, known for its animistic beliefs that spirits or spiritual powers are causative in natural events. A) Oglala B) Maori C) Ainu D) Yoruba

Ainu

Nineteenth- and twentieth-century English anthropologist who saw religion as being rooted in worship of ancestors and nature spirits. A) Rudolf Otto B) William James C) E.B. Tylor D) Wilhelm Schmidt

E.B Tylor

Familiar term for the sacred reality, particularly in the Western world. A) monotheism B) polytheism C) transcendent D) God

God

The so-called Eskimo culture of Canada A) Maori B) Yoruba C) Oglala D) Inuit

Inuit

Scottish anthropologist and author of "The Golden Bough" who saw the origins of religion in early attempts by human beings to influence nature and who identified religion as an intermediate stage between magic and science. A) James Frazer B) Rudolf Otto C) William James D) Wilhelm Schmidt

James Frazer

The French thinker who developed the approach of structuralism when he first recognized extraordinary structural similarities in stories told by tribal peoples of the Americas was A) Foucault B) Durkheim C) Derrida D) Levi-Strauss

Levi-Strauss

Founder of psychoanalysis who theorized that belief in a God or gods arose from an adult's projection of powerful and long-lasting childhood experiences with his or her parents. A) Rudolf Otto B) James Frazer C) William James D) Sigmund Freud

Sigmund Freud

T/F "Atheism" means the position that holds that there is no God or gods.

True

T/F A shaman is a human being who contacts and attempts to manipulate the power of spirits for the tribe or group.

True

T/F A totem is an animal (or image of animals) that is considered to be related by blood to a family or a clan and is its guardian or symbol.

True

T/F Agnosticism is the position that holds that the existence of God cannot be proven.

True

T/F Animism refers to a worldview common among indigenous that sees all elements of nature as being filled with spirit or spirits

True

T/F Carl Gustav Jung is the Swiss psychoanalyst who described religion as something that grew out of the individual's need to arrive at personal fulfillment, which he called individuation.

True

T/F Distant Time is the name given by the Koyukon people of the Arctic to the holy ancient past in which the gods lived and worked

True

T/F E.B. Tylor is the nineteeth- and twentieth-century English anthropologist who saw religion as being rooted in worship of ancestors and nature spirits.

True

T/F Emile Durkheim was the French sociologist who argued that religious behavior is relative to the society in which it is found, and that a society will often use a religion to reinforce its own values.

True

T/F Holistic means organic, integrated; indicating a complete system, greater than the sum of its parts; in religious studies, refers to a culture whose various elements may all have religious meaning.

True

T/F James Frazer is the Scottish anthropologist and author of "The Golden Bough" who saw the origins of religion in early attempts by human beings to influence nature and who identified religion as an intermediate stage between magic and science.

True

T/F Kapu is the Hawaiian term meaning "taboo" or "forbidden"

True

T/F Libation is the act of pouring a liquid as an offering to a god.

True

T/F Pantheism means belief that everything in the universe is divine.

True

T/F Polytheism meas belief in many gods

True

T/F Rudolf Otto is the German theologian who argued in "The Idea of the Holy" that religions emerge when people experience that aspect of reality which is essentially mysterious.

True

T/F The Ainu is a Caucasoid group in northern Japan, especially Hokkaido, known for its animistic beliefs that spirits or spiritual powers are causative in natural events.

True

T/F The analytical approach that carefully investigates individual elements in cultural phenomena, rejecting the quest for universal structures that might under gird language or religion is called "post-structuralism."

True

Austrian ethnographer and philologist who argued that all humankind once believed in a single High God and that to this simple monotheism later beliefs in lesser gods and spirits were added. A) James Frazer B) William James C) Wilhelm Schmidt D) Carl Gustav Jung

Wilhelm Schmidt

American psychologist who viewed religion as positive way of fulfilling needs and praised its positive influence on the lives of individuals. A) James Frazer B) Carl Gustav Jung C) E.B. Tylor D) William James

William James

Organic, integrated; indicating a complete system, greater than the sum of its parts; here, refers to a culture whose various elements may all have religious meaning. A) hermetic B) holistic C) animistic D) dualistic

holistic

To believe that nature is full of spirits implies that A) ghosts inhabit the world. B) human beings must treat all things with care. C) one must worship nature. D) one must fight with the spirits.

human beings must treat all things with care

Constructed sacred space A) is never as effective as its natural counterpart. B) is a means of conforming daily life to mythic events. C) must be established near a striking natural site. D) is often in a symbolic shape such as a circle or square.

is often in a symbolic shape such as a circle or square

In Hawaiian culture, a specialist, such as a priest, midwife, or navigator A) kahuna B) maui C) makahiki D) heiau

kahuna

Hawaiian term meaning "taboo" or "forbidden" A) maui B) heiau C) kapu D) pele

kapu

The act of pouring a liquid as an offering to a god A) shaman B) totem C) calumet D) libation

libation

Religions that emphasize a creation and a history that is limited and unrepeatable conceive time as A) cyclical. B) central. C) linear. D) peripheral.

linear

Indigenous religions A) make little distinction between a god and an ancestor. B) make a significant distinction between a god and an ancestor. C) often focus on a High God. D) usually worship androgynous deities.

make little distinction between a god and an ancestor

Key events in the life cycle are A) taboo in many oral religions. B) marked with special rituals. C) dedicated to the ancestors. D) downplayed in tribal cultures.

marked with special rituals