Complete APUSH Vocabulary

28. Joint stock company

A company made up of a group of shareholders. Each shareholder contributes some money to the company and receives some share of the company's profits and debts.

John Jay

American delegate who signed Treaty of Paris; New York lawyer and diplomat who negotiated with Britain and Spain on behalf of the Confederation; he later became the first chief justice of the Supreme Court and negotiated the Jay Treaty

Anthony Wayne

American general who defeated the Native Americans at the Battle of Fallen Timbers

XYZ Affair

An insult to the American delegation when they were supposed to be meeting French foreign minister, Talleyrand, but instead they were sent 3 officials Adams called "X,Y, and Z" that demanded $250,000 as a bribe to see Talleyrand.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, ideas, diseases, and people between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Each region was significantly impacted as a result of trade and contact.

Republican Motherhood

Expectation that women would instill Republican values in children and be active in families; helped increase education for women

Characteristics of French and Dutch colonization

Fewer inhabitants than other countries; focused on trade, alliances, and intermarriage with Native Americans. Heavy focus on furs (beaver)

Governor Berkeley

Governor of Virginia, had a policy that favored Native Americans, refused to retaliate against Natives, led to Bacon's Rebellion.

27. Sir Edmond Andros

Governor of the Dominion of New England from 1686 until 1692, when the colonists rebelled and forced him to return to England.

John Peter Zenger

He helped establish the precedent that true statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

European goods that transformed Native life

Horses - improved hunting and warfare for Natives (especially in the Great Plains and Basin), weapons and alcohol helped increase the destructiveness of warfare

Checks and Balances

Idea that three branches of government would prevent one from becoming too powerful

Salem Witch Trials

Late seventeenth-century "hunt" that inflamed popular feelings, led to the deaths of twenty people, and weakened the Puritan clergy's prestige.

Declaratory Act of 1766

Law passed by Parliament that stated that Parliament had the right "to bind" the colonies "in all cases whatsoever." It stated that Britain still had the right to tax (which it would continue to use).

Quartering Act of 1765

Law passed by Parliament to force colonists to pay taxes to house and feed British soldiers. Passed in the same few years as the Navigation Laws of 1763, the Sugar Act of 1764, and the Stamp Act of 1765, it stirred up even more resentment for the British. The legislature of New York was suspended in 1767 for failing to comply with this act.

Sugar Act of 1764

Law passed by Parliament to raise revenue in the colonies for the crown. It increased the duties on foreign sugar, mainly from the West Indies. After protests from the colonists, the duties were lowered.

Stamp Act of 1765

Law passed by Parliament, requiring the colonists to pay for a stamp to go on many of the documents essential to their lives. These documents included deeds, mortgages, liquor licenses, playing cards, and almanacs. The colonists heartily objected to this direct tax and, in protest, petitioned the king, formed the _____ ___ Congress, and boycotted English imports. In 1766, this act was repealed, a major victory for colonists.

Intolerable Acts of 1774

Laws passed by Parliament that were designed to chastise Boston in particular for the Boston Tea Party. They included the Boston Port Act and the New Quartering Act.

King George III

Leader of Great Britain during the Revolutionary War.

37. Culperer's Rebellion

Led by Culperer, the Alpemark colony rebelled against its English governor, Thomas Miller. The rebellion was crushed, but Culperer was acquitted.

Democratic Republicans

Led by Thomas Jefferson, believed people should have political power, favored strong STATE governments, emphasized agriculture, strict interpretation of the Constitution, pro-French, opposed National Bank

Indentured Servants

In exchange for a transatlantic passage, English farmers desperate for employment worked on the plantations free of charge for several years.

Bacon's Rebellion

Mostly made up of landless, white males who had been forced to the "backcountry." Murdered Natives, and rebelled for a long time.

Edward Braddock

Officer experienced in European warfare and a British general who was defeated near Fort Duquesne

Quakers

Officially called the Religious Society of Friends. They refused to take oaths and are advocates of passive resistance.

10. Calvinism

Protestant sect founded by John Calvin. Emphasized a strong moral code and believed in predestination (the idea that God decided whether or not a person would be saved as soon as they were born). Calvinists supported constitutional representative government and the separation of church and state.

Technologies that allowed for increased trade and contact

Sextant - helped determine longitude and latitude

Excise Tax

Tax on manufactured goods; i.e. whiskey

Federalist Papers

Written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison. Advocated the ratification of the Constitution.

protective tariff

a tax on imported goods that raises the price of imports so people will buy domestic goods

excise tax

a tax on the production or sale of a good

French Revolution

the revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

George Washington

Pulled his small force back into Fort Necessity where he was overwhelmed by the French (1754). He was the commander of Virginia's frontier troops as a colonel. Left the army in 1758. Also the first President of the United States. Took office (Apr.30, 1789) in New York City.

Boston Massacre

(March 5, 1770) British soldiers fired into a crowd of colonists who were teasing and taunting them. Five colonists were killed. The colonists blamed the British and the Sons of Liberty and used this incident as an excuse to promote the Revolution.

First Continental Congress

(September-October 1774) This congress convened on September 5, 1774, to protest the Intolerable Acts. The congress voted for The Association and drew up the Declaration of Rights, conceding to Parliament the power of regulation of commerce but stringently objecting to its arbitrary taxation and unfair judicial system.

Stamp Act Congress

(1765) Meeting in New York City that brought together twenty-seven delegates from nine colonies. After debate, the members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances, requesting that the King and Parliament repeal the Stamp Act (this was ignored). Main significance: this meeting broke sectional barriers and helped move toward colonial unity.

Committees of Correspondence

(1772-1773) Letter-writing networks started by Samuel Adams in Boston to spread propaganda and secret information by way of letters, thus sustaining opposition to British policy. The committees were extremely effective and critical in building and creating a revolutionary spirit among the colonists.

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 treaty that divided land between Spain and Portugal. Spain recieved most land in South America while Portugal kept land in Africa and the East Indies

Loyalists/Tories

A colonist in the new world who remained loyal to the British during the American Revolution.

The Association

A document produced by the Continental Congress in 1775 that called for a complete boycott of British goods. This included non-importation (boycotts), non-exportation and non-consumption. It was the closest approach to a written constitution yet from the colonies. It was hoped to bring back the days before Parliamentary taxation. Those who violated this document in America were tarred and feathered.

Samuel Adams

A master propagandist and an engineer of rebellion, known as the "Penman of the Revolution." Though very weak and feeble in appearance, he was a strong politician and leader who was very aware and sensitive to the rights of the colonists. He organized the local Committees of Correspondence in Massachusetts.

Mercenaries

A person hired for service in the army of a foreign country. For example, in the late 1760's George III hired soldiers to fight in the British army against Americans

Baron Von Steuben

A stern, Prussian drillmaster that taught American soldiers during the Revolutionary War how to successfully fight the British.

Consent of the Governed

A theory coined by John Locke, that states if the people don't like the government, they have the right to overthrow it.

"Virtual representation"

A theory that claimed that every member of Parliament represented all British subjects, even those Americans in Boston or Charleston who had never voted for a member of the London Parliament.

Marquis de Lafayette

A wealthy French nobleman, nicknamed "French Gamecock", made major general of colonial army, got commission on part of his family.

Loyalists

American colonists who remained loyal to Britain and opposed the war for independence - persecuted

Pontiac

Famous chief of the Ottawa who led an unsuccessful rebellion against the British (1715-1769)

George Grenville

British Prime Minister from 1763-1765. To mitigate the repercussions of the Seven Years' War, he enforced the Navigation Laws (1763) and passed the Proclamation of 1763, the Sugar Act (1764), the Quartering Act (1765), and the Stamp Act (1765). He believed that all of these measures were reasonable and just, simply asking the Americans to pay a fair share of the costs for their own defense.

Charles Townshend

British Prime Minister from 1766-1767. Was known as "Champagne Charley" for his brilliant speeches in Parliament while drunk. In 1767, he persuaded Parliament to pass the Townshend Acts.

Lord North

British Prime Minister from 1770-1782. His rule fell in March of 1782, which therefore ended the rule of George III for a short while as the Whigs took over Parliament. He led Great Britain through most of the American War of Independence.

William Howe

English General who commanded the English forces at Bunker Hill. He did not relish the rigors of winter campaigning, and he found more agreeable the bedtime company of his mistress. At a time when it seemed obvious that he should join the forces in New York, he joined the main British army for an attack on Philadelphia.

William Pitt

English statesman who brought the Seven Years' War to an end (1708-1778). The Prime Minister of England during the French and Indian War. He increased the British troops and military supplies in the colonies, and this is why England won the war.

Declaration of Independence

Formally approved by the Congress on July 4, 1776. This "shout heard round the world" has been a source of inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority. The document sharply separated Loyalists from Patriots and helped to start the American Revolution by allowing England to hear of the colonists disagreements with British authority.

Huguenots

French Protestants, experienced many clashes with Roman Catholics - over ten thousand Huguenots killed on St. Bartholomew's Day, 1572

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635). Known as the "Father of New France"

Acadians

French settlers who would not pledge their loyalties to the British and were driven from their homes; cajuns of Louisiana are descendants of these people

Marquis de Lafayette

French soldier who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19; the "French Gamecock"; his services were invaluable in securing further aid from France.

Robert de La Salle

Frenchman who followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, claiming the region for France and naming it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

George Rogers Clark

Frontiersman; led the seizing of 3 British forts in 1777; led to the British giving the region north of the Ohio River to the United States.

Hessians

German troops that King George III hired when he proclaimed the colonies to be in rebellion on August 1775, angered colonists

Admiral de Grasse

He operated a powerful French fleet in the West Indies. He advised America he was free to join with them in an assault on Cornwallis at Yorktown. Rochambeau's French army defended British by land and this man blockaded them by sea. This resulted in Cornwallis's surrender on October 19, 1781.

Benedict Arnold

He was an American General during the Revolutionary War (1776). He prevented the British from reaching Ticonderoga. Later, in 1778, he tried to help the British take West Point and the Hudson River but he was found out and declared a traitor.

Alexander Hamilton

High Political leader-1786- 32 year old New Yorker who saved the convention from complete failure by engineering the adoption of his report. It called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with commerce alone but to bolster the entire fabric of the Articles of Confederation. Congress, because of his influence, issued the call for a convention "for the sole and express purpose of revising" the Articles of Confederation. (1787) He was present as an advocate of super-powerful central government.

Proclamation of 1763

Issued by the London government, flatly prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians in order to prevent another uprising similar to Pontiac's rebellion

Quebec Act of 1774

Law passed by Parliament that allowed the French colonists in Quebec to go back freely to their own traditions/customs, such as Catholic worship and the lack of a right to trial by jury. It also extended the Quebec region south into the Ohio River Valley.

Townshend Acts of 1767

Law passed by Parliament that put a light import duty on such things as glass, lead, paper, and tea. The acts met slight protest from the colonists, who found ways around the taxes such as buying smuggled tea. Due to its minute profits, they were repealed in 1770, except for the tax on tea. The tax on tea was kept to keep alive the principle of Parliamentary taxation.

Navigation Acts of 1651

Laws passed by Parliament that governed trade between England and its colonies. Colonists were required to ship certain products exclusively to England. These acts made colonists very angry because they were forbidden from trading with other countries.

Second Continental Congress

Met in Philadelphia on May 10, 1775. Three delegates added to the Congress were Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, and John Hancock. The Congress took on governmental duties. (United all the colonies for the war effort.) They selected George Washington as Commander in Chief. They encouraged the colonies to set themselves up as states. On July 4, 1776 they adopted the Declaration of Independence. The Congress ended March 1, 1781 when a Congress authorized by the Articles of Confederation took over.

Patriots/Whigs

Name given to party of patriots of the new land resisting England prior to the Declaration of Independence.

New France

Name of French colony in Canada. Most valuable resource was the beaver; pursued by French fur-trappers.

James Madison

Nicknamed "the Father of the Constitution"; talented politician sent to the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia on May 25, 1787; his notable contributions to the Constitution helped to convince the public to ratify it.

Royal Veto

Occurred when legislation passed by the colonial assemblies conflicted with British regulations. It was then declared void by the Privy Council. It was resented by the colonists even though it was only used 469 times out of 8563 laws.

Admiralty courts

Offenders of the Sugar Act of 1764 and the Stamp Act of 1765 were tried in these courts with no juries where the defendant was presumed guilty until proven innocent. Americans felt their basic rights as Englishmen were being violated, and the animosity created fuel for independence from England.

John Adams

Patriot of the American Revolution who attended the Continental Congress in 1774 as a delegate from Georgia. He swayed his countrymen to take revolutionary action against England.

Privateering

Privately owned armed ships specifically authorized by congress to prey on enemy shipping. There were over a thousand American privateers who responded to the call of patriotism and profit. They brought in urgently needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raised American morale. (American Revolution, 1775-1783)

Abigail Adams

She was the wife of second president John Adams. She attempted to get rights for the "Ladies" from her husband who at the time was on the committee for designing the Declaration of Independence.

Francisco Pizarro

Spanish conqueror who took over the Aztec civilization in 1532

Francisco Coronado

Spanish explorer and commander. In 1540 he led an expedition to find the seven cities of gold. On his trip from Mexico to Arizona, he discovered the Adobe pueblos.

Juan Ponce de Leon

Spanish explorer in Florida who was looking for the fountain of youth. Established Florida as Spanish territory

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers who invaded Central and South America in the 1500s

Horatio Gates

Started in the English army and worked his way up through the ranks. Later during the revolution he turned sides and was appointed to take charge of the Continental army of the North. One of his accomplishments was his victory at Saratoga. His career in the army ended when he lost to General Charles Cornwallis.

Sovereignty

Supreme political power. When the Continental Congress in 1776 asked the colonies to draft new constitutions, it was asking them to become new states, whose political power, according to republicanism, would rest on the peoples authority. Power in the peoples hands is the basis for democracy.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

The British recognized the independence of the United States. It granted boundaries, which stretched from the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. The Yankees retained a share of Newfoundland. It greatly upset the Canadians.

John Paul Jones

The commander of one of America's ships; daring, hard-fighting young Scotsman; helped to destroy British merchant ships in 1777; brought war into the water of the British seas.

Popular Sovereignty

The idea that people should have the right to rule themselves. This idea had revolutionary consequences in colonial America.

Black Legend

The idea that the Spanish destroyed the Indians with slavery and disease but the English did not. Was used to justify English invasions into America.

Cahokia

The largest Native American settlement in North America, located near present-day St. Louis

Natural Rights

The theory that people are born with certain "natural rights." Some say these rights are anything people do in the pursuit of liberty--as long as the rights of others are not impeded.

Republicanism

The theory that the government was under the authority of the people it governs. The power in the peoples hand's is the basis for Democracy. The writers of the constitution used this theory.

Federation

Thomas Jefferson wanted a tightly knit country. This involved the the states yielding their sovereignty to a completely new federal government. This would give the states freedom to control their local affairs.

War of Spanish Succession

War fought by other European nations against France and Spain when those two states tried to unite their thrones (1701-1713)

Daniel Shays

Was a Captain and a radical veteran of the Revolution. He led a rebellion, fittingly named Shays Rebellion. He felt he was fighting against a tyranny. The rebellion was composed of debtors demanding cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and suspension of mortgage foreclosures. He was sentenced to death but was later pardoned. The rebellion in 1786 helped lead to the Constitution and he somewhat became one of the Founding Fathers.

boycott

a punitive ban that forbids relations with certain groups, cooperation with a policy, or the handling of goods.

Aldena-Hopewell

Native American civilization characterized by their large burial mounds and extensive trade networks

Checks and Balances

"The principle of government under which separate branches are employed to prevent actions by the other branches and are induced to share power." The framers of the constitution for the U.S. saw the policy as necessary for the government to run smoothly. Third principle has prevented anyone Branch from taking over the government and making all the decisions. (Having a dictatorship.)

Board of Trade

(1696) An English legislative body that was instituted for the governing and economic control of the American colonies. It lacked many powers but kept the colonies functioning under the mercantile system.

1st Great Awakening

Spectacular, emotional religious revival of the 1730s and 1740s. This event saw an increase in religious sects in the colonies.

11. Congregational Church, Cambridge Platform

The Congregational Church was founded by separatists who felt that the Church of England retained too many Roman Catholic beliefs and practices. The Pilgrims were members of the Congregational Church. The Cambridge Platform stressed morality over church dogma.

cabinet

group of officials who head government departments and advise the President

Funding at par

it meant that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value with interest

James Madison

"Father of the Constitution" He favored a strong central government and separation of powers.

Boston Tea Party

(December 6, 1773) A demonstration by citizens of Boston who, disguised as Indians, raided three British ships in Boston harbor and dumped hundreds of chests of tea into the harbor

Why 1491 - 1607 was chosen as the dates for period 1?

1491 is one year prior to the arrival of Columbus and Europeans, and 1607 is the year England established a permanent settlement at Jamestown

Why 1607 - 1754 was chosen as the dates for period 2

1607 = 1st English permanent settlement in Jamestown; 1754 = start of the 7 Years War

34. House of Burgesses

1619 - The Virginia House of Burgesses formed, the first legislative body in colonial America. Later other colonies would adopt houses of burgesses.

33. Slavery begins

1619 - The first African slaves in America arrive in the Virginia colony.

1. Mayflower Compact

1620 - The first agreement for self-government in America. It was signed by the 41 men on the Mayflower and set up a government for the Plymouth colony.

8. John Winthrop (1588-1649), his beliefs

1629 - He became the first governor of the Massachusetts Bay colony, and served in that capacity from 1630 through 1649. A Puritan with strong religious beliefs. He opposed total democracy, believing the colony was best governed by a small group of skillful leaders. He helped organize the New England Confederation in 1643 and served as its first president.

4. Massachusetts Bay Colony

1629 - King Charles gave the Puritans a right to settle and govern a colony in the Massachusetts Bay area. The colony established political freedom and a representative government.

5. Cambridge Agreement

1629 - The Puritan stockholders of the Massachusetts Bay Company agreed to emigrate to New England on the condition that they would have control of the government of the colony.

16. Voting granted to church members - 1631

1631 - The Massachusetts general court passed an act to limit voting rights to church members.

14. Roger Williams, Rhode Island

1635 - He left the Massachusetts colony and purchased the land from a neighboring Indian tribe to found the colony of Rhode Island. Rhode Island was the only colony at that time to offer complete religious freedom.

23. Harvard founded

1636 - Founded by a grant form the Massachusetts general court. Followed Puritan beliefs.

24. New England Confederation

1643 - Formed to provide for the defense of the four New England colonies, and also acted as a court in disputes between colonies.

40. Carolinas

1665 - Charles II granted this land to pay off a debt to some supporters. They instituted headrights and a representative government to attract colonists. The southern region of the Carolinas grew rich off its ties to the sugar islands, while the poorer northern region was composed mainly of farmers. The conflicts between the regions eventually led to the colony being split into North and South Carolina.

25. King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. The war was started when the Massachusetts government tried to assert court jurisdiction over the local Indians. The colonists won with the help of the Mohawks, and this victory opened up additional Indian lands for expansion.

36. Bacon's Rebellion

1676 - Nathaniel Bacon and other western Virginia settlers were angry at Virginia Governor Berkley for trying to appease the Doeg Indians after the Doegs attacked the western settlements. The frontiersmen formed an army, with Bacon as its leader, which defeated the Indians and then marched on Jamestown and burned the city. The rebellion ended suddenly when Bacon died of an illness.

44. Pennsylvania, William Penn

1681- William Penn received a land grant from King Charles II, and used it to form a colony that would provide a haven for Quakers. His colony, Pennsylvania, allowed religious freedom.

26. Dominion of New England

1686 - The British government combined the colonies of Massachusetts, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, and Connecticut into a single province headed by a royal governor (Andros). The Dominion ended in 1692, when the colonists revolted and drove out Governor Andros.

42. Charleston

1690 - The first permanent settlement in the Carolinas, named in honor of King Charles II. Much of the population were Huguenot (French Protestant) refugees.

18. Brattle Street Church

1698 - Founded by Thomas Brattle. His church differed from the Puritans in that it did not require people to prove that they had achieved grace in order to become full church members.

47. Frame of government

1701 - The Charter of Liberties set up the government for the Pennsylvania colony. It established representative government and allowed counties to form their own colonies.

38. Georgia: reasons, successes

1733 - Georgia was formed as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish-held Florida. It was a military-style colony, but also served as a haven for the poor, criminals, and persecuted Protestants.

Albany Congress

1754 Intercolonial congress that urged the crown to take direct control of Indian relations beyond the boundaries of the colonies. Drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. Was not ratified by any colony and parliament did not accept it.

Shay's Rebellion

1786- Led by Captain Daniel Shays, a Revolutionary war veteran. An uprising that flared up in western Massachusetts. Impoverished backcountry farmers, many of them Revolutionary war veterans, were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies. They demanded cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of mortgage fore closures. Hundreds of angry agitators attempted to enforce these demands. Massachusetts authorities, supported by wealthy citizens, raised a small army under General Lincoln.

319. Bayard v. Singleton

1787 - First court decision in which a law was found unconstitutional based on a written constitution.

Great Compromise

1787; This agreement was between the large and small states of the colonies. It resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This negotiation combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

326. Bank war: Veto message by Andrew Jackson

1832 - President Jackson vetoed the bill to recharter the national bank.

Stamp Act Congress

27 delegates from 9 colonies gathered to air their grievances against the king over a famous act (tax). Example of colonial unity

Incas, Aztecs, and Mayans

3 major indigenous groups that were defeated when contact was made with Europeans

336. Justice Samuel Chase

A Federalist judge appointed by Washington to the Supreme Court. Chase had been a Revolutionary War hero, and was a signer of the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson disagreed with his rulings and had him impeached for publicly criticizing the Jefferson administration to the Maryland grand jury. Chase was acquited by the Senate, and the impeachment failed. (This is the only attempt in history to impeach a U.S. Supreme Court Justice.)

2. William Bradford

A Pilgrim, the second governor of the Plymouth colony, 1621-1657. He developed private land ownership and helped colonists get out of debt. He helped the colony survive droughts, crop failures, and Indian attacks.

Federalists

A United States political party consisting of the more respectable citizens of the time; they lived along the eastern seaboard in the 1790's; believed in advocating a strong federal government and fought for the adoption of the United States Constitution in 1787-1788.

Electoral College

A group of electors that are chosen by the people to elect the President of the United States in every election year. This system was born along side the U.S. Constitution. This system is a way of speeding up Presidential elections and is still in force today. The representatives of each state must reflect the interests of the people within their respective states during each election. After the people in a state have voted, the votes are tallied. Whichever candidate has the most votes gets all of that state's votes in this system.

Confederation

A group of sovereign states, each of which is free to act independently from the others. In 1776, when America gained its independence, a loose group was formed among the thirteen colonies. Under this group, the states were united by a weak national government, which was completely lacking constitutional authority. The national government had some control over issues such as military affairs and foreign policy. The states, however, took the majority of power into their own hands, such as the power to coin money and raise armies.

Anarchy

A lack of a strong centralized government. Often resulting in chaos, giving no security to landowners or upper-class people (wealthy). There is no stability, and what few laws exist are openly defied with no form of punishment. There are often problems in creating a usable and effective currency (this was a problem in inter-state relations.) This refers to the period of time just prior to the creation of the constitution.

Land Ordinance of 1785

A red letter law which stated that disputed land the Old Northwest was to be equally divided into townships and sold for federal income; promoted education and ended confusing legal disagreements over land.

Bundle of Compromises

A reference to the Constitution and the fact that it tried to please everybody. The three-fifths compromise, the Great Compromise, the Bill of Rights, etc.

Mayflower Compact

A simple agreement (not really a written constitution) to form a government and to submit to the will of the majority.

"No Taxation without Representation"

A theory of popular government that developed in England. This doctrine was used by the colonists to protest the Stamp Act of 1765. The colonists declared that they had no one representing them in Parliament, so Parliament had no right to tax them.

321. Supreme Court: Ware v. Hylton, 1796

A treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain required that all debts owed by the U.S. to Britain had to be paid in full. However, a Virginia statute said that American debts to Britain could be paid in depreciated currency. The Supreme Court upheld the treaty, proving that federal laws take precedence over state laws.

322. War of 1812 (1812-1814)

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. Also, a war against Britain gave the U.S. an excuse to seize the British northwest posts and to annex Florida from Britain's ally Spain, and possibly even to seize Canada from Britain. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. U.S. troops led by Andrew Jackson seized Florida and at one point the British managed to invade and burn Washington, D.C. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

John Hancock

A wealthy Massachusetts merchant and "king of the smugglers," who, in 1776, was important in persuading the American colonies to declare their independence from England. He was the ringleader in storing gunpowder which resulted in the battles in Lexington and Concord.

332. Vice-President Burr

Aaron Burr was one of the leading Democratic-Republicans of New york, and served as a U.S. Senator from New York from 1791-1797. He was the principal opponent of Alexander Hamilton's Federalist policies. In the election of 1800, Burr tied with Jefferson in the Electoral College. The House of Representatives awarded the Presidency to Jefferson and made Burr Vice- President.

Bill of Rights

Added AFTER the Constitutional Convention; created to gain support of anti-Federalists; guaranteed rights of individuals

Convention of 1800

Agreement which freed America from its alliance with France, forgave French $20 million in damages and resulted in Adams' losing a second term as president

333. Sec. of Treasury Gallatin

Albert Gallatin was a Swiss immigrant who was a financial genius and served as U.S. Secretary of the Treasury from 1801 - 1814 under Presidents Jefferson and Madison. He advocated free trade and opposed the Federalists' economic policies. Gallatin was a member of the U.S. delegation that negotiated the Treaty of Ghent, and later served as Ambassador to France and to Britain.

Encomienda System

Allowed the government to "commend" Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them. It really was slavery.

Loose Interpretation

Allowing for a broader interpretation of the Constitution

337. Tripolitan War (1801-1805)

Also called the Barbary Wars, this was a series of naval engagements launched by President Jefferson in an effort to stop the attacks on American merchant ships by the Barbary pirates. The war was inconclusive, afterwards, the U.S. paid a tribute to the Barbary states to protect their ships from pirate attacks.

Intolerable Acts

Also known as the Coercive Act, punished colonists for the Boston Tea Party. Massachusetts lost its charter, Quartering Act established.

Seven Years War

Also known as the French and Indian War. Caused by colonists were expanding West into French land.

John Adams

America's first Vice-President and second President. Sponsor of the American Revolution in Massachusetts, and wrote the Massachusetts guarantee that freedom of press "ought not to be restrained."

Primogeniture

An English law in colonial times that said only the eldest son of the parents could inherit a landed estate. This left the wealthy but landless younger sons to seek their fortune elsewhere. Many of the younger sons went to the New World, and they included Gilbert, Raleigh, and Drake.

nonimportation agreement

An agreement not to buy or sell goods to Britain, which resulted in British merchants complaining and subsequently, the act was repealed.

Miami Confederacy

An alliance of eight Indian nations who terrorized Americans and were given firearms by the British

Sons of Liberty

An organization established in 1765, these members (usually in the middle or upper class) resisted the Stamp Act of 1765. Even though the Stamp Act was repealed in 1766, this organization, combined with the Daughters of Liberty, remained active in resistance movements.

XYZ Affair

Attempt by French to extort money from John Marshall (Future Chief Justice), plan failed, Marshall comes back a hero

Examples of Africans seeking to preserve autonomy

Autonomy means independent or to have some form of self-government. Africans ran away and formed maroon communities, and combined elements of Christianity and African religions

Mercantilism

Belief that the purpose of colonies is to benefit the mother country (Economically). The mother country should export more than it imports.

Republicanism

Belief that a just society was one in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private selfish interests to the common good

Nullification

Belief that states could void federal laws if they felt they were unconstitutional

General Benedict Arnold

Brilliant Patriot General who eventually defected to the British side. This was a huge blow to the morale of the colonists.

General Cornwallis

British general that surrendered at Battle of Yorktown.

Salutary Neglect

British government allowing the colonies to operate on their own, as long as they were profitable. The government took a hands off approach.

impressment

British practice of taking American sailors and forcing them into military service

Boston Massacre

British soldiers were provoked which led to the killing of 5 colonists. Colonial propaganda increases after this event.

Albany Congress

Called by Britain to deal with Iroquois and try to get them on their side. Another attempt at colonial unity

Virginia Plan

Called for representation in Congress to be based on population (favored large states)

New Jersey Plan

Called for representation to be equal among states (favored small states)

Characteristics of Southern colonies

Chesapeake (MD and VA) and North Carolina was based on tobacco - relied on indentured servants early on, later replaced by African slaves

Little Turtle

Chief of the Miami who led a Native American alliance that raided U.S. settlements in the Northwest Territory. He was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville. Later, he became an advocate for peace

George Washington

Chosen by the Second Continental Congress to lead the Continental army. He was a natural leader and very charismatic.

Anne Hutchinson

Claimed to have direct revelations from God and challenged gender roles in Church. Banished to Rhode Island.

19. Thomas Hooker

Clergyman, one of the founders of Hartford. Called "the father of American democracy" because he said that people have a right to choose their magistrates.

Mercantilism

Colonies existed for benefit of the mother country (Economically)

Characteristics of English colonization

Colonies were based on agriculture; large number of men and women inhabited the colonies; relatively hostile relations with Native Americans.

Quartering Act

Colonies were required to give food and shelter to British soldiers.

Navigation Laws

Colonists could only trade with countries/colonies ruled by England. Colonists were angered by the laws and started smuggling goods.

Reasons for Patriot Victory in Revolutionary War

Colonists' familiarity with the land; political and military leadership (Washington); ideological commitment (Natural Rights); Support from European Allies (France after Saratoga)

Jamestown

Colony that struggled to survive at first, eventually thrived by growing tobacco. Key People: John Smith, John Rolfe

Royal Colony

Colony that was ruled by the Crown of England

Comte de Rochambeau

Commanded a powerful French army of six thousand troops in the summer of 1780 and arrived in Newport, Rhode Island. They were planning a Franco - American attack on New York.

"Black Legend"

Concept that the Spanish only killed, tortured, and stole in the Americas, while contributing nothing good

Maize

Corn; Cultivated in present-day Mexico and spread to the SW portion of the US. Native American societies were built around maize.

Bank of the US

Created by Alexander Hamilton, 20% would be owned by government, helped stimulate economy; caused conflict in Washington's cabinet

Benjamin Franklin

Created the Albany Plan of Union. Encouraged colonies to unite or risk dying. "Join or Die"

Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise)

Created two house legislature where representation was based on population and one where representation was equal

Jonathan Edwards

Credited with starting the Great Awakening, emphasized "eternal damnation."

Alexander Hamilton

Delegate to the Constitutional Convention and leader of the Federalists; first secretary of the treasury.

Three-Fifths Compromise

Describes when a black slave was counted as three-fifths of a person as they were counting the population. The southern states wanted them counted as one whole person for more representatives in the House of Representatives. The northern states did not want them counted at all.

White-Indian Conflicts after 7 Years' War

Due to encroachment on Native lands; Pontiac's Rebellion led to the Proclamation Line of 1763

325. Bank war: its enemies and defenders

During Jackson's presidency, this was a struggle between those who wanted to keep the national bank in operation and those who wanted to abolish it. Jackson and states' rights advocates opposed the national bank, which they felt imposed discriminatory credit restrictions on local banks, making it more difficult for farmers and small businessmen to obtain loans. The bank was defended by Nicholas Biddle and Henry Clay, the National Republicans, the wealthy, and larger merchants, who felt that local banks credit policies were irresponsible and would lead to a depression.

Mercantilism

Economic theory that simply states a nation's power is determined by its wealth in gold. According to this doctrine, the colonies existed for the benefit of the mother country; they should add to its wealth, prosperity, and self-sufficiency. The settlers were expected to produce what was needed in England and not to bother their heads with experiments like self-government.

assumption

Economic policy of Alexander Hamilton where the central government would assume the debts of all the states. It would tie the states closer to the federal government.

Joint-stock company

Enabled a number of investors, called "adventurers" to pool their capital. This is a forerunner of the modern corporation.

Washington's Farewell Address

Encouraged America to remain neutral and follow an isolationist policy; warned of the dangers of political parties

Headright System

Encouraged the importation of servant workers. Whoever paid the passage of a laborer received the right to acquire fifty acres of land

Treaty of Paris of 1763

Ended the French and Indian War. France is in essence removed from North America, Britain becomes biggest superpower

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Ended the Revolutionary War. Britain formally recognized America as an independent nation.

James Wolfe

English general, led troops up a steep cliff to capture Quebec, an event which marked the beginning to the end of the French/Indian War

Puritans

English religious reformers that wanted to purify English Christianity; believed they were "visible saints".

Church of England

Established after Henry VIII (8th) broke with the Catholic Church. The King was both the spiritual and political leader of England.

William Penn

Established an asylum for Quakers through a land grant in 1681. Favored religious toleration and acceptance of Native Americans.

Virginia House of Burgesses

Established in 1619, it was an early form of representative self-government authorized to settlers in Virginia.

Judiciary Act of 1789

Established the Supreme Court with John Jay as chief justice and 5 associate judges

Alexander Hamilton

Federalist, had a financial plan to bail out the US economy; created a bank.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document of America. No strong central government, most power resided with states.

Articles of Confederation

First governing document of US - created a WEAK central government; issues with trade - different currencies in each state, tariffs on goods traded between states

John Winthrop

First governor of Massachusetts; believed the purpose of the colony was to "be a city upon a hill".

22. Massachusetts School Law

First public education legislation in America. It declared that towns with 50 or more families had to hire a schoolmaster and that towns with over 100 families had to found a grammar school.

Strict Interpretation

Following the Constitution as it is exactly written

Roger Williams

Formed Providence, guaranteed freedom of religion to ALL (even Jews)

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Formed by a group of non- Separatist Puritans, formed the city of Boston.

New England Confederation

Formed in 1643 to make a defense against the Indians, French, and Dutch. Early attempt at colonial unity

Lord Baltimore

Founded Maryland as a safe haven for fellow Catholics

Characteristics of New England colonies

Founded primarily by Puritans, that wanted a group of like-minded individuals; close-knit, longer life expectancies; mixed economy of farming and trade

39. James Oglethorpe

Founder and governor of the Georgia colony. He ran a tightly-disciplined, military-like colony. Slaves, alcohol, and Catholicism were forbidden in his colony. Many colonists felt that Oglethorpe was a dictator, and that (along with the colonist's dissatisfaction over not being allowed to own slaves) caused the colony to break down and Oglethorpe to lose his position as governor.

Impact of 7 Years' War

France was removed from North America; Great Britain was in massive debt, began to consolidate control over colonies - taxes; many colonists resisted

Courerurs Des Bois

French fur-trappers that hunted beaver. Led to increased trade with Natives while also decimating the beaver population

Citizen Edmond Genet

French government representative asking for assistance for the French Revolution. Sparked support for the French Revolution and led to the creation of the Democratic-Republican party

Huguenots

French protestants who were persecuted in France. Conflict between Catholics and Protestants forced 200,000 to leave France

General Burgoyne

General of British army at Saratoga. Surrendered to the colonists.

Hessians

German soldiers hired by the British government to fight in the Revolutionary War

King George III

King of England in the 1770s. Though he was a good man, he was not a good ruler. He lost all of the 13 American colonies and caused America to start to gain its freedom.

British East India Company

Granted monopoly on tea in America. Even though tea was cheaper with tax, colonists still were upset.

Quebec Act

Granted tolerance to French Catholics and extended the border down into the Ohio valley. Upset colonists b/c it hampered their expansion

Society of the Cincinnati

Group of Continental Army officers formed a military order in1783. They were criticized for their aristocratic ideals.

Plymouth Colony

Group of Separatists (we call Pilgrims) from Holland, landed incorrectly in New England in 1620.

Bank of the United States

Hamilton's plan to solve Revolutionary debt, Assumption highly controversial, pushed his plan through Congress, based on loose interpretation of Constitution

331. President Jefferson

He believed in a less aristocratic presidency. He wanted to reduce federal spending and government interference in everyday life. He was a Democratic-Republican (originally an Anti- Federalist), so he believed in strict interpretation of the Constitution.

Thomas Jefferson

He created a list of grievances against England and wrote a formal declaration of independence.

John Burgoyne

He was a British general that submitted a plan for invading New York state from Canada. He was then given charge of the army. Though defeated, he advanced troops near Lake Champlain to near Albany. He surrendered at Saratoga on Oct. 17, 1777. This battle helped to bring France into the war as an ally for the United States, this has been called one of the decisive battles of history

Charles Cornwallis

He was a British general who fought in the Seven Years War, was elected to the House of Commons in 1760, and lost battles to George Washington on December 26, 1776 and on January 3, 1777. He made his mark on history, even though he could never ensure an overall British win over the Americans. He had many individual victories and losses against the Americans in the American Revolution and will always be remembered as a great and powerful general.

Barry St. Leger

He was a British officer in the American Revolutionary War. He led a British advance into New York's Mohawk Valley in the summer of 1777. Hoping to join the British army of General John Burgoyne at Albany, he was halted by American militia in Fort Stanwix. His forces were nearly destroyed while repelling an American relief unit at Oriskany, and the approach of additional American troops forced St. Leger to retreat to Canada.

Nathaniel Greene

He was a colonial general who fought the English in the late eighteenth century-- used fighting tactic of retreating and getting the English to pursue for miles. Historical Significance: Cleared Georgia and South Carolina of British troops.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a delegate from Virginia at the Second Continental Congress and wrote the Declaration of Independence. He later served as the third President of the United States.

Patrick Henry

He was a fiery lawyer during revolutionary War times. Supporting a break from Great Britain, he is famous for the words, "give me liberty, or give me death!" which concluded a speech given to the Virginia Assembly in 1775. This quote is a symbol of American patriotism still today. After the American Revolution, he served two terms as governor of Virginia and was also instrumental in the development of the Bill of Rights.

Thomas Jefferson

He was a member of the House of Burgesses, wrote the Declaration of Independence, was ambassador to France, and was the President of the United States of America. He did all these things before, during, and after the Revolutionary war. With his Declaration of Independence he declared the colonies' freedom from England. While President, he bought the Louisiana Purchase and had Lewis and Clark to explore it.

Richard Henry Lee

He was a member of the Philadelphia Congress during the late 1770's. On June 7, 1776 he declared, "These United colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent states." This resolution was the start of the Declaration of Independence and end to British relations.

Thomas Paine

He was a passionate and persuasive writer who published the bestseller, Common Sense in 1776. He had the radical idea that the colonies should set up America as an independent, democratic, republic away from England. Over 120,000 copies of his book were sold and this helped spark the colonists rebellion later that year.

32. John Rolfe, tobacco

He was one of the English settlers at Jamestown (and he married Pocahontas). He discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia and cure it for export, which made Virginia an economically successful colony.

Crispus Attucks

He was one of the colonials involved in the Boston Massacre, and when the shooting started, he was the first to die. He became a martyr.

John Jay

He was the First Chief Justice of the United States, and also an American statesman and jurist. Elected to the Continental Congress, he also helped negotiate the Treaty of Paris w/ Great Britain, ending the American Revolution. Serving as governor of New York State from 1795 to 1801, he was a advocate of a strong national government. Appointed by Washington, he negotiated a settlement when was w/ Britain threatened due to controversies over the Treaty of Paris: it became known as Jay's Treaty.

30. Headright system

Headrights were parcels of land consisting of about 50 acres which were given to colonists who brought indentured servants into America. They were used by the Virginia Company to attract more colonists.

31. John Smith

Helped found and govern Jamestown. His leadership and strict discipline helped the Virginia colony get through the difficult first winter.

Separation of Power

Ideas of Montesquieu, government should be divided into different groups

Pinckney's Treaty

Improved relations with Spain, allowed Americans access to Mississippi River

317. Rutgers v. Waddington, 1784

In 1783, the New York State Legislature passed the Trespass Act, which allowed land owners whose property had been occupied by the British during the Revolution to sue for damages. Rutgers sued in the Mayor's Court over the seizure of her brewery, and the Mayor, James Duane, declared the Act void because it conflicted with a provision of the Treaty of Paris. It was the first time a U.S. court had declared a law unconstitutional, and was an important precedent for the later U.S. Supreme Court decision in Marbury v. Madison.

35. Cavaliers

In the English Civil War (1642-1647), these were the troops loyal to Charles II. Their opponents were the Roundheads, loyal to Parliament and Oliver Cromwell.

Declaration of Independence

Inspired by Common Sense and Enlightenment ideals; inspired France and countries in Latin America to experience revolutions

Protestant Work Ethic

Involved a serious commitment to work and to engage in worldly pursuits. "Good things happen to people who work hard"

Declaratory Act

Issued after the failed Stamp Act, this gave Parliament the right to tax in the future.

Olive Branch Petition

Issued by the 2nd Continental Congress. Last ditch effort for peace. Rejected by King George III.

338. Treaty of Sam Ildefonso 1800 - In this treaty, Spain gave the Louisiana territory back to France (France had lost it to Spain in the Seven Years War). 339. Louisiana Purchase: reasons, Jefferson, loose construction 1803 - The U.S. purchased the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains from Napoleon for $15 million. Jefferson was interested in the territory because it would give the U.S. the Mississippi River and New Orleans (both were valuable for trade and shipping) and also room to expand. Napoleon wanted to sell because he needed money for his European campaigns and because a rebellion against the French in Haiti had soured him on the idea of New World colonies. The Constitution did not give the federal government the power to buy land, so Jefferson used loose construction to justify the purchase. 340. Toussaint L'Overture 1803 - Led a slave rebellion which took control of Haiti, the most important island of France's Caribbean possessions. The rebellion led Napoleon to feel that New World colonies were more trouble than they were worth, and encouraged him to sell Louisiana to the U.S. 341. Federalist opposition to the Louisiana Purchase Federalists opposed it because they felt Jefferson overstepped his Constitutional powers by making the purchase. 342. Hamilton-Burr duel After Burr lost to Jefferson as a Republican, he switched to the Federalist party and ran for governor of New York. When he lost, he blamed Hamilton (a successful Federalist politician) of making defamatory remarks that cost him the election. Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel, in which Hamilton was killed on July 11, 1804. 343. Burr expedition, treason trial After the duel, Burr fled New York and joined a group of mercenaries in the southern Louisiana territory region. The U.S. arrested them as they moved towards Mexico. Burr claimed that they had intended to attack Mexico, but the U.S. believed that they were actually trying to get Mexican aid to start a secession movement in the territories. Burr was tried for treason, and although Jefferson advocated Burr's punishment, the Supreme Court acquitted Burr. 344. Lewis and Clark expedition and its findings 1804-1806 - Meriwether Lewis and William Clark were commissioned by Jefferson to map and explore the Louisiana Purchase region. Beginning at St. Louis, Missouri, the expedition travelled up the Missouri River to the Great Divide, and then down the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean. It produced extensive maps of the area and recorded many scientific discoveries, greatly facilitating later settlement of the region and travel to the Pacific coast. 345. Pike, Major Long, their observations Zebulon Pike explored (1805-1807) Minnesota and the Southwest, mapped the region, and spied on the Spanish whenever his exploration took him into their territory. (He was eventually captured by the Spanish, but the U.S. arranged for his release.) Major Long explored the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region (Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado) and concluded that it was a worthless "Great American Desert." 346. Berlin Decree (1806), Milan Decree (1807) These decrees issued by Napoleon dealt with shipping and led to the War of 1812. The Berlin Decree initiated the Continental System, which closed European ports to ships which had docked in Britain. The Milan Decree authorized French ships to seize neutral shipping vessels trying to trade at British ports. 347. Polly case, Essex case These dealt with the impressment of sailors. 348. Orders-in-council British laws which led to the War of 1812. Orders-in-council passed in 1807 permitted the impressment of sailors and forbade neutral ships from visiting ports from which Britain was excluded unless they first went to Britain and traded for British goods. 349. Impressment British seamen often deserted to join the American merchant marines. The British would board American vessels in order to retrieve the deserters, and often seized any sailor who could not prove that he was an American citizen and not British. 350. Chesapeake-Leopard Affair 1807 - The American ship Chesapeake refused to allow the British on the Leopard to board to look for deserters. In response, the Leopard fired on the Chesapeake. As a result of the incident, the U.S. expelled all British ships from its waters until Britain issued an apology. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664. 351. Embargo of 1807, opposition This act issued by Jefferson forbade American trading ships from leaving the U.S. It was meant to force Britain and France to change their policies towards neutral vessels by depriving them of American trade. It was difficult to enforce because it was opposed by merchants and everyone else whose livelihood depended upon international trade. It also hurt the national economy, so it was replaced by the Non-Intercourse Act. 352. Non-Intercourse Act 1809 - Replaced the Embargo of 1807. Unlike the Embargo, which forbade American trade with all foreign nations, this act only forbade trade with France and Britain. It did not succeed in changing British or French policy towards neutral ships, so it was replaced by Macon's Bill No. 2. 353. Erskine Agreement 1809 - The U.S. offered to cease all trade with France and resume trade with Britain if the British would stop the impressment of American sailors. The British did not agree to this, so this proposal never went into effect. 354. Macon's Bill No. 2 1810 - Forbade trade with Britain and France, but offered to resume trade with whichever nation lifted its neutral trading restrictions first. France quickly changed its policies against neutral vessels, so the U.S. resumed trade with France, but not Britain. 355. Tecumseh (1763-1813) A Shawnee chief who, along with his brother, Tenskwatawa, a religious leader known as The Prophet, worked to unite the Northwestern Indian tribes. The league of tribes was defeated by an American army led by William Henry Harrison at the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Tecumseh was killed fighting for the British during the War of 1812 at the Battle of the Thames in 1813. 356. War Hawks Western settlers who advocated war with Britain because they hoped to aquire Britain's northwest posts (and also Florida or even Canada) and because they felt the British were aiding the Indians and encouraging them to attack the Americans on the frontier. In Congress, the War Hawks were Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun. 357. Causes of the War of 1812 These included: British impressment of sailors, British seizure of neutral American trading ships, and the reasons given by the War Hawks (the British were inciting the Indians on the frontier to attack the Americans, and the war would allow the U.S. to seize the northwest posts, Florida, and possibly Canada). 358. Why war against Britain rather than against France? Britain practiced impressment and was believed to be supplying weapons to the Indians on the frontier and encouraging them to attack the U.S. Also, Britain held land near the U.S. which the Americans hoped to acquire, and a war with Britain would allow the U.S. to seize Florida from Britain's ally Spain. Although France had also seized American ships, France had agreed to lift its neutral trading restrictions, and the U.S. had resumed trade with France. 359. Federalist opposition to the War of 1812 The Federalist party was mainly composed of New England merchants, who wanted good relations with Britain and free trade. New England merchants met at the Hartford Convention in protest of the war and the U.S. government's restrictions on trade. 360. Naval engagements in the War of 1812 The U.S. navy won some important battles on the Great Lakes but failed to break the British blockade of the U.S. 361. Fort McHenry, Francis Scott Key, "Star Spangled Banner" Francis Scott Key saw Fort McHenry hold out during the night against a British attack. He wrote the poem "Star Spangled Banner" about the experience of seeing the U.S. flag still flying above the fort in the morning, and the poem was later set to the tune of an old English bar song. 362. Events of the War of 1812: Perry, Lake Erie, D.C., New Orleans Oliver Perry led a 1813 naval victory against the British on Lake Erie. Washington D.C. was captured and burned by the British in 1814. The Battle of New Orleans was a great victory for the U.S. in January, 1815, but it took place two weeks after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent had ended the war. 363. Jackson's victory at New Orleans January, 1815 - A large British invasion force was repelled by Andrew Jackson's troops at New Orleans. Jackson had been given the details of the British army's battle plans by the French pirate, Jean Laffite. About 2500 British soldiers were killed or captured, while in the American army only 8 men were killed. Neither side knew that the Treaty of Ghent had ended the War of 1812 two weeks before the battle. This victory inspired American nationalism. 364. New England's merchants, critics of the War of 1812, Essex Junto New England's merchants opposed the War of 1812 because it cut off trade with Great Britain. Critics of the war were mainly Federalists who represented New England. The Essex Junto was a group of extreme Federalists led by Aaron Burr who advocated New England's secession from the U.S. 365. Hartford Convention, resolution December 1814 - A convention of New England merchants who opposed the Embargo and other trade restriction, and the War of 1812. They proposed some Amendments to the Constitution and advocated the right of states to nullify federal laws. They also discussed the idea of seceding from the U.S. if their desires were ignored. The Hartford Convention turned public sentiment against the Federalists and led to the demise of the party. 366. Treaty negotiators: John Quincy Adams, Albert Gallatin, Henry Clay These three were among the American delegation which negotiated the Treaty of Ghent. 367. Treaty of Ghent, provisions December 24, 1814 - Ended the War of 1812 and restored the status quo. For the most part, territory captured in the war was returned to the original owner. It also set up a commission to determine the disputed Canada/U.S. border. 368. Neutral rights issues end with the defeat of Napoleon Napoleon's defeat ended the war between Britain and France, and thus ended the need for restrictions on neutral trading. 369. War of 1812 increased nationalism and economic independence The U.S.'s success in the War of 1812 gave Americans a feeling of national pride. The War of 1812 had cut off America's access to British manufactured goods and forced the U.S. to develop the means to produce those goods on its own. 370. Second bank of the U.S., a reversal of Jeffersonian ideas As a Republican, Jefferson opposed the National Bank. The Second Bank of the U.S. was established in 1816 and was given more authority than the First Bank of the U.S. Bank loans were used to finance the American industrial revolution in the period after the War of 1812. 371. Tariff of 1816 -- Protective This protective tariff helped American industry by raising the prices of British manufactured goods, which were often cheaper and of higher quality than those produced in the U.S. 372. Bonus Bill veto March, 1817 - Madison vetoed John C. Calhoun's Bonus Bill, which would have used the bonus money paid to the government by the Second National Bank to build roads and canals. Madison believed in strict interpretation, and using federal money for internal improvements is not a power granted to the federal government in the Constitution. 373. Rush-Bagot Treaty, Great Lakes 1817 - This treaty between the U.S. and Great Britain (which controlled Canada) provided for the mutual disarmament of the Great Lakes. This was later expanded into an unarmed Canada/U.S. border. 374. Convention of 1818 Set the border between the U.S. and Canada at the 49th parallel (or latitude). Also affirmed U.S. rights to fisheries along Newfoundland and Labrador. 375. Panic of 1819 A natural post-war depression caused by overproduction and the reduced demand for goods after the war. However, it was generally blamed on the National Bank. 376. West Florida, 1810 The U.S. wanted this region, which now forms the southern parts of the states of Alabama and Mississippi, because it bordered the Mississippi River. The U.S. seized West Florida after an uprising by American settlers in the region. 377. Jackson in Florida 1817 - The Seminole Indians in Florida, encouraged by the Spanish, launched a series of raids into the U.S. President J. Q. Adams ordered Andrew Jackson, whose troops were on the U.S./Florida border, to seize Spanish forts in northern Florida. Jackson's successful attacks convinced the Spanish that they could not defend Florida against the U.S. 378. Purchase of Florida 1819 - Under the Adams-Onis Treaty, Spain sold Florida to the U.S., and the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas. 379. Transcontinental Treaty (Adams-Onis Treaty) Spain gave up Florida to the U.S. and the U.S./Mexico border was set so that Texas and the American Southwest would be part of Mexico. 380. Quadruple Alliance, Holy Alliance The Quadruple Alliance was signed by Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia in 1815. The Holy Alliance signed by all European rulers except the Pope, the king of England, and the sultan of Turkey. It was meant to unite Europe, preserve peace, and spread Christianity. 381. George Canning (1770-1829) Led the House of Commons in Parliament. Cut Great Britain from the Holy Alliance in 1823. First leader to recognize the independence of the Spanish colonies in America and support the Monroe Doctrine, which helped restore good relations between the U.S. and Great Britain. 382. Monroe Doctrine: origins, provisions, impact 1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. 383. Era of Good Feelings A name for President Monroe's two terms, a period of strong nationalism, economic growth, and territorial expansion. Since the Federalist party dissolved after the War of 1812, there was only one political party and no partisan conflicts. 384. Chief Justice John Marshall: decision Justice Marshall was a Federalist whose decisions on the U.S. Supreme Court promoted federal power over state power and established the judiciary as a branch of government equal to the legislative and executive. InMarbury v. Madison he established the Supreme Court's power of judicial review, which allows the Supreme Court to declare laws unconstitutional. 385. Missouri: Tallmadge Amendment, Thomas Amendment When Missouri applied for statehood, there was a dispute over whether it would be admitted as a slave state or a free state. The Tallmadge Amendment was a bill which would have admitted Missouri with its existing slave population, but would forbid the introduction of additional slaves and free all slave children at age 25. The Thomas Amendment was a bill which would have admitted Missouri as a slave state but forbid slavery north of the 36°30" latitude in the Louisiana Purchase region. Neither bill was put into effect. 386. Missouri Compromise, provisions Admitted Missouri as a slave state and at the same time admitted Maine as a free state. Declared that all territory north of the 36°30" latitude would become free states, and all territory south of that latitude would become slave states. 387. Growth of industry in New England, textiles The industrial revolution had occurred in England in the 1700s, but it was not until the period industrial growth after the War of 1812 that the U.S. began to manufacture goods with the aid of factories and machines. New England, rather than the South, emerged as a manufacturing center because New England had many rivers to supply water power, plus a better system of roads and canals. The first major industry in New England was textiles. 388. Samuel Slater (1768-1835) When he emigrated from England to America in the 1790s, he brought with him the plans to an English factory. With these plans, he helped build the first factory in America. 389. Robert Fulton, Clermont A famous inventor, Robert Fulton designed and built America's first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. He also built the Nautilus, the first practical submarine. 390. Eli Whitney: cotton gin (short for "engine") 1798 - He developed the cotton gin, a machine which could separate cotton form its seeds. This invention made cotton a profitable crop of great value to the Southern economy. It also reinforced the importance of slavery in the economy of the South. 391. Interchangeable parts 1799-1800 - Eli Whitney developed a manufacturing system which uses standardized parts which are all identical and thus, interchangeable. Before this, each part of a given device had been designed only for that one device; if a single piece of the device broke, it was difficult or impossible to replace. With standardized parts, it was easy to get a replacement part from the manufacturer. Whitney first put used standardized parts to make muskets for the U.S. government. 392. Boston Associates, Lowell, Massachusetts The Boston Associates were a group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves. 393. Daniel Webster (1782-1852) A great American orator. He gave several important speeches, first as a lawyer, then as a Congressman. He was a major representative of the North in pre-Civil War Senate debates, just as Sen. John C. Calhoun was the representative of the South in that time. 394. National Road (also called Cumberland Road) The first highway built by the federal government. Constructed during 1825-1850, it stretched from Pennsylvania to Illinois. It was a major overland shipping route and an important connection between the North and the West. 395. Internal improvements The program for building roads, canals, bridges, and railroads in and between the states. There was a dispute over whether the federal government should fund internal improvements, since it was not specifically given that power by the Constitution. 396. Erie Canal, Dewitt Clinton 1825 - The Erie canal was opened as a toll waterway connecting New York to the Great Lakes. The canal was approved in 1817 with the support of New York's Governor, Dewitt Clinton. Along with the Cumberland Road, it helped connect the North and the West. 397. New states, 1815-1840 The government tried to maintain a balance between slave states and free states. The new states admitted were: Indiana (1816, free), Mississippi (1817, slave), Illinois (1818, free), Alabama (1819, slave), Maine (1820, free), Missouri (1821, slave), Arkansas (1836, slave), and Michigan (1837, free). 398. Federal government's land policy: 1796, 1800, 1804, 1820 In 1796, land was sold in 640-acre tracts or more for no less than $2 per acre. In 1800, the minimum lot size was reduced to 320 acres. In 1804, the minimum lot size was 160 acres, and the minimum price $1.64 per acre. In 1804, the minimum lot size was 80 acres, and the minimum price $1.25 per acre. 399. New England's opposition to cheap land New England was opposed to the federal government's liberal land policy because they did not feel that their region was benefitting from the money made off the land sales. 400. John Quincy Adams as Sec. of State: Florida, Monroe Doctrine He served under president Monroe. In 1819, he drew up the Adams-Onis Treaty in which Spain gave the U.S. Florida in exchange for the U.S. dropping its claims to Texas. The Monroe Doctrine was mostly Adams' work. 401. Election of 1824: popular vote, electoral vote, house vote: Jackson, Adams, Crawford, Clay Popular vote: Jackson - 152,933 (42%), Adams - 115,626 (32%), Clay - 47,136 (13%), Crawford - 46,979 (13%). Electoral vote: Jackson - 99, Adams - 84, Crawford - 41, Clay - 37. House vote: Adams - 13, Jackson - 7, Crawford - 4, Clay - dropped. Jackson did not have a majority in the electoral vote, so the election went to the House of Representatives, where Adams won. 402. "Corrupt Bargain" The charge make by Jacksonians in 1825 that Clay had supported John Quincy Adams in the House presidential vote in return for the office of Secretary of State. Clay knew he could not win, so he traded his votes for an office. 403. Panama Conference Summoned by the Venezuelan revolutionary leader, Simon Bolivar, in 1826 to discuss commercial treaties, adopt a code of international law, and arrive at a common Latin American policy toward Spain. Two delegates were sent by the U.S., but were delayed so long that when they got there the meeting was over. They were uncomfortable about black and whites mixing at the meeting. Showed the good relations between U.S. and South America. 404. Tariff of Abominations 1828 - Also called Tariff of 1828, it raised the tariff on imported manufactured goods. The tariff protected the North but harmed the South; South said that the tariff was economically discriminatory and unconstitutional because it violated state's rights. It passed because New England favored high tariffs. 405. Vice-President Calhoun: South Carolina Exposition and protest, nullification Vice-President Calhoun anonymously published the essay South Carolina Exposition, which proposed that each state in the union counter the tyranny of the majority by asserting the right to nullify an unconstitutional act of Congress. It was written in reaction to the Tariff of 1828, which he said placed the Union in danger and stripped the South of its rights. South Carolina had threatened to secede if the tariff was not revoked; Calhoun suggested state nullification as a more peaceful solution. 406. Jacksonian Revolution of 1828 When Andrew Jackson was elected president from humble beginnings, people thought he could make the American Dream come true. Jackson appointed common people to government positions. Jefferson's emphasis on farmers' welfare gave way to Jackson's appeal to city workers, small businessmen, and farmers. Jackson was the first non-aristocrat to be elected president. Jackson's election was the revolution of the "Common Man". 407. Age of the Common Man Jackson's presidency was the called the Age of the Common Man. He felt that government should be run by common people - a democracy based on self-sufficient middle class with ideas formed by liberal education and a free press. All white men could now vote, and the increased voting rights allowed Jackson to be elected. 408. Jacksonian Democracy: characteristics The Jacksonian era (1829-1841) included many reforms: free public schools, more women's rights, better working conditions in factories, and the rise of the Abolition movement. In the election, Jackson was portrayed as a common man and his opponent, J.Q. Adams, was attacked for his aristocratic principles. Electors in the electorial college were also chosen by popular vote. Common man, nationalism, National Nominating Conventions. 409. Franchise extended, spoils system Franchise extended - more people were given the right to vote, even men who owned no land. Spoils system - "To the victor go the spoils" - the winner of the election may do whatever they want with the staff. Jackson made more staff changes than any previous president, firing many people and replacing them with his own. 410. National Republicans After the 1824 election, part of the Democratic - Republican party joined John Q. Adams, Clay, and Daniel Webster to oppose Andrew Jackson. They favored nationalistic measures like recharter of the Bank of the United States, high tariffs, and internal improvements at national expense. They were supported mainly by Northwesterners and were not very successful. They were conservatives alarmed by Jackson's radicalness; they joined with the Whigs in the 1830's. 411. Caucus System, Nation Nominating Conventions In the National Nominating Convention, delegates voted on the results of a primary. In the Caucus System, candidates were elected by small, secretive party groups and the public had little say in the process. 412. Kitchen Cabinet A small group of Jackson's friends and advisors who were especially influential in the first years of his presidency. Jackson conferred with them instead of his regular cabinet. Many people didn't like Jackson ignoring official procedures, and called it the "Kitchen Cabinet" or "Lower Cabinet". 413. Cherokee Indian removal, "Trail of Tears" A minority of the Cherokee tribe, despite the protest of the majority, had surrendered their Georgia land in the 1835 Treaty of New Echota. During the winter of 1838 - 1839, troops under General Winfield Scott evicted them from their homes in Georgia and moved them to Oklahoma Indian country. Many died on the trail; the journey became known as the "Trail of Tears". 414. Worchester v. Georgia; Cherokee Nation v. Georgia Worchester v. Georgia: 1832 - The Supreme Court decided Georgia had no jurisdiction over Cherokee reservations. Georgia refused to enforce decision and President Jackson didn't support the Court. Cherokee Nationv. Georgia: 1831 - The Supreme Court ruled that Indians weren't independent nations but dependent domestic nations which could be regulated by the federal government. From then until 1871, treaties were formalities with the terms dictated by the federal government. 415. Whigs: origins, policies Whigs were conservatives and popular with pro-Bank people and plantation owners. They mainly came from the National Republican Party, which was once largely Federalists. They took their name from the British political party that had opposed King George during the American Revolution. Among the Whigs were Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and, for a while, Calhoun. Their policies included support of industry, protective tariffs, and Clay's American System. They were generally upper class in origin. 416. Maysville Road Veto 1830 - The Maysville Road Bill proposed building a road in Kentucky (Clay's state) at federal expense. Jackson vetoed it because he didn't like Clay, and Martin Van Buren pointed out that New York and Pennsylvania paid for their transportation improvements with state money. Applied strict interpretation of the Constitution by saying that the federal government could not pay for internal improvements. 417. Election of 1832, Anti-Masonic Party Andrew Jackson (Democrat) ran for re-election with V.P. Martin Van Buren. The main issue was his veto of the recharter of the U.S. Bank, which he said was a monopoly. Henry Clay (Whig), who was pro-Bank, ran against him The Anti-Masonic Party nominated William Wirt. This was the first election with a national nominating convention. Jackson won - 219 to Clay's 49 and Wirt's 1. The Masons were a semi-secret society devoted to libertarian principles to which most educated or upper-class men of the Revolutionary War era belonged. The Anti-Masons sprang up as a reaction to the perceived elitism of the Masons, and the new party took votes from the Whigs, helping Jackson to win the election. 418. Clay, Bank Recharter Bill, Nicholas Biddle The Bank of the United States was chartered by Congress in 1791; it held government funds and was also commercial. It wasn't rechartered in 1811, but a second bank was established in 1816 (1/5 government owned). Jackson opposed it, saying it drove other banks out of business and favored the rich, but Clay favored it. Nicholas Biddle became the bank's president. He made the bank's loan policy stricter and testified that, although the bank had enormous power, it didn't destroy small banks. The bank went out of business in 1836 amid controversy over whether the National Bank was constitutional and should be rechartered. 419. Veto message 1832 - Jackson, in his veto message of the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., said that the bank was a monopoly that catered to the rich, and that it was owned by the wealthy and by foreigners. 420. Jackson's removal of deposits, Roger B. Taney, pet bank, Loco-Focos Angry because Biddle used bank funds to support anti-Jacksonian candidates, Jackson removed federal deposits from the bank in 1833, firing the secretaries of treasury who wouldn't comply, and was charged with abuse of power. Roger B. Taney was Chief Justice of the Supreme Court and helped Jackson crush the Bank of the U.S. Pet banks were state banks into which Jackson deposited federal funds in 1833, after he vetoed the recharter of the Second Bank of the U.S., so called because people thought they were chosen on political grounds. Loco Focos (1835) were Democrats who wanted reform and opposed tariffs, banks, monopolies, and other places of special privilege. 421. Chestnut Street to Wall Name change of the street in New York in 1800s. 422. Foote Resolution, Webster-Hayne debate The Webster-Hayne debate in 1830 was over an 1830 bill by Samuel A. Foote to limit the sale of public lands in the west to new settlers. Daniel Webster, in a dramatic speech, showed the danger of the states' rights doctrine, which permitted each state to decide for itself which laws were unconstitutional, claiming it would lead to civil war. States' rights (South) vs. nationalism (North). 423. Peggy Eaton Affair Social scandal (1829-1831) - John Eaton, Secretary of War, stayed with the Timberlakes when in Washington, and there were rumors of his affair with Peggy Timberlake even before her husband died in 1828. Many cabinet members snubbed the socially unacceptable Mrs. Eaton. Jackson sided with the Eatons, and the affair helped to dissolve the cabinet - especially those members associated with John C. Calhoun (V.P.), who was against the Eatons and had other problems with Jackson. 424. Calhoun resigns as vice-president 1832 - Calhoun, from South Carolina, wrote the doctrine of nullification, expressing his views in support of states' rights. His views were so disputed and so different from Jackson's that Calhoun resigned and was appointed senator in South Carolina to present their case to Congress. 425. South opposes protective tariffs (Tariff of Abominations) The North wanted tariffs that protected new industries, but the agricultural Southern states depended on cheap imports of manufactured goods and only wanted tariffs for revenue. The South strongly opposed protective tariffs like the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832, and protested by asserting that enforcement of the tariffs could be prohibited by individual states, and by refusing to collect tariff duties. 426. Nullification crisis, South Carolina Exposition and Protest When faced with the protective Tariff of 1828, John Calhoun presented a theory in the South Carolina Exposition and Protest (1828) that federal tariffs could be declared null and void by individual states and that they could refuse to enforce them. South Carolina called a convention in 1832, after the revised Tariff of 1828 became the Tariff of 1832, and passed an ordinance forbidding collection of tariff duties in the state. This was protested by Jackson. 427. Jefferson Day Dinner: toasts and quotes April 13, 1830 - At the Jefferson anniversary dinner, President Jackson toasted, "Our federal union

It must and shall be preserved!" making it clear to the nullifiers that he would resist the states' rights supporters' claim to nullify the tariff law. V.P. Calhoun's response to the toast was, "The union, next to our liberty, most dear. May we always remember that it can only be preserved by distributing evenly the benefits and burdens of the Union." Calhoun had wanted Jackson to side with him (for states' rights) in public, but he didn't succeed. 428. Clay: Compromise Tariff of 1833 Henry Clay devised the Compromise Tariff of 1833 which gradually reduced the rates levied under the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. It caused South Carolina to withdraw the ordinance nullifying the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. Both protectionists and anti-protectionists accepted the compromise. 429. Force Bill 1833 - The Force Bill authorized President Jackson to use the army and navy to collect duties on the Tariffs of 1828 and 1832. South Carolina's ordinance of nullification had declared these tariffs null and void, and South Carolina would not collect duties on them. The Force Act was never invoked because it was passed by Congress the same day as the Compromise Tariff of 1833, so it became unnecessary. South Carolina also nullified the Force Act. 430. Calhoun splits with Jackson 1832 - Calhoun resigned as vice-president when his views on states' rights were disputed by Jackson. Calhoun wanted each section of the country to share federal power equally, and he wanted independence for the South if they were to be controlled by the majority. 431. Martin Van Buren, the Albany Regency Martin Van Buren, a Democratic-Republican Senator from New York, rallied the factory workers of the North in support of Jackson. He became Jackson's V.P. after Calhoun resigned. New York politics at that time was controlled by a clique of wealthy land-owners known as the Albany Regency, of which Van Buren became the leader. 432. Specie Circular 1863 - The Specie Circular, issued by President Jackson July 11, 1836, was meant to stop land speculation caused by states printing paper money without proper specie (gold or silver) backing it. The Circular required that the purchase of public lands be paid for in specie. It stopped the land speculation and the sale of public lands went down sharply. The panic of 1837 followed. 433. Charles River Bridge Decision, Chief Justice Roger B. Taney, General Incooperation Laws 1837 - The Charles River Bridge Decision, delivered by Roger B. Taney, modified C.J. Marshall's ruling in the Darmouth College Case of 1819, which said that a state could not make laws infringing on the charters of private organizations. Taney ruled that a charter granted by a state to a company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. The Charles River Bridge Company protested when the Warren Bridge Company was authorized in 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. The court ruled that the Charles River Company was not granted a monopoly right in their charter, and the Warren Company could build its bridge. Began the legal concept that private companies cannot injure the public welfare. 434. Panic of 1837 When Jackson was president, many state banks received government money that had been withdrawn from the Bank of the U.S. These banks issued paper money and financed wild speculation, especially in federal lands. Jackson issued the Specie Circular to force the payment for federal lands with gold or silver. Many state banks collapsed as a result. A panic ensued (1837). Bank of the U.S. failed, cotton prices fell, businesses went bankrupt, and there was widespread unemployment and distress. 435. Dorr's Rebellion In 1841, Rhode Island was governed by a 1663 charter which said that only property holders and their eldest sons could vote (1/2 the adult male population). Thomas Dorr led a group of rebels who wrote a new constitution and elected him governor in 1842. The state militia was called in to stop the rebellion. Dorr was sentenced to life imprisonment, but the sentence was withdrawn. Dorr's Rebellion caused conservatives to realize the need for reform. A new constitution in 1843 gave almost all men the right to vote. 436. Independent Treasury Plan Idea that federal government should have its own treasury; never put into practice. 437. Election of 1840: candidates, characteristics William Henry Harrison and V.P. John Tyler - Whig - 234 votes. Martin Van Buren - Democrat - 60 votes. James G. Birney - Liberty Party - 0 votes. Panic of 1837 and a coming depression kept Van Buren from being reelected. Whigs rejected Clay, nominated military hero Harrison with the slogan "Tippecanoe and Tyler too". They depicted Van Buren as living in luxury and Harrison as a "log cabin and hard cider" guy, which wasn't entirely true. 438. Rise of the Second Party System Since the 1840's, two major political parties have managed to eliminated all competition. Democrats and Republicans have controlled nearly all government systems since the 1840's. 439. Pre-emption Act, 1841 This was to help settlers who occupied land and improved it before surveys were done. Without it, settlers could be outbid for the land. Some speculators used "floaters" to pre-empt land for them. 440. Tariff of 1842 A protective tariff signed by President John Tyler, it raised the general level of duties to about where they had been before the Compromise Tariff of 1833. Also banned pornography by increasing its cost. 441. Transcendentalism A philosophy pioneered by Ralph Waldo Emerson in the 1830's and 1840's, in which each person has direct communication with God and Nature, and there is no need for organized churches. It incorporated the ideas that mind goes beyond matter, intuition is valuable, that each soul is part of the Great Spirit, and each person is part of a reality where only the invisible is truly real. Promoted individualism, self-reliance, and freedom from social constraints, and emphasized emotions. 442. Transcendentalists Believed in Transcendentalism, they included Emerson (who pioneered the movement) and Thoreau. Many of them formed cooperative communities such as Brook Farm and Fruitlands, in which they lived and farmed together with the philosophy as their guide. "They sympathize with each other in the hope that the future will not always be as the past." It was more literary than practical - Brook Farm lasted only from 1841 to 1847. 443. Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882) Essayist, poet. A leading transcendentalist, emphasizing freedom and self-reliance in essays which still make him a force today. He had an international reputation as a first-rate poet. He spoke and wrote many works on the behalf of the Abolitionists. 444. Henry David Thoreau, Walden (1817-1862), "On Civil Disobedience" A transcendentalist and friend of Emerson. He lived alone on Walden Pond with only $8 a year from 1845-1847 and wrote about it in Walden. In his essay, "On Civil Disobedience," he inspired social and political reformers because he had refused to pay a poll tax in protest of slavery and the Mexican-American War, and had spent a night in jail. He was an extreme individualist and advised people to protest by not obeying laws (passive resistance). 445. Orestes Brownson (1803-1876) Presbyterian layman, Universalist minister, Unitarian preacher and founder of his own church in Boston. Spent his life searching for his place and supporting various causes. As an editor, he attacked organized Christianity and won a large intellectual New England following. Then turned Roman Catholic and became a strong defender of Catholicism in Brownson's Quarterly Review, from 1844 until his death. 446. Margaret Fuller (1810-1815), The Dial Social reformer, leader in women's movement and a transcendentalist. Edited The Dial (1840-1842), which was the puplication of the transcendentalists. It appealed to people who wanted "perfect freedom", "progress in philosophy and theology . . . and hope that the future will not always be as the past." 447. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851), The Spy, The Pioneers American novelist. The Spy (1821) was about the American Revolution. The Pioneers (1823) tells of an old scout returning to his boyhood home and is one of the Leatherstocking Tales, a series of novels about the American frontier, for which Cooper was famous. (Leatherstocking is the scout.) Cooper later stayed in Europe for seven years, and when he returned he was disgusted by American society because it didn't live up to his books. Cooper emphasized the independence of individuals and importance of a stable social order. 448. James Fenimore Cooper, Last of the Mohicans 1826 - It is about a scout named Hawkeye during the French and Indian War, while he was in his prime. It is one of the Leatherstocking Tales, about a frontiersman and a noble Indian, and the clash between growing civilization and untamed wilderness. 449. Herman Melville (1819-1891), Moby Dick Wrote Moby Dick (1851) about a Captain Ahab who seeks revenge on the white whale that crippled him but ends up losing his life, his ship, and his crew. Wasn't popular at the time but now highly regarded. Melville rejected the optimism of the transcendentalists and felt that man faced a tragic destiny. His views were not popular at the time, but were accepted by later generations. 450. Nathaniel Hawthorne (1804-1864), The Scarlet Letter Originally a transcendentalist; later rejected them and became a leading anti-trascendentalist. He was a descendant of Puritan settlers. The Scarlet Letter shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England puritans by showing their cruelty to a woman who has committed adultery and is forced to wear a scarlet "A". 451. Edgar Allen Poe (1809-1849) Author who wrote many poems and short stories including "The Raven," "The Bells," "The Tell-Tale Heart," and "The Gold Bug." He was the originator of the detective story and had a major influence on symbolism and surrealism. Best known for macabre stories. 452. Washington Irving (1783-1859) Author, diplomat. Wrote The Sketch Book, which included "Rip Van Winkle" and "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow." He was the first American to be recognized in England (and elsewhere) as a writer. 453. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (1807-1882) Internationally recognized poet. Emphasized the value of tradition and the impact of the past on the present. 454. Walt Whitman (1819-1892), Leaves of Grass Leaves of Grass (1855) was his first volume of poetry. He broke away from the traditional forms and content of New England poetry by describing the life of working Americans and using words like "I reckon", "duds", and "folks". He loved people and expressed the new democracy of a nation finding itself. He had radical ideas and abolitionist views - Leaves of Grass was considered immoral. Patriotic. 455. Hudson River School of Art In about 1825, a group of American painters, led by Thomas Cole, used their talents to do landscapes, which were not highly regarded. They painted many scenes of New York's Hudson River. Mystical overtones. 456. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America De Tocqueville came from France to America in 1831. He observed democracy in government and society. His book (written in two parts in 1835 and 1840) discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power. First to raise topics of American practicality over theory, the industrial aristocracy, and the conflict between the masses and individuals. 457. Millennialism, Millerites Millerites were Seventh-Day Adventists who followed William Miller. They sold their possessions because they believed the Second Coming would be in 1843 or 1844, and waited for the world to end. The Millennial Dawnists, another sect of the Seventh-Day Adventists, believed the world was under Satan's rule and felt it their obligation to announce the Second Coming of Christ and the battle of Armageddon. 458. "The Burned-Over District" Term applied to the region of western New York along the Erie Canal, and refers to the religious fervor of its inhabitants. In the 1800's, farmers there were susceptible to revivalist and tent rallies by the pentecostals (religious groups). 459. Charles G. Finney (1792-1875) An immensely successful revivalist of the 1800's. He helped establish the "Oberlin Theology". His emphasis on "disinterested benevolence" helped shape the main charitable enterprises of the time. 460. Mormons: Joseph Smith (1805-1844) Founded Mormonism in New York in 1830 with the guidance of an angel. In 1843, Smith's announcement that God sanctioned polygamy split the Mormons and let to an uprising against Mormons in 1844. He translated the Book of Mormon and died a martyr. 461. Brigham Young, Great Salt Lake, Utah 1847 - Brigham Young let the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake Valley in Utah, where they founded the Mormon republic of Deseret. Believed in polygamy and strong social order. Others feared that the Mormons would act as a block, politically and economically. 462. Brook Farm An experiment in Utopian socialism, it lasted for six years (1841-1847) in New Roxbury, Massachusetts. 463. New Harmony A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up. 464. Oneida Community A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children. 465. Shakers A millennial group who believed in both Jesus and a mystic named Ann Lee. Since they were celibate and could only increase their numbers through recruitment and conversion, they eventually ceased to exist. 466. Amana Community A German religious sect set up this community with communist overtones. Still in existence. 467. Lyceum Movement Developed in the 1800's in response to growing interest in higher education. Associations were formed in nearly every state to give lectures, concerts, debates, scientific demonstrations, and entertainment. This movement was directly responsible for the increase in the number of institutions of higher learning. 468. Some reforms successful, some not, why? In the 1800's, it was usually because the general public either didn't vocally support the reform or was opposed it. Not all people wanted change. In general, reforms failed if they were too far out on the political spectrum. 469. Dorothea Dix, treatment of the insane A reformer and pioneer in the movement to treat the insane as mentally ill, beginning in the 1820's, she was responsible for improving conditions in jails, poorhouses and insane asylums throughout the U.S. and Canada. She succeeded in persuading many states to assume responsibility for the care of the mentally ill. She served as the Superintendant of Nurses for the Union Army during the Civil War. 470. Rise of labor leaders During the 1800's, labor unions became more and more common. Their leaders sought to achieve the unions' goals through political actions. Their goals included reduction in the length of the workday, universal education, free land for settlers, and abolition of monopolies. Labor unions were the result of the growth of factories. 471. National Trade Union Unions formed by groups of skilled craftsmen. 472. Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members. 473. Criminal Conspiracy Laws and early unions For a time in the 1700's and 1800's, these laws were directed at early labor unions. The organized stoppage of work by a group of employees in a strike could be judged a criminal restraint of trade. This approach largely ended after Commonwealth v. Hunt. 474. Oberlin, 1833; Mt. Holyoke, 1836 Oberlin: founded by a New England Congregationalist at Oberlin, Ohio. First coed facility at the college level. The first to enroll Blacks in 1835. Mt. Holyoke: founded in 1837 in South Hadley, Massachusetts. Became the model for later liberal arts institutions of higher education for women. Liberal colleges. 475. Public education, Horace Mann Secretary of the newly formed Massachusetts Board of Education, he created a public school system in Massachusetts that became the model for the nation. Started the first American public schools, using European schools (Prussian military schools) as models. 476. American Temperance Union The flagship of the temperance movement in the 1800's. Opposed alcohol. 477. "Ten Nights in a Bar-Room," Timothy Shay Arthur A melodramatic story, published in 1856, which became a favorite text for temperance lecturers. In it, a traveller visits the town of Cedarville occasionally for ten years, notes the changing fortunes of the citizens and blames the saloon. 478. Maine Law, Neal Dow In 1838, Dow founded the Maine Temperance Union. As mayor of Portland, Maine, Dow secured in 1851 the state's passage the Maine Law, which forbade the sale or manufacture of liquor. 479. Irish, German immigration Irish: arriving in immense waves in the 1800's, they were extremely poor peasants who later became the manpower for canal and railroad construction. German: also came because of economic distress, German immigration had a large impact on America, shaping many of its morals. Both groups of immigrants were heavy drinkers and supplied the labor force for the early industrial era. 480. Nativism An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics. 481. Samuel F.B. Morse, Imminent Dangers to the Free Institutions of the U.S. Through Foreign Immigration, and the Present State of the Naturalization Laws He was briefly involved in Nativism and anti-Catholic movements, asserting that foreign immigration posed a threat to the free institutions of the U.S., as immigrants took jobs from Americans and brought dangerous new ideas. 482. Women, their rights, areas of discrimination In the 1800's women were not allowed to be involved in politics or own property, had little legal status and rarely held jobs. 483. Lucretia Mott (1803-1880) An early feminist, she worked constantly with her husband in liberal causes, particularly slavery abolition and women's suffrage. Her home was a station on the underground railroad. With Elizabeth Cady Stanton, she helped organize the first women's rights convention, held in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. 484. Elizabeth Cady Stanton A pioneer in the women's suffrage movement, she helped organize the first women's rights convention in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. She later helped edit the militant feminist magazine Revolution from 1868 - 1870. 485. Seneca Falls July, 1848 - Site of the first modern women's right convention. At the gathering, Elizabeth Cady Staton read a Declaration of Sentiment listing the many discriminations against women, and adopted eleven resolutions, one of which called for women's suffrage. 486. Emma Willard (1787-1870) Early supporter of women's education, in 1818 she published Plan for Improving Female Education, which became the basis for public education of women in New York. In 1821, she opened her own girls' school, the Troy Female Seminary, designed to prepare women for college. 487. Catherine Beecher (1800-1878) A writer and lecturer, she worked on behalf of household arts and education of the young. She established two schools for women and emphasized better teacher training. She opposed women's suffrage. 488. "Cult of True Womanhood": piety, domesticity, purity and submissiveness While many women were in favor of the women's movement, some were not. Some of these believed in preserving the values of "true womanhood": piety, domesticity, purity and submissiveness. These opponents of the women's movement referred to their ideas as the "Cult of True Womanhood." 489. Women's movement, like others, overshadowed by anti-slavery movement In the 1800's, the women's movement was often overshadowed by the anti-slavery movement. Many men who had been working on behalf of the women's movement worked for the abolition of slavery once it became a major issue. 490. American Peace Society Founded in 1828 by William Laddit. Formally condemned all wars, though it supported the U.S. government during the Civil War, WWI, and WWII. It was dissolved after the United Nations was formed in 1945. 491. Prison reform: Auburn system, Pennsylvania system Prison reform in the U.S. began with the Pennsylvania system in 1790, based on the concept that solitary confinement would induce meditation and moral reform. However, this led to many mental breakdowns. The Auburn system, adopted in 1816, allowed the congregation of prisoners during the day. 492. Supreme Court: Marbury v. Madison 1803 - The case arose out of Jefferson's refusal to deliver the commissions to the judges appointed by Adams' Midnight Appointments. One of the appointees, Marbury, sued the Sect. of State, Madison, to obtain his commission. The Supreme Court held that Madison need not deliver the commissions because the Congressional act that had created the new judgships violated the judiciary provisions of the Constitution, and was therefore unconstitutional and void. This case established the Supreme Court's right to judicial review. Chief Justice John Marshall presided. 493. Supreme Court: Fletcher v. Peck 1810 - A state had tried to revoke a land grant on the grounds that it had been obtained by corruption. The Court ruled that a state cannot arbitrarily interfere with a person's property rights. Since the land grant wass a legal contract, it could not be repealed, even if corruption was involved. 494. Supreme Court: Martin v. Hunters Lessee 1816 - This case upheld the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of state courts. 495. Supreme Court: Darmouth College v. Woodward 1819 - This decision declared private corporation charters to be contracts and immune form impairment by states' legislative action. It freed corporations from the states which created them. 496. Supreme Court: McCulloch v. Maryland 1819 - This decision upheld the power of Congress to charter a bank as a government agency, and denied the state the power to tax that agency. 497. Supreme Court: Cohens v. Virginia 1821 - This case upheld the Supreme Court's jurisdiction to review a state court's decision where the case involved breaking federal laws. 498. Supreme Court: Gibbons v. Ogden 1824 - This case ruled that only the federal government has authority over interstate commerce. 499. Supreme Court: Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831 - Supreme Court refused to hear a suit filed by the Cherokee Nation against a Georgia law abolishing tribal legislature. Court said Indians were not foreign nations, and U.S. had broad powers over tribes but a responsibility for their welfare. 500. Supreme Court: Worchester v. Georgia 1832 - Expanded tribal authority by declaring tribes sovereign entities, like states, with exclusive authority within their own boundaries. President Jackson and the state of Georgia ignored the ruling. 501. Supreme Court: River Bridge v. Warren Bridge 1837 - Supreme Court ruled that a charter granted by a state to a company cannot work to the disadvantage of the public. The Charles River Bridge Company protested when the Warren Bridge Company was authorized in 1828 to build a free bridge where it had been chartered to operate a toll bridge in 1785. The court ruled that the Charles River Company was not granted a monopoly right in their charter, and the Warren Company could build its bridge. 502. Supreme Court: Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members. 503. Great American Desert Region between the Missouri River and the Rocky Mountains. Vast domain became accessible to Americans wishing to settle there. This region was called the "Great American Desert" in atlases published between 1820 and 1850, and many people were convinced this land was a Sahara habitable only to Indians. The phrase had been coined by Major Long during his exploration of the middle of the Louisiana Purchase region. 504. Manifest Destiny Phrase commonly used in the 1840's and 1850's. It expressed the inevitableness of continued expansion of the U.S. to the Pacific. 505. Horace Greeley (1811-1873) Founder and editor of the New York Tribune. He popularized the saying "Go west, young man." He said that people who were struggling in the East could make the fortunes by going west. 506. Senator Thomas Hart Benton (1782-1858) A zealous supporter of western interests, he staunchly advocated government support of frontier exploration during his term in the Senate from 1820 - 1850. A senator from Missouri, but he opposed slavery. 507. Stephen Austin (1793-1836) In 1822, Austin founded the first settlement of Americans in Texas. In 1833 he was sent by the colonists to negotiate with the Mexican government for Texan indedendence and was imprisoned in Mexico until 1835, when he returned to Texas and became the commander of the settlers' army in the Texas Revolution. 508. Texas War for Independence After a few skirmishes with Mexican soldiers in 1835, Texas leaders met and organized a temporary government. Texas troops initially seized San Antonio, but lost it after the massacre of the outpost garrisoning the Alamo. In respone, Texas issued a Declaration of Independence. Santa Ana tried to swiftly put down the rebellion, but Texan soldiers surprised him and his troops on April 21, 1836. They crushed his forces and captured him in the Battle of San Jacinto, and forced him to sign a treaty granting Texan independence. U.S. lent no aid. 509. Santa Ana As dictator of Mexico, he led the attack on the Alamo in 1836. He was later defeated by Sam Houston at San Jacinto. 510. Alamo A Spanish mission converted into a fort, it was besieged by Mexican troops in 1836. The Texas garrison held out for thirteen days, but in the final battle, all of the Texans were killed by the larger Mexican force. 511. San Jacinto A surprise attack by Texas forces on Santa Ana's camp on April 21, 1836. Santa Ana's men were surprised and overrun in twenty minutes. Santa Ana was taken prisoner and signed an armistice securing Texas independence. Mexicans - 1,500 dead, 1,000 captured. Texans - 4 dead. 512. Sam Houston (1793-1863) Former Governor of Tennessee and an adopted member of the Cherokee Indian tribe, Houston settled in Texas after being sent there by Pres. Jackson to negotiate with the local Indians. Appointed commander of the Texas army in 1835, he led them to victory at San Jacinto, where they were outnumbered 2 to 1. He was President of the Republic of Texas (1836-1838 & 1841-1845) and advocated Texas joining the Union in 1845. He later served as U.S. Senator and Governor of Texas, but was removed from the governorship in 1861 for refusing to ratify Texas joining the Confederacy. 513. Republic of Texas Created March, 1836 but not recognized until the next month after the battle of San Jacinto. Its second president attempted to establish a sound government and develop relations with England and France. However, rapidly rising public debt, internal conflicts and renewed threats from Mexico led Texas to join the U.S. in 1845. 514. Annexation of Texas, Joint Resolution under President Tyler U.S. made Texas a state in 1845. Joint resolution - both houses of Congress supported annexation under Tyler, and he signed the bill shortly before leaving office. 515. Election of 1844: Candidates James K. Polk - Democrat. Henry Clay - Whig. James G. Birney - Liberty Party. 516. Election of 1844: Issues Manifest Destiny Issues: The annexation of Texas and the reoccupation of Oregon. Tariff reform. 517. Election of 1844: Third party's impact Third party's impact was significant. James G. Birney drew enough votes away from Clay to give Polk New York, and thus the election. 518. Election 1844: Liberty Party The first abolitionist party - believed in ending slavery. 519. Reoccupation of Texas and reannexation of Oregon Texas was annexed by Polk in 1845. Oregon was explored by Lewis and Clark from 1804 to 1806 and American fur traders set up there, but during the War of 1812, the British essentially took control of Oregon and held it jointly with the U.S. The land was returned to the U.S. with the Oregon Treaty of 1846, supported by Polk. 520. 54º40' or Fight! An aggressive slogan adopted in the Oregon boundary dispute, a dispute over where the border between Canada and Oregon should be drawn. This was also Polk's slogan - the Democrats wanted the U.S. border drawn at the 54º40' latitude. Polk settled for the 49º latitude in 1846. 521. James K. Polk President known for promoting Manifest Destiny. 522. Slidell mission to Mexico Appointed minister to Mexico in 1845, John Slidell went to Mexico to pay for disputed Texas and California land. But the Mexican government was still angry about the annexation of Texas and refused to talk to him. 523. Rio Grande, Nueces River, disputed territory Texas claimed its southern border was the Rio Grande; Mexico wanted the border drawn at the Nueces River, about 100 miles noth of the Rio Gannde. U.S. and Mexico agreed not to send troops into the disputed territory between the two rivers, but President Polk later reneged on the agreement. 524. General Zachary Taylor Commander of the Army of Occupation on the Texas border. On President Polk's orders, he took the Army into the disputed territory between the Nueces and Rio Grnade Rivers and built a fort on the north bank of the Rio Grande River. When the Mexican Army tried to capture the fort, Taylor's forces engaged in is a series of engagements that led to the Mexican War. His victories in the war and defeat of Santa Ana made him a national hero. 525. Mexican War: causes, results Causes: annexation of Texas, diplomatic ineptness of U.S./Mexican relations in the 1840's and particularly the provocation of U.S. troops on the Rio Grande. The first half of the war was fought in northern Mexico near the Texas border, with the U.S. Army led by Zachary Taylor. The second half of the war was fought in central Mexico after U.S. troops seized the port of Veracruz, with the Army being led by Winfield Scott. Results: U.S. captured Mexico City, Zachary Taylor was elected president, Santa Ana abdicated, and Mexico ceded large parts of the West, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. 526. Spot Resolutions Congressman Abraham Lincoln supported a proposition to find the exact spot where American troops were fired upon, suspecting that they had illegally crossed into Mexican territory. 527. Stephen Kearny Commander of the Army of the West in the Mexican War, marched all the way to California, securing New Mexico. 528. John C. Fremont Civil governor of California, led the Army exploration to help Kearny. Heard that a war with Mexico was coming, thought he could take California by himself before the war began and become a hero. He failed, so he joined forces with Kearny. 529. General Winfield Scott Led the U.S. forces' march on Mexico City during the Mexican War. He took the city and ended the war. 530. Nicholas Trist Sent as a special envoy by President Polk to Mexico City in 1847 to negotiate an end to the Mexican War. 531. Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago provisions This treaty required Mexico to cede the American Southwest, including New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Arizona, Nevada and California, to the U.S. U.S. gave Mexico $15 million in exchange, so that it would not look like conquest. 532. All Mexico Movement Benito Juarez overthrew Mexican dictator Santa Ana. Mexico began blocking American immigration (Mexico for Mexicans only). 533. Mexican Cession Some of Mexico's territory was added to the U.S. after the Mexican War: Arizona, New Mexico, California, Utah, Nevada & Colorado. (Treaty of Guadelupe Hildago) 534. Webster-Ashburton Treaty 1842 - Established Maine's northern border and the boundaries of the Great Lake states. 535. Carolina and Creole Affairs A group of Canadian malcontents determined to free Canada from British rule made looting forays into Canada from an island being supplied by a ship from Carolina. The Canadians burned the vessel and killed an American on board. The Creole Affair involved slaves who mutinied and killed a crewman, then sailed to the Bahamas, where the British let them all go. The U.S. wanted the slaves back, but Britain refused. The ship stolen by the slaves was the Creole. 536. Aroostook War Maine lumberjacks camped along the Aroostook Rive in Maine in 1839 tried to oust Canadian rivals. Militia were called in from both sides until the Webster Ashburn - Treaty was signed. Took place in disputed territory. 537. John Jacob Astor (1763-1848) His American fur company (est. 1808) rapidly became the dominant fur trading company in America. Helped finance the War of 1812. First millionaire in America (in cash, not land). 538. Oregon Fever 1842 - Many Eastern and Midwestern farmers and city dwellers were dissatisfied with their lives and began moving up the Oregon trail to the Willamette Valley. This free land was widely publicized. 539. Willamette Valley The spot where many settlers travelling along the Oregon trailed stopped. 540. Oregon Territory The territory comprised what arenow the states of Oregon and Washington, and portions of what became British Columbia, Canada. This land was claimed by both the U.S. and Britain and was held jointly under the Convention of 1818. 541. 49th Parallel The Oregon Treaty of 1846 established an U.S./Canadian (British) border along this parallel. The boundary along the 49th parallel extended from the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific Ocean. 542. Election of 1848: Cass, Taylor Zachary Taylor - Whig. Lewis Cass - Democrat. Martin Van Buren - Free Soil Party (Oregon issues). Taylor side-stepped the issue of slavery and allowed his military reputation to gain him victory. Cass advocated states' rights in the slavery issue. Free Soil Party wanted no slavery in Oregon. 543. Wilmot Proviso When President Polk submitted his Appropriations Bill of 1846 requesting Congress' approval of the $2 million indemnity to be paid to Mexico under the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo, Pennsylvania Representative David Wilmot attached a rider which would have barred slavery from the territory acquired. The South hated the Wilmot Proviso and a new Appropriations Bill was introduced in 1847 without the Proviso. It provoked one of the first debates on slavery at the federal level, and the principles of the Proviso became the core of the Free Soil, and later the Republican, Party. 544. Gadsen Purchase 1853 - After the Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgowas signed, the U.S. realized that it had accidentally left portions of the southwestern stagecoach routes to California as part of Mexico. James Gadsen, the U.S. Minister to Mexico, was instructed by President Pierce to draw up a treaty that would provide for the purchase of the territory through which the stage lines ran, along which the U.S. hoped to also eventually build a southern continental railroad. This territory makes up the southern parts of Arizona and New Mexico. 545. Hegemony Domination or leadership - especially the predominant influence of one state over others. Northern states seemed to be dominating Southern states. 546. "Transportation Revolution" By the 1850s railroad transportation was fairly cheap and widespread. It allowed goods to be moved in large quantities over long distances, and it reduced travel time. This linked cities' economies together. 547. Commonwealth v. Hunt 1842 - Case heard by the Massachusetts supreme court. The case was the first judgement in the U.S. that recognized that the conspiracy law is inapplicable to unions and that strikes for a closed shop are legal. Also decided that unions are not responsible for the illegal acts of their members. 548. Boston Associates The Boston Associates were a group of Boston businessmen who built the first power loom. In 1814 in Waltham, Massachusetts, they opened a factory run by Lowell. Their factory made cloth so cheaply that women began to buy it rather than make it themselves. 549. Lowell Factory Francis Cabot Lowell established a factory in 1814 at Waltham, Massachusetts. It was the first factory in the world to manufacture cotton cloth by power machinery in a building. 550. Factory girls Lowell opened a chaperoned boarding house for the girls who worked in his factory. He hired girls because they could do the job as well as men (in textiles, sometimes better), and he didn't have to pay them as much. He hired only unmarried women because they needed the money and would not be distracted from their work by domestic duties. 551. Cyrus McCormic, mechanical reaper McCormic built the reaping machine in 1831, and it make farming more efficient. Part of the industrial revolution, it allowed farmers to substantially increase the acreage that could be worked by a single family, and also made corporate farming possible. 552. Elias Howe (1819-1869) Invented the sewing machine in 1846, which made sewing faster and more efficient. 553. Ten-Hour Movement Labor unions advocated a 10-hour workday. Previously workers had worked from sun up to sundown. 554. Clipper ships Long, narrow, wooden ships with tall masts and enormous sails. They were developed in the second quarter of the 1800s. These ships were unequalled in speed and were used for trade, especially for transporting perishable products from distant countries like China and between the eastern and western U.S. 555. Cyrus Field (1819-1892) An American financier who backed the first telegraph cable across the Atlantic. After four failed attempts in 1857, 1858 and 1865, a submarine cable was successfully laid between Newfoundland and Ireland in July, 1866. 556. Robert Fulton, steamships A famous inventor, Robert Fulton designed and built America's first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807. He also built the Nautilus, the first practical submarine. 557. Samuel F.B. Morse, telegraph Morse developed a working telegraph which improved communications. 558. Walker Tariff 1846 - Sponsored by Polk's Secretary of Treasury, Robert J. Walker, it lowered the tariff. It introduced the warehouse system of storing goods until duty is paid. 559. Independent Treasury System, Van Buren and Polk Meant to keep government out of banking. Vaults were to be constructed in various cities to collect and expand government funds in gold and silver. Proposed after the National Bank was destroyed as a method for maintaining government funds with minimum risk. Passed by Van Buren and Polk. 560. American Colonization Society Formed in 1817, it purchased a tract of land in Liberia and returned free Blacks to Africa. 561. Abolitionism The militant effort to do away with slavery. It had its roots in the North in the 1700s. It became a major issue in the 1830s and dominated politics after 1840. Congress became a battleground between pro and anti-slavery forces from the 1830's to the Civil War. 562. Sectionalism Different parts of the country developing unique and separate cultures (as the North, South and West). This can lead to conflict. 563. William Lloyd Garrison (1805-1879) A militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession. 564. The Liberator A militantly abolitionist weekly, edited by William Garrison from 1831 to 1865. Despite having a relatively small circulation, it achieved national notoriety due to Garrison's strong arguments. 565. American Anti-slavery Society Formed in 1833, a major abolitionist movement in the North. 566. Theodore Weld (1802-1895) Weld was devoted to the abolitionism movement. He advised the breakaway anti-slavery Whigs in Congress and his anonymous tract "American Slavery as It Is" (1839) was the inspiration for Uncle Tom's Cabin. 567. Theodore Parker (1810-1860) A leading transcendentalist radical, he became known as "the keeper of the public's conscience". His advocation for social reform often put him in physical danger, though his causes later became popular. 568. The Grimke sisters Angelina and Sarah Grimke wrote and lectured vigorously on reform causes such as prison reform, the temperance movement, and the abolitionist movement. 569. Elijah Lovejoy (1802-1837) An abolitionist and editor. The press he used was attacked four time and Lovejoy was killed defending it. His death was an example of violence against abolitionists. 570. Wendell Phillips An orator and associate of Garrison, Phillips was an influential abolitionist lecturer. 571. Nat Turner's Insurrection 1831 - Slave uprising. A group of 60 slaves led by Nat Turner, who believed he was a divine instrument sent to free his people, killed almost 60 Whites in South Hampton, Virginia. This let to a sensational manhunt in which 100 Blacks were killed. As a result, slave states strengthened measures against slaves and became more united in their support of fugitive slave laws. 572. David Walker (1785-1830), "Walker's Appeal" A Boston free black man who published papers against slavery. 573. Sojourner Truth Name used by Isabelle Baumfree, one of the best-known abolitionists of her day. She was the first black woman orator to speak out against slavery. 574. Gabriel Prosser (1775-1800) A slave, he planned a revolt to make Virginia a state for Blacks. He organized about 1,000 slaves who met outside Richmond the night of August 30, 1800. They had planned to attack the city, but the roads leading to it were flooded. The attack was delayed and a slave owner found out about it. Twenty-five men were hanged, including Gabriel. 575. Denmark Vesey A mulatto who inspired a group of slaves to seize Charleston, South Carolina in 1822, but one of them betrayed him and he and his thirty-seven followers were hanged before the revolt started. 576. Frederick Douglass (1817-1895) A self-educated slave who escaped in 1838, Douglas became the best-known abolitionist speaker. He edited an anti-slavery weekly, the North Star. 577. Tredegar Iron Works, Richmond, Virginia An iron mill in Richmond. It was run by skilled slave labor and was among the best iron foundry in the nation. It kept the Confederacy alive until 1863 as its only supplier of cannons. It was also the major munitions supplier of the South and was directly responsible for the capitol of the Confederacy being moved to Richmond. 578. Mountain Whites in the South Rednecks. Usually poor, aspired to be successful enough to own slaves. Hated Blacks and rich Whites. Made up much of the Confederate Army, fighting primarily for sectionalism and states' rights. 579. Prigg v. Pennsylvania 1842 - A slave had escaped from Maryland to Pennsylvania, where a federal agent captured him and returned him to his owner. Pennsylvania indicted the agent for kidnapping under the fugitive slave laws. The Supreme Court ruled it was unconstitutional for bounty hunters or anyone but the owner of an escaped slave to apprehend that slave, thus weakening the fugitive slave laws. 580. "King Cotton" Expression used by Southern authors and orators before the Civil War to indicate the economic dominance of the Southern cotton industry, and that the North needed the South's cotton. In a speech to the Senate in 1858, James Hammond declared, "You daren't make war against cotton! ...Cotton is king!". 581. Free Soil Party Formed in 1847 - 1848, dedicated to opposing slavery in newly acquired territories such as Oregon and ceded Mexican territory. 582. John Sutter (1803-1880) A German immigrant who was instrumental in the early settlement of Califonria by Americans, he had originally obtained his lands in Northern California through a Mexican grant. Gold was discovered by workmen excavating to build a sawmill on his land in the Sacramento Valley in 1848, touching off the California gold rush. 583. Forty-Niners Easterners who flocked to California after the discovery of gold there. They established claims all over northern California and overwhelmed the existing government. Arrived in 1849. 584. California applies for admission as a state Californians were so eager to join the union that they created and ratified a constitution and elected a government before receiving approval from Congress. California was split down the middle by the Missouri Compromise line, so there was a conflict over whether it should be slave or free. 585. Compromise of 1850: provisions, impact Called for the admission of California as a free state, organizing Utah and New Mexico with out restrictions on slavery, adjustment of the Texas/New Mexico border, abolition of slave trade in District of Columbia, and tougher fugitive slave laws. Its passage was hailed as a solution to the threat of national division. 586. Fugitive Slave Law Enacted by Congress in 1793 and 1850, these laws provided for the return of escaped slaves to their owners. The North was lax about enforcing the 1793 law, with irritated the South no end. The 1850 law was tougher and was aimed at eliminating the underground railroad. 587. Anthony Burns (1834-1862) A slave who fled from Virginia to Boston in 1854. Attempts to return him led to unrest in Boston. He was successfully returned at a cost $100,000. He was bought a few months later by a Boston group intent on setting him free. 588. Ablemann v. Booth 1859 - Sherman Booth was sentenced to prison in a federal court for assisting in a fugitive slave's rescue in Milwaukee. He was released by the Wisconsin Supreme Court on the grounds that the Fugitive Slave Act was unconstitutional. The Supreme Court overturned this ruling. It upheld both the constitutionality of the Fugitive Slave Act and the supremacy of federal government over state government. 589. Webster's 7th of March Speech Daniel Webster, a Northerner and opposed to slavery, spoke before Congress on March 7, 1850. During this speech, he envisioned thatg the legacy of the fugitive slave laws would be to divide the nation over the issue of slavery. 590. Nashville Convention Meeting twice in 1850, its purpose was to protect the slave property in the South. 591. Henry Clay (1777-1852) Clay helped heal the North/South rift by aiding passage of the Compromise of 1850, which served to delay the Civil War. 592. John C. Calhoun Formerly Jackson's vice-president, later a South Carolina senator. He said the North should grant the South's demands and keep quiet about slavery to keep the peace. He was a spokesman for the South and states' rights. 593. Underground Railroad A secret, shifting network which aided slaves escaping to the North and Canada, mainly after 1840. 594. Harriet Tubman (1821-1913) A former escaped slave, she was one of the shrewdest conductors of the underground railroad, leading 300 slaves to freedom. 595. Uncle Tom's Cabin, Harriet Beecher Stowe She wrote the abolitionist book, Uncle Tom's Cabin. It helped to crystalize the rift between the North and South. It has been called the greatest American propaganda novel ever written, and helped to bring about the Civil War. 596. Election of 1852: end of the Whig party By this time the Whig party was so weakened that the Democrats swept Franklin Pierce into office by a huge margin. Eventually the Whigs became part of the new Republican party. 597. Perry and Japan Commodore Matthew Perry went to Japan to open trade between it and the U.S. In 1853, his armed squadron anchored in Tokyo Bay, where the Japanese were so impressed that they signed the Treaty of Kanagania in 1854, which opened Japanese ports to American trade. 598. Ostend Manifesto The recommendation that the U.S. offer Spain $20 million for Cuba. It was not carried through in part because the North feared Cuba would become another slave state. 599. Kansas - Nebraska Act 1854 - This act repealed the Missouri Compromise and established a doctrine of congressional nonintervention in the territories. Popular sovereignty (vote of the people) would determine whether Kansas and Nebraska would be slave or free states. 600. Birth of the Republican Party A coalition of the Free Soil Party, the Know-Nothing Party and renegade Whigs merged in 1854 to form the Republican Party, a liberal, anti-slavery party. The party's Presidential candidate, John C. Fremont, captured one-third of the popular vote in the 1856 election. 601. Stephen A. Douglas A moderate, who introduced the Kansas-Nebraska Act in 1854 and popularized the idea of popular sovereignty. 602. Popular Sovereignty The doctrine that stated that the people of a territory had the right to decide their own laws by voting. In the Kansas-Nebraska Act, popular sovereignty would decide whether a territory allowed slavery. 603. Thirty-six, thirty line According to the Missouri Compromise (1820), slavery was forbidden in the Louisiana territory north of the 36º30' N latitude. This was nullified by the Kansas-Nebraska Act. 604. Election of 1856: Republican Party, Know-Nothing Party Democrat - James Buchanan (won by a narrow margin). Republican - John Fremont. Know- Nothing Party and Whig - Millard Fillmore. First election for the Republican Party. Know- Nothings opposed immigration and Catholic influence. They answered questions from outsiders about the party by saying "I know nothing". 605. "Bleeding Kansas" Also known as the Kansas Border War. Following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska Act, pro-slavery forces from Missouri, known as the Border Ruffians, crossed the border into Kansas and terrorized and murdered antislavery settlers. Antislavery sympathizers from Kansas carried out reprisal attacks, the most notorious of which was John Brown's 1856 attack on the settlement at Pottawatomie Creek. The war continued for four years before the antislavery forces won. The violence it generated helped percipitate the Civil War. 606. Lawrence, Kansas 1855 - Where the pro-slavery /anti-slavery war in Kansas began ("Bleeding Kansas or Kansas Border War). 607. "Beecher's Bibles" During the Kansas border war, the New England Emigrant Aid Society sent rifles at the instigation of fervid abolitionists like the preacher Henry Beecher. These rifles became known as "Beecher's Bibles". 608. John Brown's Raid In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed. 609. Pottawatomie Massacre John Brown let a part of six in Kansas that killed 5 pro-slavery men. This helped make the Kansas border war a national issue. 610. New England Emigrant Aid Company Promoted anti-slavery migration to Kansas. The movement encouraged 2600 people to move. 611. Sumner-Brooks Affair 1856 - Charles Sumner gave a two day speech on the Senate floor. He denounced the South for crimes against Kansas and singled out Senator Andrew Brooks of South Carolina for extra abuse. Brooks beat Sumner over the head with his cane, severely crippling him. Sumner was the first Republican martyr. 612. Lecompton Constitution The pro-slavery constitution suggested for Kansas' admission to the union. It was rejected. 613. Dred Scott Decision A Missouri slave sued for his freedom, claiming that his four year stay in the northern portion of the Louisiana Territory made free land by the Missouri Compromise had made him a free man. The U.S, Supreme Court decided he couldn't sue in federal court because he was property, not a citizen. 614. Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (pronounced "Tawny") As chief justice, he wrote the important decision in the Dred Scott case, upholding police power of states and asserting the principle of social responsibility of private property. He was Southern and upheld the fugitive slave laws. 615. Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 during Illinois Senatorial campaign A series of seven debates. The two argued the important issues of the day like popular sovereignty, the Lecompton Constitution and the Dred Scott decision. Douglas won these debates, but Lincoln's position in these debates helped him beat Douglas in the 1860 presidential election. 616. Freeport Doctrine During the Lincoln-Douglas debates, Douglas said in his Freeport Doctrine that Congress couldn't force a territory to become a slave state against its will. 617. Panic of 1857 Began with the failure of the Ohio Life Insurance Company and spread to the urban east. The depression affected the industrial east and the wheat belt more than the South. 618. George Fitzhugh, Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society The most influential propagandist in the decade before the Civil War. In his Sociology (1854), he said that the capitalism of the North was a failure. In another writing he argued that slavery was justified when compared to the cannibalistic approach of capitalism. Tried to justify slavery. 619. Hinton Helper, The Impending Crisis of the South Hinton Helper of North Carolina spoke for poor, non-slave-owing Whites in his 1857 book, which as a violent attack on slavery. It wasn't written with sympathy for Blacks, who Helper despised, but with a belief that the economic system of the South was bringing ruin on the small farmer. 620. Lincoln's "House Divided" speech In his acceptance speech for his nomination to the Senate in June, 1858, Lincoln paraphrased from the Bible: "A house divided against itself cannot stand." He continued, "I do not believe this government can continue half slave and half free, I do not expect the Union to be dissolved - I do not expect the house to fall - but I do believe it will cease to be divided." 621. John Brown, Harper's Ferry Raid In 1859, the militant abolitionist John Brown seized the U.S. arsenal at Harper's Ferry. He planned to end slavery by massacring slave owners and freeing their slaves. He was captured and executed. 622. Election of 1860: candidates, parties, issues Republican - Abraham Lincoln. Democrat - Stephan A. Douglas, John C. Breckenridge. Constitutional Union - John Bell. Issues were slavery in the territories (Lincoln opposed adding any new slave states). 623. Democratic Party Conventions: Baltimore, Charleston The Democratic Party split North and South. The Northern Democratic convention was held in Baltimore and the Southern in Charleston. Douglas was the Northern candidate and Breckenridge was the Southern (they disagreed on slavery). 624. John Bell He was a moderate and wanted the union to stay together. After Southern states seceded from the Union, he urged the middle states to join the North. 625. John Breckinridge (1821-1875) Nominated by pro-slavers who had seceded from the Democratic convention, he was strongly for slavery and states' rights. 626. Republican Party: 1860 platform, supporter, leaders 1860 platform: free soil principles, a protective tariff. Supporters: anti-slavers, business, agriculture. Leaders: William M. Seward, Carl Shulz. 627. Buchanan and the Secession Crisis After Lincoln was elected, but before he was inaugurated, seven Southern states seceded. Buchanan, the lame duck president, decided to leave the problem for Lincoln to take care of. 628. Crittenden Compromise proposal A desperate measure to prevent the Civil War, introduced by John Crittenden, Senator from Kentucky, in December 1860. The bill offered a Constitutional amendment recognizing slavery in the territories south of the 36º30' line, noninterference by Congress with existing slavery, and compensation to the owners of fugitive slaves. Republicans, on the advice of Lincoln, defeated it. 629. Border states States bordering the North: Delaware, Maryland, Kentucky and Missouri. They were slave states, but did not secede. 630. South's advantages in the Civil War Large land areas with long coasts, could afford to lose battles, and could export cotton for money. They were fighting a defensive war and only needed to keep the North out of their states to win. Also had the nation's best military leaders, and most of the existing military equipment and supplies. 631. North's advantages in the Civil War Larger numbers of troops, superior navy, better transportation, overwhelming financial and industrial reserves to create munitions and supplies, which eventually outstripped the South's initial material advantage. 632. Fort Sumter Site of the opening engagement of the Civil War. On December 20, 1860, South Carolina had seceded from the Union, and had demanded that all federal property in the state be surrendered to state authorities. Major Robert Anderson concentrated his units at Fort Sumter, and, when Lincoln took office on March 4, 1861, Sumter was one of only two forts in the South still under Union control. Learning that Lincoln planned to send supplies to reinforce the fort, on April 11, 1861, Confederate General Beauregard demanded Anderson's surrender, which was refused. On April 12, 1861, the Confederate Army began bombarding the fort, which surrendered on April 14, 1861. Congress declared war on the Confederacy the next day. 633. Bull Run At Bull Run, a creek, Confederate soldiers charged Union men who were en route to besiege Richmond. Union troops fled back to Washington. Confederates didn't realize their victory in time to follow up on it. First major battle of the Civil War - both sides were ill-prepared. 634. Monitor and the Merrimac First engagement ever between two iron-clad naval vessels. The two ships battled in a portion of the Cheasepeake Bay known as Hampton Roads for five hours on March 9, 1862, ending in a draw. Monitor - Union.Merrimac - Confederacy. Historians use the name of the original ship Merrimac on whose hull the Southern ironclad was constructed, even though the official Confederate name for their ship was the CSS Virginia. 635. Lee, Jackson General Robert E. Lee and General Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson were major leaders and generals for the Confederacy. Best military leaders in the Civil War. 636. Grant, McClellan, Sherman and Meade Union generals in the Civil War. 637. Vicksburg, Gettysburg, Antietam, Appomattox Battle sites of the Civil War. Gettysburg - 90,000 soldiers under Meade vs. 76,000 under Lee, lasted three days and the North won. Vicksburg - besieged by Grant and surrendered after six months. Antietam - turning point of the war and a much-needed victory for Lincoln. Appomattox - Lee surrendered to Grant. 638. Jefferson Davis, Alexander Stephens Davis was chosen as president of the Confederacy in 1861. Stephens was vice-president. 639. Northern blockade Starting in 1862, the North began to blockade the Southern coast in an attempt to force the South to surrender. The Southern coast was so long that it could not be completely blockaded. 640. Cotton versus Wheat Cotton was a cash crop and could be sold for large amounts of money. Wheat was mainly raised to feed farmers and their animals. The North had to choose which to grow. 641.Copperheads Lincoln believed that anti-war Northern Democrats harbored traitorous ideas and he labeled them "Copperheads", poisonous snakes waiting to get him. 642. Congressman Clement L. Vallandigham An anti-war Democrat who criticized Lincoln as a dictator, called him "King Abraham". He was arrested and exiled to the South. 643. Suspension of habeas corpus Lincoln suspended this writ, which states that a person cannot be arrested without probable cause and must be informed of the charges against him and be given an opportunity to challenge them. Throughout the war, thousands were arrested for disloyal acts. Although the U.S. Supreme Court eventually held the suspension edict to be unconstitutional, by the time the Court acted the Civil War was nearly over. 644. Republican legislation passed in Congress after Southerners left: banking, tariff, homestead, transcontinental railroad With no Southerners to vote them down, the Northern Congressman passed all the bills they wanted to. Led to the industrial revolution in America. 645. Conscription draft riots The poor were drafted disproportionately, and in New York in 1863, they rioted, killing at least 73 people. 646. Emancipation Proclamation September 22, 1862 - Lincoln freed all slaves in the states that had seceded, after the Northern victory at the Battle of Antietam. Lincoln had no power to enforce the law. 647. Charles Francis Adams Minister to Great Britain during the Civil War, he wanted to keep Britain from entering the war on the side of the South. 648. Great Britain: Trent, Alabama, Laird rams, "Continuous Voyage" A Union frigate stopped the Trent, a British steamer and abducted two Confederate ambassadors aboard it. The Alabama was a British-made vessel and fought for the Confederacy, destroying over 60 Northern ships in 22 months. The Laird rams were ships specifically designed to break blockades; the English prevented them from being sold to the South. 649. Election of 1864: candidates, parties Lincoln ran against Democrat General McClellan. Lincoln won 212 electoral votes to 21, but the popular vote was much closer. (Lincoln had fired McClellan from his position in the war.) 650. Financing of the war effort by North and South The North was much richer than the South, and financed the war through loans, treasury notes, taxes and duties on imported goods. The South had financial problems because they printed their Confederate notes without backing them with gold or silver. 651. Clara Barton Launched the American Red Cross in 1881. An "angel" in the Civil War, she treated the wounded in the field. 652. Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan Former Confederate states would be readmitted to the Union if 10% of their citizens took a loyalty oath and the state agreed to ratify the 13th Amendment which outlawed slavery. Not put into effect because Lincoln was assassinated. 653. Assassination of April 14, 1865 While sitting in his box at Ford's Theatre watching "Our American Cousin", President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth. 654. John Wilkes Booth An actor, planned with others for six months to abduct Lincoln at the start of the war, but they were foiled when Lincoln didn't arrive at the scheduled place. April 14, 1865, he shot Lincoln at Ford's Theatre and cried, "Sic Semper Tyrannis!" ("Thus always to tyrants!") When he jumped down onto the stage his spur caught in the American flag draped over the balcony and he fell and broke his leg. He escaped on a waiting horse and fled town. He was found several days later in a barn. He refused to come out; the barn was set on fire. Booth was shot, either by himself or a soldier. 655. Ex Parte Milligan 1866 - Supreme Court ruled that military trials of civilians were illegal unless the civil courts are inoperative or the region is under marshall law. 656. Radical Republicans After the Civil War, a group that believed the South should be harshly punished and thought that Lincoln was sometimes too compassionate towards the South. 657. Wade-Davis Bill, veto, Wade-Davis Manifesto 1864 - Bill declared that the Reconstruction of the South was a legislative, not executive, matter. It was an attempt to weaken the power of the president. Lincoln vetoed it. Wade-Davis Manifesto said Lincoln was acting like a dictator by vetoing. 658. Joint Committee on Reconstruction (Committee of Fifteen) Six senators and nine representatives drafted the 14th Amendment and Reconstruction Acts. The purpose of the committee was to set the pace of Reconstruction. Most were radical Republicans. 659. Reconstruction Acts 1867 - Pushed through congress over Johnson's veto, it gave radical Republicans complete military control over the South and divided the South into five military zones, each headed by a general with absolute power over his district. 660. State suicide theory The Southern states had relinquished their rights when they seceded. This, in effect, was suicide. This theory was used to justify the North taking military control of the South. 661. Conquered territory theory Stated that conquered Southern states weren't part of the Union, but were instead conquered territory, which the North could deal with however they like. 662. The unreconstructed South The South's infrastructure had been destroyed - manufacturing had almost ceased. Few banks were solvent and in some areas starvation was imminent. General Sherman had virtually destroyed large areas on his "march to the sea". 663. Black codes Restrictions on the freedom of former slaves, passed by Southern governments. 664. Texas v. White 1869 - Argued that Texas had never seceded because there is no provision in the Constitution for a state to secede, thus Texas should still be a state and not have to undergo reconstruction. 665. Thaddeus Stevens A radical Republican who believed in harsh punishments for the South. Leader of the radical Republicans in Congress. 666. Charles Sumner The same Senator who had been caned by Brooks in 1856, sumner returned to the Senate after the outbreak of the Civil War. He was the formulator

21. Saybrook Platform

It organized town churches into county associations which sent delegates to the annual assembly which governed the colony of Connecticut.

Large-State Plan

It was the plan purposed by Virginia to set up a bi-cameral congress based on population, giving the larger states an advantage. It was first written as a framework for the constitution.

Marco Polo

Italian explorer in China who sparked European interest in finding a quicker route to Asia

334. Jefferson's Inaugural Address, "We are all Federalists, we are all Republicans"

Jefferson (a Republican) declared that he wanted to keep the nation unified and avoid partisan conflicts.

330. Revolution of 1800

Jefferson's election changed the direction of the government from Federalist to Democratic- Republican, so it was called a "revolution."

Middle Passage

Journey in which the slaves were brought across the Atlantic Ocean to the New World. About 20% of the captives died on this brutal journey

Lexington and Concord

Known as "The shot heard around the world." These were the first two battles of the Revolution before the Revolution officially started

Dutch East India Company

Laid claim to the Hudson River and New York Bay. They established New Netherland in 1624, which included Manhattan Island

Reasons for the emergence of the Atlantic Slave Trade

Large amount of land for farming; shortage of indentured servants (Post-1676 Bacon's Rebellion); hard to enslave Natives (diseases); European demand for goods (tobacco)

Battle of Yorktown

Last major battle of the war. The French blockaded British ships in New England. This battle led to General Cornwallis' surrender.

Great Plains and Great Basin

Located in the central/western portion of the US; a lack of natural resources led Natives to live a nomadic lifestyle in these regions.

Battle of Bunker Hill

Located near Boston, a battle that the colonists won decisively due to faulty British strategy. (June 1775)

41. John Locke, Fundamental Constitution

Locke was a British political theorist who wrote the Fundamental Constitution for the Carolinas colony, but it was never put into effect. The constitution would have set up a feudalistic government headed by an aristocracy which owned most of the land.

Loyalists

Made up 20% of the population, in favor of the King, fought on the side of the British.

Whiskey Rebellion

Made up of distillers that were upset with Excise taxes, quickly crushed by Washington

Shays' Rebellion

Made up of many former soldiers who were poor and losing their farms. Helped Americans realize they needed a strong central government.

American goods that transformed European life

Maize, potatoes, and other crops - helped increase European population and the shift from feudalism to capitalism

6. Puritan migration

Many Puritans emigrated from England to America in the 1630s and 1640s. During this time, the population of the Massachusetts Bay colony grew to ten times its earlier population.

Second Continental Congress

Met in May, 1775. Drafted new appeals to the British government, eventually called for independence.

Half-Way Covenant

Modified the agreement between the church and its followers to admit to baptism the unconverted children of existing members

Joseph Brant

Mohawk Indian chief who sided with the British during the war. Forced to sign first treaty between US and Indians.

Battle of Saratoga

Most important battle of the Rev. war. After this, the French sided with the Americans and provided important aid.

George Whitefield

Most influential figure of the Great Awakening; excellent orator.

Patriots

Name for American colonists that fought both the British and loyalists during the Revolutionary war.

Pueblo Revolt

Native American revolt against the Spanish in late 17th century; expelled the Spanish for over 10 years; Spain began to take an accommodating approach to Natives after the revolt

Townshend Acts

New tax passed after the failed Stamp Act. Revenues were used to pay royal salaries.

48. New York: Dutch, 1664 English

New York belonged to the Dutch, but King Charles II gave the land to his brother, the Duke of York in 1664. When the British came to take the colony, the Dutch, who hated their Governor Stuyvesant, quickly surrendered to them. The Dutch retook the colony in 1673, but the British regained it in 1674.

9. Separatists, non-separatists

Non-separatists (which included the Puritans) believed that the Church of England could be purified through reforms. Separatists (which included the Pilgrims) believed that the Church of England could not be reformed, and so started their own congregations.

Renaissance

Nurtured a spirit of inquiry and adventure. Allowed for the invention of new technology like the printing press and compass

318. Trevett v. Weeden, 1786-1787

Occurred under the Articles of Confederation, when each state had a different type of currency. Acts passed by the Rhode Island Legislature imposed heavy fines on those who refused to accept the state's depreciated currency at face value. Weeden was acquitted on the grounds that the acts were unconstitutional.

335. Federalist control of courts and judges, midnight judges

On his last day in office, President Adams appointed a large number of Federalist judges to the federal courts in an effort to maintain Federalist control of the government. (The Federalists had lost the presidency and much of Congress to the Republicans.) These newly-appointed Federalist judges were called midnight judges because John Adams had stayed up until midnight signing the appointments.

Ways Africans resisted slavery

Overt and covert methods such as: rebellion (although not often), sabotaging equipment, and running away

Common Sense

Pamphlet that urged colonists to break away from England and declare independence. Sold over 120,000 copies.

Federalists (Political Party)

Party led by Hamilton, believed the wealthy should run country, supported strong government, government should encourage business

Republicans (Jeffersonians)

Party led by Jefferson, made up of mostly middle class and poor; best government was one that governed least

Alien and Sedition Acts

Passed by Federalist Congress to limit number of citizens and punish those that spoke out against government.

Maryland Acts of Toleration

Passed in 1649 by a local representative assembly. This guaranteed religious toleration to all Christians only.

Northwest Land Ordinance

Passed under Articles - banned slavery in NW territory (OH, MI, IN, etc.); created a process for admitting new states (60,000 inhabitants)

49. Patron system

Patronships were offered to individuals who managed to build a settlement of at least 50 people within 4 years. Few people were able to accomplish this.

Antifederalists

People against federalists in 1787; disagreed with the Constitution because they believed people's rights were being taken away without a Bill of Rights; also did not agree with annual elections and the non-existence of God in the government.

Admirality Courts

Place where trials for smugglers, tax evaders, ship owners, and others; no trial by jury

Iroquois Confederacy

Powerful group of Native Americans that bound 5 Native American Nations. Located in NY, they were in constant conflict with Europeans.

Anglicization of the British colonies

Process of colonies acting "British"; was influenced by political communities based on English models, commercial ties, trans-Atlantic print culture, religious toleration, and spread of Enlightenment

Triangular Trade

Profitable trade route that linked New England, Africa, and the West Indies

323. Clay's American System

Proposed after the War of 1812, it included using federal money for internal improvements (roads, bridges, industrial improvements, etc.), enacting a protective tariff to foster the growth of American industries, and strengthening the national bank.

Proprietary Colony

Royal grant of land to Royal favorites (Maryland- Lord Baltimore)

Thomas Paine

Published the pamphlet Common Sense which urged colonists to declare independence.

12. Contrast Puritan colonies with others

Puritan colonies were self-governed, with each town having its own government which led the people in strict accordance with Puritan beliefs. Only those members of the congregation who had achieved grace and were full church members (called the "elect," or "saints") could vote and hold public office. Other colonies had different styles of government and were more open to different beliefs.

15. Covenant theology

Puritan teachings emphasized the biblical covenants: God's covenants with Adam and with Noah, the covenant of grace between God and man through Christ.

Navigation Law of 1650

Purpose was to enforce Mercantilism, colonies could only trade with Britain and its colonies

Stamp Act

Purpose was to raise money for military force in the colonies. Applied to all published materials and legal documents. Angered colonists.

Committees of Correspondence

Purpose was to spread the spirit of resistance by exchanging letters. This was another attempt at colonial unity.

Farewell address

Referred to as Washington's Farewell Address. Its main points included: assuming leadership in the Western Hemisphere, developing its own trade, and not entering into permanent alliances with foreign nations, especially with Europe.

Characteristics of middle colonies

Religiously, ethnically, and demographically diverse of all the colonies. (Think Quakers - religiously tolerant.) Economy was based on grains.

Constitution

Replaced the Articles - series of compromises (Great, 3/5, Slave Trade); provided limits on federal power (separation of powers); did not address problems of slavery

Proclamation Line of 1763

Response to Pontiac's Rebellion; stated colonists could not travel west of the Appalachian mountains; angered colonists greatly

First Continental Congress

Response to the Intolerable Acts by the colonies. Met in Philadelphia to consider ways to redress colonial grievances.

Writs of Assistance

Search warrants by British custom officials that allowed the officials to ensure goods were being taxed

Henry Knox

Secretary of War under Washington, he was a trusted general of the American Revolution; he was entrusted to protect the nation from enemies.

20. Fundamental Orders of Connecticut

Set up a unified government for the towns of the Connecticut area (Windsor, Hartford, and Wethersfield). First constitution written in America.

3/5 Compromise

Settled debate about slaves counting towards representation in congress. 60% of slaves would count towards population.

Role of the Spanish and Portuguese traders

Settled heavily in South America, reached West Africa and contributed to the development of the African Slave Trade.

13. Anne Hutchinson, Antinomianism

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639.

Slave Trade Compromise

Slave trade would continue for 20 years until 1808.

Characteristics of Spanish colonization

Sought tight control over the colonies and focused on converting and exploiting the Natives. (Think 3 Gs)

Spanish Armada

Spanish fleet of ships that tried to invade England. England defeated Spain, led to England having naval superiority

Encomienda System

Spanish system of granting land to colonists in the new world. Exploited natives and resources. Eventually, Natives were replaced with African slave labor.

James Madison

Strict constructionist, 4th president, father of the Constitution, leads nation through War of 1812

Federalists

Supporters of the stronger central govt. who advocated the ratification of the new constitution

Protective Tariff

Tariff (tax on imported goods) for the purpose of raising money and protecting American businesses.

External Taxation

Taxes on goods imported into the colonies in which the merchant importing the good paid the tax on it (ex. Sugar Act of 1764). Colonists were more accepting of this kind of taxation.

Internal Taxation

Taxes on goods within the colonies, much like a sales tax (ex. Stamp Act of 1765). Colonists were opposed to this kind of taxation.

Jay's Treaty

Temporarily eased tensions between Britain and US. Britain promised to leave posts in America

17. Half-way Covenant

The Half-way Covenant applied to those members of the Puritan colonies who were the children of church members, but who hadn't achieved grace themselves. The covenant allowed them to participate in some church affairs.

328. Changes in federal land laws and policies

The Land Acts of 1800 and 1820, and the Preemptive Acts of the 1830s and 1840s lowered the price of land and made it easier for prospective settlers to acquire it. This encouraged people to move west.

3. Pilgrims and Puritans contrasted

The Pilgrims were separatists who believed that the Church of England could not be reformed. Separatist groups were illegal in England, so the Pilgrims fled to America and settled in Plymouth. The Puritans were non-separatists who wished to adopt reforms to purify the Church of England. They received a right to settle in the Massachusetts Bay area from the King of England.

States' Rights

The anti-federalists opposed the constitution because they thought it did not give enough power to the states. They believed that each state deserved certain rights that were not clearly defined in the constitution but were pertinent in democracy. Since these rights were not included in the original draft of the constitution there was a delay in the ratification process until the states were granted individual powers in an added clause.

nullification

The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.

Articles of Confederation

The first "constitution" governing the Untied States after the Revolution; it was ratified in 1781 and it provided for a "firm league of friendship;" the legislative branch (Congress) had no power to regulate commerce or forcibly collect taxes and there was no national executive or judicial branch; it was an important stepping-stone towards the present constitution because without it the states would never have consented to the Constitution.

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments of the U.S. Constitution, containing a list of individual rights and liberties, such as freedom of speech, religion, and the press.

Constitution of the United States

The foundation of our country's national government; was drafted in Philadelphia in 1787; it establishes a government with direct authority over all citizens, it defines the powers of the national government, and it establishes protection for the rights of states and of every individual.

50. Peter Stuyvesant

The governor of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam, hated by the colonists. They surrendered the colony to the English on Sept. 8, 1664.

320. Supreme Court: Chisholm v. Georgia

The heirs of Alexander Chisholm (a citizen of South Carolina) sued the state of Georgia. The Supreme Court upheld the right of citizens of one state to sue another state, and decided against Georgia.

compact theory

The idea advanced by Rousseau, Locke, and Jefferson, that government is created by voluntary agreement among the people involved and that revolution is justified if government breaks the compact by exceeding its authority.

7. Church of England (Anglican Church)

The national church of England, founded by King Henry VIII. It included both Roman Catholic and Protestant ideas.

Tenth Amendment

The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively, or to the people.

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

These documents drafted by James Madison and Thomas Jefferson claimed that the Alien and Sedition Acts violated the U.S. Constitution. These resolutions affirmed the principle of states' rights

329. Changes and improvements in transportation and its effect

These included canals in the Great Lakes region, toll roads, steamboats, and clipper ships. The result was faster trade and easier access to the western frontier. It aided the growth of the nation.

327. Bank war: laws from 1800 to 1865 on banking

These laws moved away from favoring the national bank towards favoring state banks.

Sons and Daughters of Liberty

They enforced the nonimportation agreements against violators, often by tarring and feathering them.

Why 1754 - 1800 was chosen as the dates for period 3

This time period represents the end of the 7 Years' War through the first two presidential administrations (Washington and Adams)

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

Thomas Jefferson and James Madison's reaction to Alien and Sedition Acts. Wanted states to nullify those acts.

Federalist

Those that are in favor of a strong central government.

Anti-Federalist

Those that feared the power of the federal government. They were advocates of states' rights.

The Enlightenment

Time period focused on reason and promoting new forms of government (Locke, Montesquieu); influenced the American Revolution

Mobocracy

To be ruled by a mob. An example of people who used this method would be the American colonists. When England would impose taxes and acts, such as the Stamp Act, the colonists would become angered and protest it by forming mobs and doing such things as ransacking houses and stealing the money of stamp agents. The Stamp Act was eventually nullified because all the stamp agents had been forced to resign leaving no one to uphold it.

324. Was Jacksonianism an attack on privilege?

To some extent, it was. Jackson opposed monopolies and the privileged class of society; he attacked the national bank for this reason. He advocated increased popular participation in government and greater opportunity for the common man.

43. Staple crops in the South

Tobacco was grown in Virginia, Maryland, and North Carolina. Rice was grown in South Carolina and Georgia. Indigo was grown in South Carolina.

Northwest Ordinance

Took place in 1787. They said that sections of land were similar to colonies for a while, and under the control of the Federal Government. Once a territory was inhabited by 60,000 then congress would admit it as a state. The original thirteen colonies were charters. Slavery was prohibited in these Northwest Territories. This plan worked so good it became the model for other frontier areas.

Charter

Trading companies made up of stock- holders who shared both the profits and the losses of the colonies (Virginia).

Treaty of Greenville

Treaty between US and Natives; Many natives left Ohio and Indiana

Iroquois

Tribes found in the upper New York area. After being defeated by Huron Indian tribes and Champlain, they developed a lasting hostility towards the French and disallowed them penetration of the Ohio Valley

Republican Motherhood

Type of government in which power comes from the people. Power is derived from popular consent.

Sugar Act

Updated version of the Molasses Act. First tax ever passed that specifically raises money for the Crown.

Electoral College

Used to elect president rather than direct vote. Electors would be chosen by the states; electors would cast their votes

29. Virginia: purpose, problems, failures, successes

Virginia was formed by the Virginia Company as a profit-earning venture. Starvation was the major problem; about 90% of the colonists died the first year, many of the survivors left, and the company had trouble attracting new colonists. They offered private land ownership in the colony to attract settlers, but the Virginia Company eventually went bankrupt and the colony went to the crown. Virginia did not become a successful colony until the colonists started raising and exporting tobacco.

Washington's Farewell Address

Warned of entangling foreign alliances and political parties; helped inspire foreign policy until after WWII

The Federalist

Was a series of articles written in New York newspapers as a source of propaganda for a stronger central government. The articles, written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and James Madison, were a way for the writers to express their belief that it is better to have a stronger central government. The papers turned out to be a penetrating commentary written on the Constitution.

French and Indian War

Was a war fought by French and English on American soil over control of the Ohio River Valley-- English defeated French in 1763. Historical Significance: established England as number one world power and began to gradually change attitudes of the colonists toward England for the worse.

Jay's treaty

Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley

"loyal opposition"

When losers in the political game continue to support the system, even when the system is against their ideology.

Judiciary Act of 1789

established a Supreme Court and district courts (1789)

How did Europeans justify the subjugation of Africans and Natives?

White racial superiority, bible, view of groups as "savages"

45. Liberal land laws in Pennsylvania

William Penn allowed anyone to emigrate to Pennsylvania, in order to provide a haven for persecuted religions.

46. Holy experiment

William Penn's term for the government of Pennsylvania, which was supposed to serve everyone and provide freedom for all.

Common Sense

Written in 1776; was one of the most potent pamphlets ever written. It called for the colonists to realize their mistreatment and push for independence from England. The author Thomas Paine introduced such ideas as nowhere in the universe sis a smaller heavenly body control a larger. For this reason there is no reason for England to have control over the vast lands of America. The pamphlet with its high-class journalism as well as propaganda sold a total of 120,000 copies within a few months.

amendment

a change in, or addition to, a constitution or law

Radical Whigs

a group of British political commentators who criticized the monarchy's corruption and encouraged citizens to be vigilant against attempts to take away liberty

Whiskey Rebellion

a protest caused by tax on liquor; it tested the will of the government, Washington's quick response showed the government's strength and mercy

Alien and Sedition acts

acts passed by federalists giving the government power to imprison or deport foreign citizens and prosecute critics of the government

Pinckney Treaty

agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans

Republicanism

all citizens willingly work towards the common good, which trumps their private interests. The stability of society and the authority of government depended on society's capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage. This school of thought opposed authoritarian institutions.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

battle between American and native American forces in 1794 over Ohio Territory that led to the defeat of the Native Americans

Neutrality Proclamation of 1793

document which proclaimed official neutrality in the war between England and France

implied powers

powers that Congress has that are not stated explicitly in the Constitution

agrarian

relating to land; relating to the management or farming of land

Treaty of Geenville

signed by 12 tribes

Ninth amendment

states that people's rights are not limited to just those listed in the Constitution.

Talleyrand

the French foreign minister, whom which three American dipolmats seek to reach an agreement with, they are stopped by the French X, Y, and Z dipolmats and are asked for a bribe to speak with Talleyrand. Causes XYZ affair.

Matthew Lyon

was one of the famous arrestees of the Alien and Sedition Acts. His crime was spitting at a Federalist's face and criticizing Adam's policies

Strict construction

way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take only those actions the Constitution specifically says it can take