Comprehension Quiz For Exam II

Melissa suffered a severe viral infection during her fourth month of pregnancy that caused her baby to be born with an abnormal heart valve. In this instance, the virus was clearly a(n)...

teratogen.

Four year old Karen can't remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that...

the hippocampus and frontal lobes are immature during early infancy.

The sequentially flashing Christmas tree lights appeared to generate pulsating waves of motion. This best illustrates

the phi phenomenon

A researcher subliminally flashes words that are either emotionally positive or negative immediately before showing participants a picture of a house. Then, when asked to rate the house in terms of attractiveness, what type of rating did the participants give?

those who saw the positive images gave positive ratings

The conversion of a fresh coffee aroma into neural impulses by sensory receptor cells best illustrates

transduction

Conditioning seldom occurs when a(n) ________ repeatedly comes before a(n) _________

unconditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus

If you move your watchband up your wrist about an inch or so, you will feel it only for a few moments. This best illustrates:

sensory adaptation

During the last few years, 75 year old Mrs. Yamaguchi has gradually become so mentally disoriented that she can't find her way around her own house and often fails to recognize her husband. It is most likely that Mrs. Yamaguchi is suffering the effects of

Alzheimer's disease

Five-year-old Trevor is emotionally disturbed and refuses to communicate with anyone. To get him to speak, his teacher initially gives him candy for any utterance, then only for a clearly spoken work, and finally only for a complete sentence. The teacher is using the method of

shaping

At the age in which people are expected to leave home, get a job, and marry has changed dramatically in Wallonia over the past 50 years. Developmentalists would say that the country's _______ has been altered.

social clock

Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be either fearful or relaxed adults most directly highlight the issue of...

stability and change.

A word of praise is to a delicious meal as _____ is to _________.

Conditioned reinforcer; primary reinforcer

In Pavlov's experiments, the sound of the tone triggered the dog's salivation. Salivation to the sound of a tone was a(n)

conditioned response

Jane had leukemia as a child and had to undergo numerous bouts of chemotherapy. The chemotherapy always made her nauseated. The nausea from the waiting room is the

conditioned response

Although Sue Yen sees her chemistry professor several times a week, she didn't recognize the professor when she saw her in the grocery store. This best illustrates the importance of

context effects

Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)

stimulus

When grocery shopping with his mother, 4 year old Hakim sometimes throws temper tantrums if his mother refuses his requests for a particular snack food. Parent-training experts would suggest that his mother should

continue shopping and ignoring the tantrums

Mary believes that cognitive development is a matter of gradual and almost imperceptible changes over time. Her viewpoint is most directly relevant to the issue of...

continuity and stages.

Sensation is to ______ as perception is to _______

detection; interpretation

Jacqueline is sexually aroused by the sight of her handsome boyfriend, but not by the sight of her equally handsome brother. This best illustrates the value of

discrimination

Nature is to nurture as _______ is to _______.

temperament; responsive parenting

A period from about age 18 to the mid-twenties when many in Western cultures have not yet achieved full independence as adults is called...

emerging adulthood

At one time, Jimmy was scared of dogs because he was bitten by one. With subsequent repeated exposure to tame dogs in safe settings, however, his fear of dogs has gradually faded. Jimmy's diminishing fear of dogs best illustrates

extinction

After a long day at work, you are extremely tired and walking toward your parked car. You are more likely to perceive your car as being _____, due to the context effect.

farther away from you

Compared with teens and young adults, older adults have _________ friendships and experience _______ attachment anxiety.

fewer; less

Paul and Michael sell magazine subscriptions by telephone. Paul is paid $1.00 for every five calls he makes, while Michael is paid $1.00 for every subscription he sells, regardless of the number of calls he makes. Paul's telephoning is reinforced on a _______ schedule, whereas Michael's is reinforced on a _______ schedule

fixed-ratio; variable-ratio

Fourteen-year-old Lisa was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who had previously been blind would become leaders." Lisa's answer indicates she is in the ______ stage of development

formal operational

In late adulthood, Mr. Klondike has become increasingly likely to make socially impolite remarks about other people's appearance or mannerisms. His blunt comments are most likely to indicate late life shrinkage of the ______ lobes

frontal

Two year old Phillip was recently clawed by the neighbor's cat. Philip now fears all small animals. His fear demonstrates the process of

generalization

With repeated presentations of a bright red toy, 2-month-old Anita began to respond with less visual attention to the toy. Her decreasing responsiveness best illustrates

habituation.

ASD rates are _______ among elite math students and they are _______ among the children and grandchildren of engineers.

higher; higher

Operant response rates tend to be _________ when linked to a ratio schedule rather than an interval schedule. Operant response rates tend to be _________ consistent when linked to a variable schedule rather than a fixed schedule.

higher; more

Sixteen-year-old Brenda questions her parents' values but does not fully accept her friends' standards either. According to Erikson, her confusion about what she really wants and values in life suggests that Brenda is struggling with the issue of

identity

Janet has almost finished painting a neighbor's house, at which time she'll be paid $2000. The fact that she is increasingly unlikely to quit painting as she nears completion of the job best illustrates that operant behavior is strongly influenced by _______ reinforers

immediate

If a partially deaf person's hearing ability _____, his or her absolute threshold for sound ______

improves; decreases

During late adolescence, people show a(n) _______ in agreeableness and a(n) _______ in emotional stability.

increase; increase

Negative reinforcement __________ the rate of operant responding, and punishment _______ the rate of operant responding.

increases; decreases

Jennifer can tune her guitar more effectively than Maria because Jennifer is better at detecting whether specific strings are playing too sharp or too flat. With respect to tone sensitivity, Maria apparently has a _______ threshold than does Jennifer

larger difference

The study of respondent behavior is to _____ as the study of operant behavior is to _______

Pavlov; Skinner

A ______ of Americans say that love counts as a very important reason to marry and a ________ of Americans say that financial stability counts as a very important reason to marry.

majority; minority

Maturation is to education as ________ is to ________.

nature; nurture

Children often learn to associate their pushing a vending machine button with the delivery of a candy bar. This best illustrates the process of

operant conditioning

Although Adam didn't care for the taste of fried green tomatoes, he began eating them when he saw that his classmates were doing so. His behavior best illustrates the impact of...

peer influence

When researchers added a few drops of vinegar to a brand-name beer, the beer tasters disliked it only if they had been told they were drinking vinegar-laced beer. This best illustrates the impact of

perceptual set

According to Piaget, egocentrism is to conservation as the _______ stage is to the _______ stage.

preoperational; concrete operational

The removal of electric shock is to the receipt of money as _________ is to _________.

primary reinforcer; conditioned reinforcer

Tyler formed a positive first impression of a new teacher because her facial expressions triggered memories of his favorite aunt. This best illustrates the impact of...

priming

Carmella, Jorge, and Gail were all sitting behind the same bowling lane, so Ruth perceived that they were all members of the same bowling team. This best illustrates the organizational principle of

proximity

Humans experience the longest visible electromagnetic waves as the color _____ and the shortest visible waves as ______

red; blue-violet

Which of the following is LEAST likely to be considered an important component of effective student instruction inolving the use of interactive software?

respondent behavior

Objects to your _______ would be most likely to fall into your right eye's blind spot because the blind spot is located on the side of each retina that is ________ to the nose

right; closest

Giulio's bag of marbles is twice as heavy as Jim's. If it takes 5 extra marbles to make Jim's bag feel heavier, it will take 10 extra marbles to make Giulio's bag feel heavier. This best illustrates

Weber's law

Figure is to ground as _________ is to ________.

a white cloud; blue sky

At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean's parents are

authoritative

Certain stroke victims report seeing nothing when shown a series of sticks, yet they are able to correctly report whether the sticks are vertical or horizontal. This best illustrates

blindsight

Berdine has developed cataracts in both eyes, preventing her to be able to identify her mother's face. Berdine most clearly suffers a deficiency in...

bottom-up processing

Jody's horse looks just as black in the brilliant sunlight as it does in the dim light of the stable. This illustrates what is known as

brightness constancy

The processing of color begins with activation of ________, followed by the activation of ________.

cells sensitive to red, green, or blue; opponent-process cells

Watson and Rayner's study of Little Albert demonstrated how specific fears may be produced through

classical conditioning

Alex was paid $100 for eight hours of work. The money was a(n)

conditioned reinforcer