Comprehensive Networking Final
The CSMA/CD algorithm used in the IEEE 802.3 standard is ________.
1-persistent
A(n) ________ is an entity that has station functionality and provides access to the distribution system via the wireless medium for associated stations.
Access Point (AP)
____________________ resolves a IP address from the Network layer to a Machine Access Code (MAC) address used by the frame.
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
The most widely deployed system was the ____.
Advanced Mobile Phone Service (AMPS)
A(n) ________________ provides functions that allow software components to interact with each other and the kernel. In Linux this is provided by distributions.
Application Programming Interface (API)
_____________________ has a 53 byte cell size. This means that ____________ is not compatible with Internet Protocol Version 6, because IPv6 does not allow segmenting by routers.
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)
____ is the amount of data that can be transmitted in a fixed amount of time
Bandwidth
With ________, a station wishing to transmit first listens to the medium to determine if another transmission is in progress. If the medium is in use, the station must wait. If the medium is idle, the station may transmit.
CSMA
Ethernet uses the ______________ MAC protocol to control access to media, and respond to collisions.
CSMA/CD
With ________ a dedicated path is established between two stations for communication.
Circuit Switching
With __________________, switching and transmission resources within the network are reserved for the exclusive use of the circuit for the duration of the connection.
Circuit Switching
A technique in widespread use in second generation cellular networks is _____________.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
The dominant technology for third generation systems is ___________________.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
________ are used to exchange information having to do with setting up and maintaining calls and with establishing a relationship between a mobile unit and the nearest base station.
Control channels
____ is used , so only authorized users can access information over your wireless network
Data encryption
____ is determined by whether the routing decision is made on a datagram/packet or virtual circuit basis
Decision time
___ occurs at the edge of an impenetrable body that is large compared to the wavelength of the radio signal.
Detraction
___ refers to various phenomena which occur when a wave encounters an obstacle or a slit.
Detraction
Key differences between 1G and 2G include
Digital traffic channels, Encryption, Error detection and correction, Channel access
________ is achieved by retransmission of damaged frames that have not been acknowledged or for which the other side requests a retransmission
Error Control
The three phases of circuit switching are ___, ___. ___.
Establish, transfer, and disconnect.
The IEEE 802.3 standard is known as ________.
Ethernet
An error detecting code calculated from the remaining bits of the frame, exclusive of flags, is the ________.
Frame Check Sequence (FCS)
The area to be covered in a cellular network is divided into cells in a ________________ tile pattern that provide full coverage of the area and equidistant antennas
Hexagonal
________ is the foundation on which all of the internet based protocols and internetworking is based.
IP
Although it is intended to ultimately be replaced, ________ is currently the standard IP used in TCP/IP networks.
IPv4
The _______________ of the Linux operating system is controlled by Linus Torvalds, it's developer, under a General Public License.
Kernal
The ___ provides interface to higher levels, and performs flow and error control.
LLC
The ________ specifies the mechanisms for addressing stations across the medium and for controlling the exchange of data between two users.
LLC
Only the ____ layer adds a header and trailer.
Link
The Data Link layer is compromised of what two layers?
Logical Link Control & Medium Access Control layer
________ antenna architecture is the most important of the enhancements provided by 802.11n.
MIMO
The function of a ________ protocol is to control access to the transmission medium in order to provide for an orderly and efficient use of that capacity.
Medium Access Control (MAC)
________ are useful in city streets in congested areas, along highways, and inside large public buildings
Microcells
The ______________ layer is responsible for making routing decisions and provides a mechanism for routing a packet from the source network to the destination network.
Network
On a network, the switching devices whose purpose is to provide communication are called ___
Nodes
The technique used in both 4th generation cellular networks is _____________.
Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)
X.25 is the standard protocol used for traditional ________ networks
Packet Switching
___ is the change in direction of a wave-front at an interface between two different media so that the wave-front returns into the medium from which it originated.
Reflection
___ occurs when an electromagnetic signal encounters a surface that is large relative to the wavelength of the signal.
Reflection
If the ________ has to do with the ability of the network to deliver packets via some route in the face of localized failures and overloads.
Robustness
____ to refract or diffract electromagnetic radiation irregularly so as to diffuse in many directions.
Scatter
___ was developed to provide higher quality signals, higher data rates for support of digital services, and greater capacity.
Second Generation (2G)
Attenuation occurring over a portion of the bandwidth of the signal is called ____.
Selective fading
The change in the average received power level due to user passing different height buildings, vacant lots, intersections, etc. is called ___.
Slow fading
The most widely used protocol architecture is the ________ protocol suite, which consists of physical, network access, internet, transport, and application layers.
TCP/IP
A cellular network uses multiple low power ___________.
Transmitters
By assigning the same ________ to end systems on many switches, one or more VLAN broadcast domains can be extended across a large network.
VID
A ________ is a logical subgroup within a LAN that is created by software rather than physically moving and separating devices.
VLAN
A ________ is a broadcast domain consisting of a group of end stations, perhaps on multiple physical LAN segments, that are not constrained by their physical location and can communicate as if they were on a common LAN
VLAN (Virtual LAN)
A ________ is an administratively configured broadcast domain consisting of a subset of end stations attached to a LAN.
Virtual LAN (VLAN)
Fourth Generation (4G) support two standards ___ and ___.
WiMax and LTE
Two frames interfering with each other at the receiver so that neither gets through is known as ________.
a collision
What is the definition of a protocol, as it applies to networks?
a standard that outlines characteristics of how two network devices communicate
With ________, routing decisions that are made change as conditions on the network change.
adaptive routing
The ________ layer contains the logic needed to support the various user applications.
application
Command line tool for installing, and updating software packages in Unbuntu is _________________.
apt-get
One of the rules for CSMA/CD states, "after transmitting the jamming signal, wait a random amount of time, then attempt to transmit again". This random amount of time is referred to as the ________.
backoff
The simplest approach to interconnecting multiple LANs within an organization is to use a ________.
bridge
In the ________ all stations attach directly to a linear transmission medium. A transmission from any station propagates the length of the medium in both directions and can be received by all other stations.
bus topology
A VLAN ________.
can span multiple interconnected switches
The Internet _______________ is an error-detecting code used in many Internet standard protocols.
checksum
In the ________ approach in packet switching each packet is treated independently with no reference to packets that have gone before.
datagram
The addiction of control information to data is referred to as ________.
encapsulations
When using Adaptive Routing the principle conditions that influence routing decisions are ________.
failure and congestion
Affecting not only mobile phones in automobiles, but even a mobile phone user walking down an urban street, ________ occurs when there are rapid variations in signal strength.
fast fading
Nonselective, or ________, is the type of fading in which all frequency components of the received signal fluctuate in the same proportions simultaneously.
flat fading
"Because all routes are tried, at least one copy of the packet to arrive at the destination will have used a minimum-hop route" is a property of ________.
flooding
Data Link Control Protocals send data in blocks called ________.
frames
As the mobile units move they pass from cell to cell, which requires transferring of the call from one base transceiver to another. This process is called ______________.
handoff
The central element of the star topology is a ________.
hub
Linux Command line interface command ______________ allows the user to view or modify the configuration of network interfaces. This is the command I told you to use to get IP addresses in Ubuntu.
ifconfig
The disadvantage of fixed routing is ________.
its lack of flexibility.
Network ____ is the delay time required to travel a network
latency
The simplest criterion in the selection of a route is to choose the _______.
minimum hop route
A ___ is a collection of interconnected access points with a software protocol structure that enables communication.
network
The ________ layer is concerned with the exchange of data between an end system and the network to which it is attached.
network access/data link
A ___ refers to the layout of the computers and devices in a communications network
network topology
Three types of delays are: propagation delay, transmission time and ________ delay.
node
Of course in the Internet Architecture Standard ___ are all devices on the network with a Internet Protocol address.
nodes
Which of the following terms is an electrical disturbance that can degrade communications?
noise
Flexibility, resource sharing, robustness, and responsiveness are all advantages of ________ switching.
packet
The ________ layer is concerned with tranmission of bit steam; specifies medium, signal encoding technique, data rate, bandwidth, and connector.
physical
In a switched communications network, data entering the network from a station are ___________ to the destination by being switched from node to node
routed
The ________ approach is a mechanism in which bridges automatically develop a routing table and update that table in response to changing topology.
spanning tree
A ________ LAN includes a central node to which stations are attached.
star
In the ________ topology each station is directly connected to a common central node, typically via two point-to-point links, one for transmission and one for reception
star
The principle disadvantage of VLAN "membership by port group" is that ________.
the network manager must reconfigure VLAN membership when an end system moves from one port to another
The term ________ refers to the way in which the end points, or stations, attached to the network are interconnected
topology
The ________ topologies are passive sections of cable to which stations are attached
tree and bus
Third generation wireless communication supports _____________.
voice, data, video, and multimedia
First generation cellular networks ________.
were analog
Second generation cellular networks ________.
were digital