Comprehensive Study Set: Praxis 5361/5362 ESOL
The Threshold Hypothesis
Cummins believes that LLs should have literacy + academic level in L1 so can transfer elements from L1 to L2. Need 4-5 yrs of L1 instruction.
BICS and CALP
Cummins; Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (Social) and Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (Academic)
Threshold hypothesis
Cummins; language learners should arrive at a given academic and literacy level (about 4 to 5 years of instruction) in L1 in order to transfer elements from L1 to L2;
Criterion-referenced
Curriculum and instruction
Which of the following methodologies for data collection is the most expensive? 1. Internet surveys 2. in-person intercepts 3. telephone interviews 4. mail surveys
Telephone interviews
In the digital space, what does TAF marketing mean?
Tell a friend
Cultural bias on the test
Testing that contain issues of validity and biases in testing.
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Textbooks and technical manuals are written at a level beyond the language proficiency of the ELL.
a
o/a (ex. pot/bar) - back
o
oa (ex. boat) - back (rounded)
Slang
General term used to describe any nonstandard form of a language
Realia
objects and material from everyday life, especially when used as teaching aids.
realia
objects from real-life
stops
occlusive produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract
Informal Assessment
occurs in a more casual manner and may include observation, inventories, checklists, rating scales, rubrics, performance and portfolio assessments, participation, peer and self evaluation, and discussion
informal assessment
occurs in a more casual manner and may include observation, inventories, checklists, rating scales, rubrics, performance and portfolio assessments, participation, peer and self evaluation, and discussion
language transfer
occurs when a learner's primary language influences his/her progress in the L2; most commonly affects pronunciation, grammar structures, vocabulary and semantics
Positive transfer
occurs when structures of L1 help in the acquisition of structures in the second language
Negative transfer
occurs when student incorrectly applies structures from one language to another (I have 6 years vs. I am 6 years old)
Tone
of one's speech, varying the pitch
Example of diphthong
oi in boil
Common Reduced Form words:Deletion
omission of one or more sounds: comftable/comfortable
Deletion
omission of one or more sounds: comftable/comfortable
Common Reduced Form words:Elision
omission of one or more sounds: fishnchips
Elision
omission of one or more sounds: fishnchips
Common Reduced Form words:Elision
omission of one or more sounds: fishnchips, He's a good ol' boy, chocolate-choclut
common underlying proficiency
one center in brain for aquiring lang....teach both lang at same time (promote literacy in primary lang as well as second lang.)
Exit from ESL Program
score "4"s in all areas (listening, speaking, reading & writing) for two consecutive years, once exited, student is monitored for two years.
predictive validity
score predicts score on particular criterion
Creative construction theory
second-language learners follow similar strategies and make the same kinds of errors as native speakers in the process of language mastery; similar to natural order and innatist theories
direct method
sometimes also called natural method, is a method for teaching foreign languages that refrains from using the learners' native language and just uses the target language
Performance-Based Assessments
sometimes characterized as assessing real life, with students assuming responsibility for self-evaluation
glides
sometimes sounds like a vowel; when tongue and lips are gliding
Sociocognitive Approach
True competence is demonstrated in the ability to express oneself in different social contexts
Audiolingualism
"Audio-language"
Natural Approach (stage 1)
"Birth stage" feeling of security and belonging are established
Categories of Discourse
5 major functional categories of discourse: -personal, interpersonal, directive, referential, and imaginative
CALP
5-7 years of schooling, SDAIE instruction
Grammar Translation Method
Used to translate Greek to Latin. Adapted to teach foreign languages.
Preproduction or Silent Stage
Uses gestures, lacks vocab and listening comp, prefers to be silent, frustration.
Formal Assessment
Uses norm referenced and criterion referenced tests.
Speech Emergence
Uses phrases, continues to increase vocab, understands more than is able to communicate.
Recasting
rephrasing something correctly when you answer
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
Using conversational cues such as phrasing, pausing, intonation, and word stress.
regional dialects
a form of speech associated with a geographic area or region
passive voice
when the subject in the sentence is acted upon by an agent that may or mat not be named
displacement
talking about something that isn't immediately present
formal style
the language used in public speech, such as lectures, sermons, writing, and political addresses
Overgeneralization
the learner attempts to apply a rule "across the board" without regard to irregular exceptions
Denotation
the literal definition (in the dictionary) of a word.
Semantics
the meaning of a word, phrase, sentence, or text.
Morphology
the study of word formation and structure
Palatization
when tongue is on palate and goes to the front of mouth for y; got you becomes gotcha
antecedent
word a pronoun replaces
Minimal pairs
word families; have only one sound that is different; fair/pair
Homonyms
word forms that have two or more meanings
cloze worksheet
words in a passage are missing
Indefinite article
"Indefinite" means "not specific". Use A(AN) when you are talking about a thing in general, NOT a specific thing. Examples: I need a phone. Not a specific phone, any phone
ESL pullout program
"Pull-out" ESL programs require students to leave their classrooms for a certain period of time once a day or week to attend an ESL class. Teachers may follow their own curriculum's or teach subjects that students learn in their regular classes. This type of program is usually used in schools that have limited teachers and classrooms.
Prabhu
"gap" activities with reasoning and problem solving
Logographic Phrase
"word-picture" phase, the child will be able to identify familiar words by sight
Positive feedback
'receive praise for something you knocked out of the park'
ESL
( English as a Second Language) A programming model in which linguistically diverse students are instructed in the use of English as a means of communication and learning. This model is often used when native speakers of multiple first languages are present within the same classroom.
Which of the following would be considered an environmental factor that affects consumer behavior? 1. personal motivation 2. cultural norms 3. stage in life cycle 4. perception
Cultural norms
Which of the following kinds of assessment would be most appropriate for gathering information about what ESOL students have learned after completing a science unit? (A) Achievement (B) Proficiency (C) Diagnostic (D) Placement
(A) Achievement
An ESL teacher is beginning a new position at an elementary school. The principal shows the student teacher the existing textbooks available for use with ESOL students. Which of the following questions would be most important for the teacher to ask to determine the appropriateness of a textbook for use with ESOL students? (A) Do the units in the book provide sufficient practice tasks or exercises? (B) Are the students provided with an answer key to find solutions to hard problems (C) Is the textbook published by a well-known and reputable company? (D) How much do the books cost per unit to replace?
(A) Do the units in the book provide sufficient practice tasks or exercises?
Which of the following words contains a consonant digraph? (A) Shirt (B) Trunk (C) Pajamas (D) Extra
(A) Shirt
All of the following are examples of minimal pairs EXCEPT (A) fare/fair (B) fair/care (C) fair/pear (D) fare/wear
(A) fare/fair
A nonnative speaker of English consistently pronounces "that" a [daet]. This is an example of (A) phoneme substitution (B) choice of allophone (C) palatalization (D) voicing
(A) phoneme substitution
I like funny people. I think my cousin make me laugh and I think he's most funny person in my family. He likes to mimic people. I also like smart people. My friend Ivan is the smart person in the whold class. My mother is nice and she is kindest person I know. Sometimes my brother is help me, not always. My friend Julia is most loyalest person of my friends. Q5. The writing sample contains several errors in the formation of (A) superlative adjectives (B) comparative adjectives (C) demonstrative pronouns (D) possessive pronouns
(A) superlative adjectives
The three most important people in my life are my mom, my dad, and my sister. My mom is important to me because she always understand me and she always help me. My dad is important to me because we always have fun together. Q2. On the basis of the writing sample, this student has not yet mastered (A) third-person singular endings for regular verbs (B) simple present-tense forms of irregular verbs (C) use of adverbs of frequency (D) possessive pronouns
(A) third-person singular endings for regular verbs
I'm Nola. I go a new york and philadelfia de las vacation. My familia is happy and I am happy. My hermana is happy and my tio like see my familia. Q1. This writing example is characterized by which of the following? (A)Acculturation (B) Code-switching (C) Circumlocution (D) Ethnocentrism
(B) Code-switching
A good teacher is nice and caring. a good teacher is help in the class. also a good teacher is want to help the students. a good teacher is like help her students. a good teacher has alot pashents for the students.a good teacher is went is good with the students. Q4. In this writing sample, the student's most prevalent errors involve which two of the following? I. Capitalization II. Plurals III. Formation of the present tense IV. Adjective placement (A) I and II (B) I and III (C) II and III (D) II and IV
(B) I and III
Which of the following is the professional organization that hosts an annual conference for ESL teachers and publishes a quarterly research journal? (A) IATEFL (B) TESOL (C) ACTFL (D) NAFSA
(B) TESOL
Which of the following approaches to the teaching of reading and writing emphasizes meaning? (A) The linguistic approach (B) The Language Experience approach (C) The basal-reader approach (D) The sight-word approach
(B) The Language Experience approach
Innatism
(Chomsky) A theory that human beings are born with mental structures that are designed specifically for the acquisition of language.
CALP
(Cognitive academic language proficiency) the language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
CALLA
(Congitive academic language learning approach) A method of instruction that is grounded in the cognitive approach and focuses on the explicit instruction of 3 learning strategies and the development of critical thinking as a means of acquiring deep levels of language proficiency.
CALLA
(Congitive academic language learning approach) A methos of instruction that is grounded in the cognitive approach and focuses on the explicit instruction of learning strategies and the development of critical thinking as a means of acquiring deep levels of language proficiency.
Common Underlying Proficiency Iceberg Model
(Cummins) Cognition and language fundamentals, once learned in the primary language, form basis for subsequent learning in any language. The two languages have a shared foundation, and competence in the primary language provides the basis for competence in the second language.
Which of the following sentences is in the passive voice? 1. Dmitry has been working nights. 2. The train is due by 3 o'clock. 3. Eva has passed her classes. 4. Dinner is being prepared. (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
(D) 4
I like the flower I like to see a animals cutes like squaro. I like to see a River in the Park and Enjoy the Spring. Q3. The student's use of the word "squaro" is most likely an example of what kind of spelling? (A) Phonetic (B) Semiphonetic (D) Precommunicative (D) Invented
(D) Invented
When they don't do somethings that I told them not to do for more than a hundred times. This made me so angry because it's like they listen to me. My opinion are like nothing. Sometimes they do it because maybe just forgot. I don't even know I should be angry or not. Q6. On the basis of the kinds of errors made in this excerpt, which of the following would be most appropriate for helping to improve the student's writing? (A) Circling errors and allowing the student to determine how to correct them (B) Directing the student to read the writing silently to herself to correct the errors (C) Instructing the student to read the writing to the class for peer editing (D) Reading the writing to the student and allowing her to listen for errors
(D) Reading the writing to the student and allowing her to listen for errors
Allophones
(Phonetics & Phonology) any of several speech sounds that are regarded as contextual or environmental variants of the same phoneme. In English the aspirated initial (p) in pot and the unaspirated (p) in spot are allophones of the phoneme /p/
Acculturation
(U-curve Hypothesis: Honeymoon, Hostility, Humor, Home) The process by which an individual adapts to a new culture.
Performance assessment
(authentic assessment) requires the completion of a task, communicating information or constructing a response that demonstrates knowledge or understanding of a skill or concept.
Common stress patterns & intonation in speech
(ex. 'Creative', a native english speaker would place the greatest emphasis on the second syllable of the word 'creative'.)
Appropriate testing modifications for ELLS
(ex. ELLs are expected to fill in the blanks on an assignment. A modification for intermediate level ELLs could be adding a word bank with visual reference for the ELLs. This will modify the assessment to make it accessible to ELLs at the intermediate level of ELL proficiency while still maintaining the content that the assessment intends to cover.
Voiced & unvoiced consonants
(ex. Teacher says black eyes but student mistakenly hears black ice. [z] in 'eyes' as voiced & [s] in 'ice' as unvoiced.
Responding to cultural misunderstandings in an ELL classroom
(ex. feet pointed being a sign of disrespect. Teacher could have a class discussion about what is considered appropriate & inappropriate behavior in the students home culture.) -By doing so, the students can familiarize themselves with each others backgrounds & avoid misunderstandings in the future.
Allophone
(linguistics) any of various acoustically different forms of the same phoneme
Difference of pronunciation: Spanish
*failure to pronounce the end consonant accurately or strongly enough ; e.g. cart for the English word card or brish for bridge or thing for think *problems with the /v/ in words such as vowel or revive *difficulties in sufficiently distinguishing words such as see/she or jeep/sheep/cheap *the tendency to prefix words beginning with a consonant cluster on s- with an /ε/ sound; so, for example, school becomes eschool and strip becomes estrip *the swallowing of sounds in other consonant clusters; examples: next becomes nes and instead becomes istead.
Semiphonetic
*writing that demonstrates some awareness that letters represent speech sounds
Cultural assimilation
-Adopting the language and traditions of the new culture while identifying less with home culture Cultural assimilation is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
Sequence for phonics skill instruction
-Begin by naming the letters, both uppercase and lowercase -sounds of the letters -Difference between consonants and vowels
Implementing a pre-reading strategy to help activate prior knowledge
-By asking students to write about & discuss their experiences with the key theme of the story before reading, the teacher is activating prior knowledge about that topic. -ex. Class is reading a story about a bird that wants to be a fish. Teacher can ask students to write a short description in their response journals of something that they have wished for & then discussing their responses as a class
Direct Approach
-Came after the Grammar-translation Approach -Attempted to incorporate the secondary language in instruction a bit more
Selecting appropriate learning objectives for content based instruction
-Content based instruction typically focuses on academic subject matter. In addition, it promotes students to use the target language to learn about a given topic & does not incorporate explicit language instruction. (Ex. A learning objective for a lesson that uses content-based instruction could be: Having students work in groups to answer a list of questions about the American Revolution by completing an online scavenger hunt)
TESOL Quarterly
-Dedicated to disseminating research on topics of interest to individuals in the field of ELL teaching -Reports current research related to teaching English to speakers of other languages in the US & abroad
Presenting new content area vocabulary
-Define words first & then having students use the words in a different context to internalize the meanings and prepare them for encountering the words as they read
Classroom practices appropraiate for a specific learner population
-For ELL students with limited formal schooling, teachers could incorporate visually rich classrooms and a focus on familiar experiences. -Students with limited formal schooling will likely benefit from instruction that draws on familiar experiences & engages them visually since they are likely to have relatively limited literacy skills. The aim in the limited formal schooling classroom should be to make the students feel comfortable with formal educational settings.
Reading Approach
-For students that will not be living in an English-speaking community and for whom reading is the most important skill to master -Improving reading ability and establishing current events and historical knowledge of English-speaking countries
Fossilization
-Getting stuck at a specific stage ("I can get by so why bother" syndrome)
How to apply appropriate corrective feedback to ELLS during an informal classroom discussion
-Given the proficiency level of the ELLs & the context of the lesson, recasting or repeating the corrected form of a speakers error, offers the ELLs a model while not obstructing communication. -ex. Restating sentences with errors correctly to provide a model for ELLs
Scaffolding in a ELL classroom
-Goal is to give students the assistance they need to successfully complete a task that would be too difficult for them to complete on their own, while gradually decreasing the assistance as students achieve mastery. -ex. Providing ELLs with sentence starters (Helps students to not have to generate all of the language on their own)
Minimal pairs
-In phonology, minimal pairs are pairs of words or phrases in a particular language that differ in only one phonological element, such as a phoneme, toneme or chroneme, and have distinct meanings. They are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phonemes in the language. -Helps to distinguish between sounds in English
Incorporating state and/or national standards into instructional planning
-It is important that teachers incorporate standards for both language & content area subjects into the learning objectives for ESL students. -Language standards will dictate the matter and presentation of content area materials, thereby fulfilling the ESL teachers duty of advancing ELLs language proficiency without comprising content area learning.
Word web
-Like a bubble map. -Word in the middle and similar words branching off. (ex. Happy (in middle): joyful, jolly, thrilled, pleased, delighted [branching off but connected to the middle word 'happy'])
Output Hypothesis
-Merrill Swain -The output hypothesis states that language learners will pay attention to phrases when they can attach meaning to them. The act of speaking or writing under certain conditions makes up the process of second language learning. Speaking the language is different than understanding the language. 3 Functions- -1. Noticing functions: The learner realizes what they do not know or only partially know. They know what they want to say but are unable to communicate it. This is done through practice, verbally communicating in the second language in the classroom. 2. Hypothesis-testing function: It is when the learner provides statement realizing that the grammar is not always correct and they receive feedback in order to improve. This enables the learner to reformulate their statements. Interaction within the classroom with teacher and peers can assist the learner to improve their grammar. 3. Metalinguistic function: The learner reflects upon the language learned and this enables them to control their output and internalize their linguistic knowledge. After the first two functions, the student should be able to internally reflect on what they have learned.
Merrill Swain
-Output Hypothesis -Merrill Swain is a professor emerita of second-language education at the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, University of Toronto.[1] She developed the output hypothesis, a theory of second-language acquisition which states that learners cannot reach full grammatical competence in a language from input processing alone, but must also produce spoken language output.
Developing pre-literacy skills
-Pre-literacy serves as a foundation for reading and writing & includes phonological awareness & knowledge of letters. -ex. Interactive boards game that focuses on sound/letter relationships in English
Publications in the field of ELL teaching
-Professional journals in the field of ELL teaching -ex. TESOL Quarterly
Language experience approach
-Promotes literacy development through the use of students personal experiences. Typically, the teacher will ask students to talk about an event in their lives and transcribe their speech. The transcription can then be used as the basis for reading and writing activities) (ex. Having ELLs recount what happened during a recent school wide assembly as the teacher transcribes the story on the chalkboard.)
Authentic Writing Task
-Rooted in a real life context (ex. Asking students to write an email to a classmate about what they plan to do over the weekend.)
The Input Hypothesis
-Stresses that learner input should be based slightly beyond learners current receptive level so that the learner can progress. The Input hypothesis is Krashen's attempt to explain how the learner acquires a second language - how second language acquisition takes place. The Input hypothesis is only concerned with 'acquisition', not 'learning'. According to this hypothesis, the learner improves and progresses when he/she receives second language 'input' that is one step beyond his/her current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if a learner is at a stage 'i', then acquisition takes place when he/she is exposed to 'Comprehensible Input' that belongs to level 'i + 1'. We can then define 'Comprehensible Input' as the target language that the learner would not be able to produce but can still understand. It goes beyond the choice of words and involves presentation of context, explanation, rewording of unclear parts, the use of visual cues and meaning negotiation. The meaning successfully conveyed constitutes the learning experience.
ELLSs with different educational backgrounds
-Students may lack background knowledge depending where they came from
Blend Cards
-Synthetic instruction Common rimes on the board, and students are asked to match their cards of (b, c, s, or f) to match to complete a word
How to address important social issues within an ELL classroom
-Teacher can ask students to discuss reactions about several biased statments. ("Cats are better than dogs.) (ex. going over the negative effects of stereotyping.)
Foreigner talk
A simplified version of a language that's sometimes used by native speakers when addressing non-native speakers. "Foreigner talk is closer to baby talk than to pidgin," says Eric Reinders. "Pidgins, creoles, baby talk, and foreigner talk are quite distinct as spoken but nonetheless tend to be perceived as similar by those adult native speakers who are not fluent in pidgin" (Borrowed Gods and Foreign Bodies, 2004).
Number agreement
-agreement in number between words in the same grammatical construction (e.g., between adjectives and the nouns they modify) (ex. That apple on the table is fresh. Those two apples on the table are fresh. The number of apples is marked on the noun—"apple" singular number (one item) vs. "apples" plural number (more than one item)—on the demonstrative, "that/those", and on the verb, "is/are". In the second sentence, all this information is redundant, since quantity is already indicated by the numeral "two".)
Communicative language teaching
-authentic, real world resources - ex. photo copies of advertisements from English magazines
Cultural bias
-when an individual interprets behaviour exhibited in other cultures using the perspective of his/her own culture
What are two ways that spoken English differs syntactically from written English?
...
Four Basic Orientations to teaching ESL
1. Structural/linguistic -Based on comparisons between the structures of different languages 2. Cognitive -entails objectives that enable the student to make generalizations about the rules of English 3. Affective/Motivational -Emphasizes predispositions of the student that can enhance or inhibit learning 4. Functional/communicative -Involves selecting language structures on the basis of their utility in achieving a communicative purpose
Benefits of self correction
1. Students can take more ownership in their learning 2. By making corrections on their own, students are more prone to acquiring/internalizing new language
Laterals
/L/ like consonant sounds
examples of fricatives
/f/ /v/ /θ/ /s/ /ʃ/ /ð/ /z/ /ʒ/ /h/
examples of liquids
/l/ /r/
examples of nasals
/m/ /n/ /ŋ/
examples of stops
/p/ /t/ /d/ /k/ /b/ /g/
What sounds in English are problematic for ELLs?
/r/ is problematic for Spanish speakers because they have two /r/s /k/ has 2 allophonic variations (keep cool) /sh/ and /ch/ in English, but only /sh/ in Spanish ex: teacher could sound like t-shirt /t/ has 6 allophonic variations which involve physical differences /d/ and /th/ are two different sounds in English, but only one /d/ in Spanish
examples of glides
/w/ in west /j/ in yes
Stressed syllables
1 Stress on first syllable rule example Most 2-syllable nouns PRESent, EXport, CHIna, TAble Most 2-syllable adjectives PRESent, SLENder, CLEVer, HAPpy 2 Stress on last syllable rule example Most 2-syllable verbs to preSENT, to exPORT, to deCIDE, to beGIN
Phonemic Awareness Skills
1. Sound matching 2. Sound isolation 3. Sound blending 4.Sound substitution 5. Sound sound deletion 6. Sound segmentation
Vertical bilingualism/diglossia
A situation where a language that has two forms, one a 'higher' and more prestigious form used by educated speakers in formal situations, and the other a 'lower', vernacular form used more commonly.
Stephen Krashen theories (5)
1. Acquisition vs. Learning 2. Monitor hypothesis 3. Natural order hypothesis 4. i + 1 (comprehensible input) 5. Affective Filter
Basic Print Concepts
1. Meaning of print 2. Direction of text 3. letter, word, and sentence representation 4. Book orientation
Components of Linguistics (5)
1. Phonology 2. Morphology 3. Syntax 4. Semantics 5. Pragmatics
Stages of language development
1. Prelinguistic Stage 0;0 to 1;0 Onset of speech perception Cooing in first months Onset of Babbling around 0;6 Prepares the child to understand and acquire words 2. Single Word Stage 1;0-1;6 Onset of words around 1;0 Mostly object-like words initially Holophrases: single words with meaning of a sentence Slow acquisition of approximately 50 words 3. Early Sentence Stage 1;6 to 2;0 Word Spurt: sudden increase in word acquisition Onset of multiwords utterances, e.g. "mommy sock" Telegraphic stage Stages of vocabulary: substance > action > relation-attribute 4. Short Sentence Stage 2;0-2;6 Onset of grammatical development Onset of inflections, e.g plural, past tense Onset of grammatical structure, e.g. pronouns, prepositions, auxiliaries Stable ratio (Nice) 5. Complete Sentence Stage 2;6-6;0 Advanced grammatical development Onset of subordinate clauses, e.g. relative clauses, complement clauses, adverbial clauses Completion of basic grammar by 6;0 6. School Age 6;0 - Infrequent complex aspects of grammar Reading & writing Expansion of constructions through reformulations Reformulation: repeating meaning with a change in structure
Circumlocation
1. The use of unnecessarily wordy language, especially in being vague or evasive. 2. A roundabout or evasive expression: Circumlocutions like "go to the bathroom" are often used in place of words that are considered vulgar or indelicate.
TESOL ( Standards for proficiency )
1. starting, 2.emerging, 3.developing, 4.expanding,5.bridging
What are the four bases of segmentation?
1. state of being 2. state of mind 3. product benefits 4. product usage
Which of the following is not a reason why sport marketing is different from many other types of product marketing? 1. the emphasis on generating revenue 2. the fundamental difference of the sport product itself 3. the market for the product 4. the financial model of sport production
1. the emphasis on generating revenue
Low Context
Cultures in which there is relatively less consensual information shared among individuals, so that people need to rely heavily on explicit communication
Army Method
1940s. Combo of direct method and small group format. Native speaker and linguist team teach.
Behaviorist-Structural School
1950s. Use of observable behavior as foundation to study and assess learning processes. Learning=set of habits acquired. 2 Theories: Contrastive Analysis followed by Error Analysis.
Civil Rights Act of 1964
1964; banned discrimination in public acomodations, prohibited discrimination in any federally assisted program; enlarged federal powers to speed school desegregation; this and the voting rights act helped to give African-Americans equality on paper, and more federally-protected power so that social equality was a more realistic goal
Asher
1982 TPR-Total Physical Response Simon Says
Krashen and Terrell
1983 Natural Approach---emphasis on comprehensible input i + 1
English-Plus Movement
1985. Founded by LULAC and SALAD as a reaction against ENglish-Only Movement. Increase in funding for Bilingual Education.
Ehri
1996 Continuum of word reading development The Logographic Phase The Novice Alphabetic Phase The Orthographic Phase The Mature Alphabetic Phase
Direct Method (Natural Method)
19th Century. All Levels. Tries to replicate L1 acquisition. T centered. L1 use prohibited. Ss exposed to language using only target language. Vocab development. Berlitz Method = modern adaption.
Teacher formats
2 teachers team teaching OR 1 bilingual teacher.
diphthong
2 vowels start out with one sound and glides into the second vowel sound
Official Endorsement of Dual Language Instruction
2000. Outgoing D of E endorsed dual lang education. However, with new Republican admin they preferred early-exit and ESL.
Which of the following is not an example of marketing myopia? 1.reliance on winning to help market the product 2. greater emphasis on short term sales v. long term strategy 3. relying on market research to make decisions 4.confusing marketing and promotions
3. Relying on market research to make decisions
Which of the following is an example of marketing through sport? 1. broadcasting a team's away games only 2. scheduling games so as not to conflict with other events 3. using a sports teams broadcast to advertise financial services 4. using billboards to advertise a team's schedule
3. using a teams television broadcast to advertise financial services
number of phonemes used in English
44
Which of the following is an example of a team leveraging its influencers through social media? 1. announcement of a player trade on Twitter 2. a Facebook page for season-ticket holders only 3. an NHL team establishing a YouTube channel showing its best hits and checks 4. a team Pinterest site
A Facebook page for season-ticket holders only
Recasting
A Recast is what the teacher says with the purpose of helping a student notice his or her mistakes and repair it on his or her own. Several different types of recasts are listed below.
Inflectional morphemes
A bound grammatical morpheme added to complete words according to rules of syntax. They have strict grammatical function (-s, -ed, -ing, -en -'s, -er, -est)
Lau v Nichols
A civil rights case brought by Chinese Americans living in SF, CA who had limited English proficiency (1974). Students claimed they were entitled to school under Title VI of the civil rights act of 1964. Court ruled that districts must take action to overcome ESL barriers. It is an important decision on the XIV amendment that is used as precedent today.
Within the sport industry, which of the following are least likely to have full-time staff members dedicated to data research and analysis? 1. an MLB team 2. a college athletics department 3. the NBA 4. a major sport sponsor
A college athletics department
Affricative
A complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative. The initial soinds of child and joy are english affricatives
Dipthong
A complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable (measure)
Compound bilingualism
A compound bilingual is an individual who learns two languages in the same environment so that he/she acquires one notion with two verbal expressions.
Fricatives
A consonant chsracterized by fricitional passage of the expiered breath through a narrowing at some point in the vocal tract
Polychronic culture
A culture in which people typically perform a number of tasks at the same time and place a higher value on nurturing and maintaining social relationships than on punctuality for its own sake.
tag question
A declarative or imperative sentence is turned into a question. You are Mary, aren't you?
Extrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
Intrinsic Motivation
A desire to perform a behavior for its own sake
Rhotic
A dialect in which the r is pronounced before a consonant and at fhe end of a word port, dear, curl
SIOP Model
Attention to content objectives, language objectives, background knowledge, interaction, and meaningful activities., 1) Lesson Preparation 2) Building Background 3) Comprehensible Input 4) Strategies 5) Interaction 6) Practice/Application 7) Lesson Delivery 8) Review/Assessment
Register
A form of language appropriate to a particular situation. (how formal the speech is)
Pidgin
A form of speech that adopts a simplified grammar and limited vocabulary of a lingua franca, used for communications among speakers of two different languages.
Free morpheme
A freestanding root or base of any word that cannot be further divided and still have meaning. hit, wish, bat
Homonyms
A general term that describes word forms that have two or more meanings (can, to be able and can, a container)
Direct method
A grammatical approach that focuses less on explicit instruction of grammar rules and structures and more on the repetition and memorization of language patterns.
Graphic organizer
A graphic organizer is a visual display that demonstrates relationships between facts, concepts or ideas. A graphic organizer guides the learner's thinking as they fill in and build upon a visual map or diagram.
Metacognitive learning strategy
A learning strategy in which students intentionally monitor their thinking. This might include predicting/inferring, self-questioning, or self-monitoring.
Suffix
A letter or letters that are added to the end of the word and can alter the original tense or meaning of the root or base word
Total Physical Response
A method of teaching a second language where students are required to respond physically to the words of the teacher (James Asher).
Avoidance
A minority group response to prejudice and discrimination by migrating or withdrawing to escape from further problems, a majority group with specific minority groups through social selection or spatial segregation
Free morpheme
A morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word.
Derivational Morpheme
A morpheme that changes the word (it may or may not change the grammatical kind)
Bound morpheme
A morpheme that is always attached to another morpheme, such as prefixes and suffixes.
Norm referenced assessment
A norm-referenced test (NRT) is a type of test, assessment, or evaluation which yields an estimate of the position of the tested individual in a predefined population, with respect to the trait being measured.
Minimal pairs
A pair of words that differ by only a single sound and are recognized by speakers as different words. i.e. bat/cat or hare/dare
Voice Disorders
A phonation disorder causes the voice to sound breathy, hoarse, husky, or strained Resonance disorders are hypernasality or hyponasality
Idioms
A phrase that means something different than the words imply if interpreted literally. Idioms are more cultural than set in a language. Idioms are one of the most difficult things to learn in the process of learning a new language.
Creole
A pidgin that has become the mother tongue of a second generation community
Short vowel sound
A short vowel sound is a vowel sound that does not follow this rule. When reading a word that uses a short vowel sound, will say the sound that the letter can make that is not its actual name. So in the case of "A," the word "main" might have a long "A" sound because we pronounce the "A" as /ā/, whereas the word "man" has a short vowel sound.
Which of the following is a component of state-of-mind segmentation? 1. geography 2. age 3. attitudes 4. ethnicity
Attitudes
Suggestopedia (Presentation)
A preparatory stage in which students are helped to relax and move into a positive frame of mind, with the feeling that the learning is going to be easy and fun.
Pronouns
A pronoun (I, me, he, she, herself, you, it, that, they, each, few, many, who, whoever, whose, someone, everybody, etc.) is a word that takes the place of a noun. In the sentence Joe saw Jill, and he waved at her, the pronouns he and her take the place of Joe and Jill, respectively.
Behaviorism
A psychological theory that all learning, whether verbal or nonverbal, takes place through imitation and habit formation
Behaviorism
A psychological theory that all learning, whether verbal or nonverbal, takes place through imitation and habit formation (Skinner)
Audiolingual Method
A rapid means of learning foreign languages (use to train military troops). It is a patterns of drills and dialogue designed to develop grammatical structures and vocabulary in a highly sequential manner. Teachers reinforced accurate producation and error correction through consistent feedback (Terrell, Egasse, & Voge, 1982). Developers of the audiolingual method believe that when language learners practiced pattern drill and dialogue designed to develop particular language structures, the new language structures would become a habit. They viewed language acquisition as the memorization and recall of language patterns.
Dialect
A regional variety of a language distinguished by vocabulary, spelling, and pronunciation.
Circumlocution
A roundabout or indirect way of speaking; the use of more words than necessary to express an idea.
Passive voice
A sentence is passive when the subject is acted upon by an agent that may or may not be named. (ex. The dinner is being prepared.) 'Dinner' is being acted on by an unnamed agent.
Acronym
A series of letters to represent words
3 types of learning styles
Audio, Visual, Kinesthetic
World English
A speaker of World English may use pronunciation that is different yet have full control over structures share grammatical structures and vocabulary with standard varieties of English with local variations
Plosives
A stop or occlusive produced by stopping the airflow in the vocal tract
Language bias
A student's performance on/interpretation of standardized tests can be problematic depending on whether or not a student is proficient in the test language. Is it written in their native language? Was the content taught in their native language?
Superlative adjectives
A superlative adjective compares three or more nouns. This takes the comparison of nouns to the highest degree. An example would be: "My mother's cooking is the best."
Synonyms
A synonym is a word or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word or phrase in the same language. (ex. Mean: Unfriendly, Unpleasant, Bad-tempered, Difficult)
Perfect tense
A tense of verbs used in describing action that has been completed or began in the past. (a form of have & past participle)
Comprehensible Input
A term introduced by Stephen Krashen to refer to language that a learner can understand. It may be comprehensible in part because of gestures, situations, or prior information.
Sapir-Wharf Hypothesis
A theory that points to connections among cultures, language and thought. In its strongest form, this theory is known as linguistic determinism, and in its weak form, it's known as linguistic relativity
Accelerated Learning
A total system for speeding and enhancing both the design process and the learning processes, based on the latest brain research
Inductive reasoning
A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations.
Formative Evaluations
A type of on-going or in process evaluation that allows the teacher to evaluate the effectiveness of the lesson to ensure CLD student comprehension
Semantic Map
A visual representation of interconnected characteristics or features of a given concept
Compound
A word composed of two words
Word stress
A word is normally stressed on the first syllable, unless there is a reason to put the stress somewhere else.
Euphemism
A word or phrase that replaces a taboo word (words not polite for society) to avoid referencing certain acts or subjects
Eponym
A word taken from a proper name: john for toilet
Antonyms
A word that means the opposite of another word. For example, "hot" is the antonym of "cold."
Synonyms
A word that means the same, or almost the same, as another word in the same language, either in all of its uses or in a particular context.
Word wall
A word wall is an ongoing, organized display of key words that provides visual reference for students throughout a unit of study or a term. These words are used continually by teachers and students during a variety of activities.
I think the best advice is that join some after school club to let him ask questions about the school. We can also ask some students already in our school for a long time come to answer those question. Also to tell them something to be aware of and some thing or a few rule they might not know. Q7. The most prevalent errors in the writing sample involve (A) number agreement (B) subject-verb agreement (C) verb tense (D) use of prepositions
A) number agreement
Phonemic Awareness
Awareness that there are separable sounds in words; the ability to hear seperate phenomes in words
Fossilization
AKA Stabilization. The student has plateaued in their learning of their L2. The errors made by the speaker are "fossilized" to the point that he/she doesn't "hear" the correct use. The speaker is relatively fluent in L2.
Metacognitive Processes
Ability to self-critique comprehension and analysis
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Academic and technical language, unlike interpersonal language, has a higher degree of abstract concepts and content specific vocabulary.
Acquisition vs Learning
Acc. to Krashen the acquisition process relates to the similar process children acquire to learn a first language. the learning process is what we get when we learn an L2 in a formal setting.
Culture Shock
Acceptance of the new culture and a renewal of self-confidence
A sport marketer placing an ad on the right radio station at the right time to reach the right customer would be an example of 1. identifiability 2. accessibility 3. responsiveness 4. segmenting
Accessibility
Castaneda v. Pickard (1981)
According to this ruling, bilingual education programs must be based on "sound educational theory", must be "implemented effectively with resources for personnel, instructional materials, and space", and must prove to be effective at overcoming linguistic barriers
Reading Fluency
Accuracy: correct decoding and recognition of words Rate: speed at which words are recognized correctly Prosody: Dramatic and artful reading style that improves the attention and understanding of the listener.
What is Sustained Content Language Teaching?
Activities that are developed to teach language through academic content and organize curriculum around themes.
Prefix
Acts as a syllable that appears in front of the root or base word and can alter meaning
Scaffolding
Adjusting the support offered during a teaching sesssion to fit the child's current level of performance (ongoing support), Increased wait time, paraphrasing, use of visuals
Stage 5
Advanced fluency
Use of adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of frequency are often used to indicate routine or repeated activities, so they are often used with the present simple tense. If a sentence has only one verb, place the adverb of frequency in the middle of the sentence so that it is positioned after the subject but before the verb. For example: Tom never flies.
Steven Pinker
Agreed with Chomsky that human beings are born with an innate capacity for learning and understanding language -but added that this capacity is the result of millions of years of evolution -communication increased their odds of survival
Paralinguistics
All aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, volume, pitch, stress, etc., Aspects of spoken communication that do not involve words, ie. body language, gestures, pitch., Speech mechanisms that signal attitude or emotion;intonation, rate of speech, pause, stress. Body language, signs, olefactory, proxemics, eye contact, tone, intonation Form of language in which meaning is conveyed through variations in speech qualities, such as loudness, pitch, rate, hesitations, etc, The study of sounds that accompany speech but that are not directly a part of language. Paralanguage can often indicate how a person feels about what they are saying.
The Silent Way
All levels but better for Int and Adv. Commnicative based. T silent most of the time. Color coded charts to guide pron. Self-correction and peer support.
Community language learning
All levels but better for Int and Adv. Communicative based. Small gp instruction. Relaxed environment. T facilitates discussions. Taped discussion used for grammar concept/error correction. Not good in public schools.
Notional Functional Approach
All levels kids and adults. Uses notions (situations) and functions (language purpose). Dialogues introduce class content. Ss practice dialogues then make own- then use in real life context.
Audiolingual Method
All levels. L1 use avoided. Repetition and memorization of dialogues. T uses drills and practice to teach grammar.
The Natural Approach
All levels. Research based adaption of direct method. Very communicative. Heavy on teaching and practice of vocab. Little emphasis on accuracy. Uses elements of TPR. Learners not forced to speak.
Why is social media valuable to sport teams today? 1. It builds an audience of fans to interact with in real time. 2. It engages fans in ways that they want to be engaged. 3. It's viral. 4. It drives behavior that drives business. 5. All of the above.
All of the above
Which of the following describes a way in which professional sport leagues commonly use professional research analysts? 1. to measure audience viewership in order to price sponsorship and advertising appropriately 2. to satisfy internal consumer research needs such as comparing consumer behavior toward the league versus individual teams 3. to serve as an advisor or consultant to individual teams 4. all of the above
All of the above!
ACTFL
American Council for Teachers of Foreign Language. To provide vision, leadership and support for quality teaching and learning of languages.
Culture shock
Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, a move between social environments, or simply travel to another type of life.
Chronemics
Also called temporal communication; the way people organize and use time and the messages that are created because of their organization and use of it.
What term describes the strategies and tactics used by a company to imply that it is an official sponsor of a sporting event when it is not? 1. invasion of privacy 2. copyright infringement 3. ambush marketing 4. intellectual property
Ambush Marketing
What aspect of a facility's image are defined by VIP parking, upscale menus, luxury boxes, and servers bringing food to spectators' seats? 1. appearance of facility 2. amenities offered 3. personnel 4. consumer opinion
Amenities offered
Ecological Model
Bronfenbrenner Development in four nested levels 1.Microsystem: Child's immediate environment 2. Mesosystem: Interactions between components of the microsystem 3. Exosystem: more general elements of the child's environment 4. Macrosystem: Overarching environmental influences, like cultural beliefs
Task Based Learning
An approach that makes the TASK the basic unit for planning as opposed to the grammar, for example. The rationale originated in the COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH with the view that you learn a language by using it. Classroom interaction might involve a demonstration by the teacher and the performance by learners of tasks, with little or no FOCUS ON FORM. Or learners might perform a task then listen to native speakers performing the same task. The learners then repeat the task, incorporating any features they choose, effectively moving from FLUENCY to ACCURACY. Students attempt communicative tasks, teacher provides help and upgrades language. Students make a better attempt.
Receptive bilingualism
An individual who begins to feel some difficulty who feels is loosing the proficiency of L2 because of lack of use.
LEP
An individual who is in the process of acquiring English as his or her second language. (Limited English Proficient)
World Englishes
An international journal committed to theoretical research on methodological and empirical study of English in global, social, cultural and linguistic contexts.
Direct Method
An umbrella term for teaching methods which avoid translation into L1 at all costs. Instead, form-meaning associations should be established.
The frequency, duration, and intensity of involvement in a sport or the willingness to expend money, time, and energy in a pattern of sport involvement is referred to as 1. socialization 2. commitment 3. external behavior 4. cultural norms
Commitment
Beginning, end, and medial phonemes
Another way in which phonemes are distinguished is by their placement in a word
Rime
Any consonants after the vowel
Subtractive Bilingualism
Any form of bilingual education that places English above the students' first language
castaneda vs pickard
Appropriate action to overcome lang barriers: plan, staff, evaluate
What aspect of a facility ensemble would be addressed by building a trophy case in the main lobby of an arena? 1. landscape 2. artifacts 3. history and memories 4. ideologies
Artifacts
4/4 of letter sound lesson: Long vowel sounds and multisyllabic words
As much as possible, the teacher should focus on one-syllable words when addressing long vowel sounds..
Natural Approach (stage 2)
As the learner's ability improve, they achieve a measure of independence from the parent
Total Physical Response
Asher- stresses comprehension and physical activity. Students listen and respond to commands. High rate of retention and low affective filter.
Integrative Assessment
Ask open ended questions
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
Asking for clarification or repetition of phrases, statements, and questions
Aspiration
Aspiration is also a feature of phonation. The airstream mechanism is how the air moves through the vocal tract during articulation. Most languages have exclusively pulmonic egressive consonants, but ejectives, clicks, and implosives use different mechanisms.
Natural Order Hypothesis
Asserts that the acquisition of a second language will follow predictable patterns
Formative assessment
Assessing a student's understanding as you teach a unit (e.g. through homework, in-class activities, journal writing, etc.).
Managing the needs of newly arrived ELLS from multilingual countries
Assign a buddy. Don't assume the student automatically knows or understands. Culture shock is common
Assimilation
Assimilation is a general term in phonetics for the process by which a speech sound becomes similar or identical to a neighboring sound. In the opposite process, dissimilation, sounds become less similar to one another. Assimilation is the influence of a sound on a neighboring sound so that the two become similar or the same. For example, the Latin prefix in- 'not, non-, un-' appears in English as il-, im-. and ir- in the words illegal, immoral, impossible (both m and p are bilabial consonants), and irresponsible as well as the unassimilated original form in- in indecent and incompetent.
NAFSA
Association of International Educators is a member organization promoting international education and providing professional development opportunities to the field.
Communicative Strategy
Assumes the comprehension of linguistic principles always comes before production of speech or writing -Goal of this approach is for students to create meaningful communication
Microprocesses
At this level, students are working to group the words and ideas within sentences into units of meaning
Intermediate Fluency
Communicates using simple sentences, over generalizes. More comfortable in school.
Metalinguistic knowledge
Awareness of the features and rules of a given language beyond simply being able to use them. Extrapolating a rule for adding plural endings to words requires metalinguistic knowledge.
Behaviorist Model
BF Skinner Individuals learn language as a direct response to stimuli -Over time, an individual develops a mental response to those stimuli
Jim Cummins
BICS & CALP (Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills & Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency)
Bottom Up vs Top Down Strategies
BU focuses on words then sentences- smallest to biggest TD focuses on meaning
/b/
Bad, laB
BICS
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (Social language)
BICS
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills, (Cummins, J. 1979-1980) Skills necessary for functioning in every day life, face-to face interactions. These skills usually take about two years to develop in most second language learners.
BICS
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills: type of proficiency needed in face-to-face and high context situations. Children able to master after 2-4yrs of exposure. Assessed Informally.
Syntax
Basic structure of the sentences -different from grammar by the fact that grammar offers recommendations for proper syntax, whereas syntax is the entire collection of proper and improper formulations
Total Physical Response (TPR)
Beginners in silent phases. Ss should understand communication presented, not be forced to speak, speak when ready. Uses kinesics commands. Promotes listening comp as comes before speaking.
A person involved in hands-on activities such as participating in the sport itself or watching, listening, and cheering on her team is classified as having what sort of sport involvement? 1. cognitive 2. behavioral 3. affective 4. socialization
Behavioral
Skinner
Behaviorist Theory of LL blank slate influenced by environment "operant conditioning" input emphasized stimulus-response-actions
Contrastive Analysis
Behaviorist theory. 1940s. Predict problems in L2 from L1.
Selective error correction
Being mindful about what errors to correct. Which are the most important to point out?
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
ESL Inclusion
Believe that English should be the sole official language of the US Assumes that students will not speak their native language in class
Chomsky
Believed humans are born with a special biological brain mechanism called a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) and that nature is more important than nurture. Universal Grammar (UG) underlying principles that govern language : Nativist Theory
Vygotsky
Believed that cognitive development was largely the result of the child's interaction with members of his or her own culture rather than his or her interaction with concrete objects
Berns, Margie
Communicative Approach
Classroom Activities to promote Early Literacy Skills
Big books, Sight words, Phonics.
The name, logo, and symbols associated with the sport organization are components of the __________. 1. product 2. place 3. promotion 4. brand
Brand
What kinds of words most frequently occur in a reduced form in natural speech?
Brown and Hilferty (1986) use the term "reduced forms" to refer collectively to the processes of contraction, elision, assimilation, and reduction (e.g., there's, coulda, wanna, and howarya for "there is," "could have," "want to," and "how are you," respectively.
transitional Bilingual Education Program
Builds understanding of English, to transition into regualar classroom ASAP
Primary advantage of using rubrics with ELLS
By receiving a rubric before beginning an assignment, the ELLs are able to have a clear idea of what is expected of them & how they will be graded
Chamot and O'Malley
CALLA-Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach. This approach teaches explicitly various learning strategies. Children learn how they learn and learn ways to improve their cognitive abilities. It is assumed that they will use these strategies in all their academic endeavors. The focus is on CALPS, the academic language.
/tʃ/
CHeck, CHurCH
Language Interference
CUP vs. SUP, Transfer hypothesis
Incorporating appropriate pre-reading activities
Can include the creation of graphic organizers to help ELLs contextualize and organize a text prior to reading. (ex. Making a timeline collaboratively of the civil war can help ELLs use information from their history class a a working reference to build on foundational knowledge before they begin reading.
Root
Cannot be analyzed into smaller parts : system, boy, (linguistics) the form of a word after all affixes are removed
Equal Educational Opportunity Act
Cannot deny equal opportunity by failing to take appropriate action to overcome lang barriers.
Title VI
Cannot discriminate in federally funded programs
/k/
Cat, baCK
CALLA
Chamot and O'Malley- learning strategies, content vocabulary, metacognitive strategies, social/affective strategies, etc.
Nominalizers
Change adjectives or verbs into nouns (acy, -ance, -ician, -ism, -ist , -ity, -ment, -ster, -able, -al, -an, -atic)
Code Switching
Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another.
Code switching
Changing from one mode of speech to another as the situation demands, whether from one language to another or from one dialect of a language to another.
Prgamatics (social language)
Changing language according to the needs of a listener or situation, such as talking differently to a baby than to an adult,giving background information to an unfamiliar listener,speaking differently in a classroom than on a playground
Sheltered English Approach
Characterized by comprehensible input, meaning that all the information disseminated in the class should be understandable to students. -Teachers use student background knowledge and experience to determine activities -modeling and demonstrations -language gives us the labels and categories for certain familiar concepts
Communicative language teaching
Communicative language teaching (CLT), or the communicative approach, is an approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study
Early Speech Production
Comp increases, Yes/No + one word statements, expands vocab, understands lang in contextualized situations.
Making informed decisions to differentiate assessment
Checking formative (ongoing) assessments to determine individual student progress and accommodate all students learning needs
Self monitoring
Checking ones own comprehension and thinking about what one is learning
Collier
Children are active learners who construct their world.
Analytic Phrase
Children begin to take a closer look at the components of words -begin to notice that words that sound alike often have a similar appearance as well
lau vs nichols
Chinese speakers in San Fran- every child must participate in educational program
Critical period hypothesis
Chomsky and others; there is an ideal time for language acquisition (about 6-7 years old)
Cognitive-Generative-Transformational
Chomsky. 1960s. Acquisition of langs as a mental process. LAD (Language Acquisition Device) - set of grammar rules for lang acquisition. 2 theories.
Cognitive Code/ transformational grammar
Chomsky...Language analysis, teaching deep structure, understanding grammar and L1 rules are a prerequisite, listening/speaking/reading/writing are all taught at once.
Primary aspects of cultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.
Cross cultural differences in chronemics
Chronemics refers to the way that different cultures perceive time. (ex. Becoming upset with someone when they show up late somewhere. Person does not view lateness as being rude.)
Title VI
Civil Rights Act of 1964—forbids discrimination based on sex, race, color, national origin, or religion.
Pull Out
Classes in which students are withdrawn from the mainstream regular subject classes from one or more periods a week for English language instruction.
CALP
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (Academic language)
CALP
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency, (Cummins) Context reduced academic language, rely on language itself for meaning
Chomsky
Cognitive Theory of SLL; Nature more important than nuture nativist, LAD, internal factors; transformational grammar 1950s rules of grammar structure
Chamot, Anna
CognitiveLanguage Learning Approach (CALLA)
Student collaboration
Collaborative learning is a situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn something together.
Collectivist cultures
Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires. Collectivism and individualism deeply pervade cultures. People simply take their culture's stance for granted.
Balanced reading approach
Combination of top-down and bottom-up approaches to teach reading.
Consonant Blend
Combination of two or more consonants into a single sound
Comparative adjectives
Comparative adjectives are used to show what quality one thing has more or less than the other. They normally come before any other adjectives. (ex. The man on the left is taller than the man on the right. The man on the right is shorter than the man on the left.)
Postovsky, V.A.
Comprehensible Based Learning. Uses silent feedback ( pointing, drawing, etc.)
Whole language approach
Concentrate on the specific functions of language -Strong emphasis on communication skills
Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) and the Iceberg Model
Concepts learned in one language are therefore transferable to the second language. Speaking, listening, reading, and writing in the first language, therefore, helps the student develop the same skills in the second language
Bilingual Education Act of 1968
Congress enacted the Bilingual Education Act to provide local school districts with federal money for the establishment of English language programs for students whose primary language is Spanish
Conjugation
Conjugated verbs are verbs which have been changed to communicate one or more of the following: person, number, gender, tense, aspect, mood, or voice. Those will be explained in detail in just a moment: but first, here's an example of the verb "break" conjugated in several different ways. Present Simple I, You, We, They: break He, She, It: breaks Present Continuous (Progressive) I: am breaking You, We, They: are breaking He, She, It: is breaking Present Perfect I, You, We, They: have broken He, She, It: has broken Past Simple I, You, We, They, He, She, It: broke Past Continuous I, He, She, It: was breaking You, We, They: were breaking Past Perfect I, You, We, They, He, She, It: had broken As you can see, each different conjugation changes "break" from its base form to tell us when and by whom the action takes place.
Connected speech
Connected speech, or connected discourse, in linguistics, is a continuous sequence of sounds forming utterances or conversations in spoken language.
Connotation
Connotation of a word is the set of judgments and references that accompany it
Additive Bilingualism
Consciously avoids marginalizing the native language and culture of each student
Reliability
Consistency between scores from different administrations of the assessment
Characteristics of an ESL program
Content is taught in the students' primary language and separate instruction is provided in English language skills
Content validity
Content validity, sometimes called logical or rational validity, is the estimate of how much a measure represents every single element of a construct. For example, an educational test with strong content validity will represent the subjects actually taught to students, rather than asking unrelated questions.
Decoding
Converting written words into sounds
Comprehensive error correction
Correcting all errors on an assignment
What term describes the registration of a domain name (website address) solely for the purposes of trying to sell the name back to the rightful trademark owner for a profit? 1. cybersquatting 2. copyright infringement 3. libel 4. patent pending
Cybersquatting
Postovsky
DOR-Delayed Oral Response--touch the computer screen. Doesn't move on until correct answer chosen. Taught Russian
Deductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning is a logical process in which a conclusion is based on the concordance of multiple premises that are generally assumed to be true. Deductive reasoning is sometimes referred to as top-down logic. Its counterpart, inductive reasoning, is sometimes referred to as bottom-up logic.
Beliefs and Institution
Deep culture; No effort should be made to change the beliefs or institutional values of an EL
Coordinate bilingualism
Defined as learning L1 & L2 in separate contexts
Environmental print
Defined as print that students are exposed to in their everyday lives. (ex. brand names, street signs, popular products, packaging on foods etc.)
Validity
Degree to which a test measures what it was intended to measure
Denotation
Denotation of a word is the thing or set of things to which it refers
Spelling Stage 5
Derivational Relations Spelling: Fluent/Adult readers: 11-111 years old. Explore relationship between spelling and meaning. Realize that words with related meaning are often related in spelling.
Participles
Derived from a verb, but used as an adjective (present participle:verb & ing/ past participle: verb & ed)
Pragmatics
Describes how context can affect the interpretation of communication.The appropriate use of language in context
Lateralization of brain
Describes the alignment of brain functions and articulators in the production of language.
Rubric
Descriptions of levels of writing performance
Because new social media platforms are emerging all the time, sport organizations must determine which ones to include in their strategic marketing. What three major areas does the NBA review when evaluating new social media platforms
Design, utility, terms
Chomsky, Noam
Developed an explanation of language development which explained that our language is a collection of feelings, thoughts, information,beliefs, and so on for different purposes in life. He believes that language is a complicated collection of these items
Krashen
Developed very important theory of 2nd LA. Five hypotheses. Acquistion vs Learning, Comprehensible Input, The monitor hypothesis, Affective filter hypothesis and Natural order hypothesis.
Krashen
Developed very important theory of 2nd language acquisition. Five hypotheses. Acquisition vs Learning, Comprehensible Input, The monitor hypothesis, Affective filter hypothesis and Natural order hypothesis.
What part of developing the marketing plan involves finding an unmet need and defining it? 1. developing the five Ps 2. developing the market 3. market segmentation 4. product development and positioning
Developing the market
Relationship between primary language academic success and English
Development of high proficiency in cognitive academic language in the primary language is often the basis for a similar proficiency in English
Advanced Fluency
Develops academic language. Maybe ready for mainstreaming.
/d/
DiD, laDy
Diagnostic assessment
Diagnostic assessment is an essential device in a teacher's "tool kit". It can be used to diagnose strengths and areas of need in all students. Diagnostic assessment involves the gathering and careful evaluation of detailed data using students' knowledge and skills in a given learning area.
Consonant diagraph
Diagraphs are "voiceless" combinations of two consonants. Following are examples: st, ch, sh, th, wh.
Having a large percentage of high-income sport fans would be an example of an.. 1. internal strength 2. external opportunity 3. internal weakness 4. external threat
External opportunity
L1 Interference
Difficulties for ELL students where the degree to which their native language differs from English and they usually produce many similar mistakes resulting from the influence of their mother tongue.
Gouin and Berlitz
Direct Method - Second language learning should model the first language learning in that it should be learned directly; grammar is taught inductively with no explanations, the learner's first language is not used in the class and new vocabulary is introduced for demonstration.
Home Language Survey
Districts shall conduct 1 home language survey to each new student in the district; shall be administered in English and Spanish and/or translated into home language whenever possible; includes question
Degree of Contextualization & it's cognitive demand on students
Drawing and labeling pictures with the assistance of a vocabulary notebook and a partner is best described as a context embedded/cognitively undemanding task. This is because students have visual support through drawing (which provides context) & they have the assistance of both a partner & their science notebooks to complete the task (Which reduces cognitive demand).
Two way bilingual program
Dual language program is sometimes referred to as two-way bilingual program. In a dual language classroom, half the student population is made up of native English speakers, and the other half is comprised of students who speak the same foreign language. Teachers have to conduct half of the entire course in English and the other half in a foreign language. This program benefits both the English-speaking students and the foreign language-speaking students, because they all get to learn a new language.
ESL class period program
ELL students receive ELL instruction during a regular class period
Serving as a resource for fellow school staff
ELLs may lack appropriate language skills or be intimidated to ask questions. The ELL teacher could suggest that the general ed. teacher work to create a classroom environment where students feel safe and comfortable enough to participate. (ex. An ELL teacher could follow up with ELLs in one on one conferences to discuss points of possible confusion in a less intimidating setting.)
Instrumental motivation
ELLs want to learn the lang for specific purposes e.g. to travel, college admission.
Integrative motivation
ELLs want to learn the lang to understand the people and culture and function better.
natural order hypothesis
ELs acquire English structures in a predictable sequence with small variations depending on the influence of L1
A structured immersion program
ESL students are taught content area material in English. There is no targeted ESL instruction, however a teacher can use students L1 to provide clarification.
Language Assessment
ESL teachers can give in L1 language to determine language dominance and ditinguish between profinciency, giftedness, and learning problems for ESOL students
Lexicon
Each word stored in our mental dictionaries must be listed with its unique phonological representation, which determines its pronunciation, and with its meaning. For literate speakers, the spelling or orthography of most of the words we know is
Stage 2
Early production...one/ two words
Where is the entry-level sales position for most professional sport teams? 1. premium sales 2. group sales 3. telemarketing 4. corporate sales
Telemarketing
Humanistic Psychology
Emerged as a reaction to behaviorism + lack of understanding of emotions and their impact on learning. Safety, love, self-esteem.
Spelling Stage 1
Emergent Spelling: Children string scribbles, letters, and letterlike forms together, but they don't associate the marks they make with any specific phonemes.
Stages of reading
Emerging Readers, Early readers, Newly Fluent readers.
Stages of Writing
Emerging Writers, Early Writers, Newly Fluent Writers
Total Physical Response
Emphasizes direct association with target language and bypass translation to connect with the target language
Phonics Approach
Emphasizes the importance of the relationship between sound and comprehension
Social Interactionist Interpretation
Emphasizes the relationship of the newborn with his caregivers
Language acquisition Model
Emphasizes the role of educators in solidifying students' natural understanding of language
Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
Encourages direct compariston of L1 and TL to identify areas that will either hinder or aid L2 development (find where L1 and TL overlap and make connections
Communicative Language Teaching
Encourages interaction with others in the target language, and allows students to interact meaning fully with one another in the target language
Tag questions
Endings tacked onto the ends of sentences that turn them into questions; for example, "I'll be there at eight. Ok?" May be read as uncertainty or as a request for permission.
EFL
English as a Foreign Language
i + 1 (Comprehensible Input)
For real acquisition to take place, the input must be a little bit above the current linguistic level of the learner
Which of the following would not be an effective way to procure accurate and unbiased results from a fan intercept survey conducted during a sporting event? 1. Ensure that those collecting the surveys are attired in team gear. 2. Use an ample number of data collectors. 3. Keep the survey short enough that spectators can complete it in less than four minutes. 4. Use a random sampling scheme to approach a representative sample of attendees.
Ensure that those collecting the surveys are attired in team gear
Lau v. Nichols
Equal educational opportunities for ELLs can be provided only when schools work to overcome the language & educational barriers that ELLs encounter in a school setting. Simply providing them access to the same facilities is NOT enough.
Lau vs. Nichols
Equal vs. Equitable treatment for ELL/CLD students
Critical Period Hypothesis
Erick Lenneberg - theory of language development that states language must be learned by a certain age, otherwise, we will experience continual difficulty learning language
Marilyn Jager Adams
Established basic criteria for early reading success and helped to create voice recognition software for developing readers
Culture Shock
Euphoria over the newness of their situation
Language Variation
Every language undergoes constant variation, as denotations, connotations, phonology, and pragmatics vary
Cultural bias in tests
Ex. Having snow in the directions. Students might be from a warm sunny places and have never seen snow. This is bias and not fair. Students may lack cultural knowledge to answer this question.
Differences in communication across cultures
Ex. In some cultures it is considered more respectful to avoid eye contact. Be mindful of things like this.
Using different strategies to facilitate content area learning
Ex. Using manipulatives in a lesson to help students learn and understand a concept in math.
Comparative adjectives
Ex: FastER, HappIER, MORE famous
Priscilla Vail
Expert on Dyslexia, and in particular on the assessment of dyslexic children
Expository writing with advanced ELLs
Expository writing generally requires students to formulate a stance on a given topic and use their own ideas, backed by evidential support and analysis of a text, to complete an essay about it. Having ELLs analyze the effect of physical conditions on the characters in the novel is typical of this type of writing. (Ex. If a teacher wanted students to learn to express complex knowledge & thoughts in their essay, they could write an essay in which they would analyze the effects of the physical conditions on the characters & use evidence from the text to support their stance.)
Elaborative Processes
Extending literal comprehension to an understanding of the author's intent and themes
Which of the following is typically not considered one of the stages of the product life cycle? 1. introduction 2. growth 3. maturity 4. extension
Extension
Newcomer Centers
For recent immigrants. Used to support linguistic and cultural development
Intrinsic & Extrinsic motivation
Extrinsic motivation occurs when we are motivated to perform a behavior or engage in an activity to earn a reward or avoid punishment. Examples of behaviors that are the result of extrinsic motivation include: Studying because you want to get a good grade Cleaning your room to avoid being reprimanded by your parents Participating in a sport to win awards Competing in a contest to win a scholarship In each of these examples, the behavior is motivated by a desire to gain a reward or avoid an adverse outcome. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation involves engaging in behavior because it is personally rewarding; essentially, performing an activity for its own sake rather than the desire for some external reward. Examples of actions that are the result of intrinsic motivation include:
Which of the following is a job function typically not performed by sport public relations specialists? 1. crisis management 2. generating and managing story ideas 3. fostering relationships with media and stakeholders 4. facility management
Facility Management
What common intonation occurs in questions?
Fall (Falling tone): sense of finality in the statement, exclamation, answer to a ? Low rise (Rising tone): asking a genuine yes/no question Final Rising Pitch: Yes/no question Final Falling Pitch: a Wh-question
A good social media strategy for sport teams is to use their organizational or team accounts extensively but not to leverage accounts of the individual athletes and coaches employed by the organization.
False
A patent awarded to an inventor is enforceable throughout the inventor's lifetime.
False
A recent trend in major sport facility design and renovation is to eliminate club seats and replace them with large luxury suites.
False
A sport marketer creates a promotion to attract families, and families attend the game. This promotion was successful in identifiability in terms of market segmenting
False
Access and sight lines for people with disabilities are factors related to selecting the site of a sport facility.
False
As a promotion vehicle, print media is typically more flexible with its messaging compared with electronic media.
False
Budget cuts that have affected high school sports have virtually no effect on professional sport fandom.
False
CH 9 Activation costs are typically included within most sponsorship contracts between a brand and a sport team or event
False
E-mail communication with customers is most effective when it is done only to share product offers.
False
Few sport venues have the ability to generate significant revenue beyond game days.
False
Good sport marketers can develop a strong brand image even before establishing brand awareness
False
In sport marketing terms, the way that event staff interact with consumers (personnel and process) would be considered a sport product extension.
False
In the field of sport marketing, positioning the product in the same way to all potential consumers is typically very effective.
False
In the field of sport marketing, the terms price and cost are interchangeable.
False
In the sport industry, teams and leagues are now using analytics and research more frequently, but few, if any, sport sponsors are using metrics to make marketing decisions.
False
Most major commercial brands have a few employees dedicated to managing social media for their organizations, but most professional sport teams and leagues have between 8 and 15 staff members dedicated to social media marketing.
False
Perceived quality, one element of brand equity, can be defined as the likelihood and ease with which a brand name will be recalled.
False
Promotions are the activities associated with transferring goods from producers to users.
False
Reactive media relations involves developing mutually beneficial relationships with the media and assisting the media on a variety of issues.
False
Simultaneous production and consumption is a unique aspect of sport marketing as far as price is concerned.
False
Register of a language
Form of that language that is appropriate to a given situation
Basil Bernstein
Famous for distinguishing between the restricted code (used by people who have similar cultural background or know each other well) and the elaborated code (used by people who are unfamiliar with one another or with one another's culture
Figurative language
Figurative language is language that uses words or expressions with a meaning that is different from the literal interpretation. (ex. Poised between going on and back, pulled Both ways taut like a tight-rope walker)
/f/
Find, iF
Effectively collaborating with content area teachers
First step is to establish a common goal & then plan instruction to meet that goal.
Stages of first-language acquisition
Five recognizable states 1. Babbling Stage (6-8 months old): Begins making repetitive patterns of sound with mouth 2. One word Stage (nine-eighteen months): One-morpheme, one-unit, or holophrastic stage 3. Two-word Stage (eighteen to twenty four months): begins making miniature sentences with simple semantic relations 4. Telegraphic stage (Twenty-four to thirty months): Child begins to express sentence structures with lexical rather than functional or grammatical morphemes 5. Multiword stage (After thirty moths): Characteristic grammatical or functional structures of the primary language emerge and are incorporated
Direct Method
Focus on communication and real life situations, dramatic teaching style, writing early on, primary goal is oral fluency
English Language Development
Focus on incorporating a wide variety of methods and approaches to address various learning styles
Skills/Balanced Approach
Focuses on giving students a set of tools with which to make sense of simple texts
Error Analysis
Followed on from Contrastive Analysis. 1970s. Added inconsistent and developmental lang features. Includes errors typical of native speakers.
Creative Construction Theory
Following Chomsky, innatists developed this theory. 2nd language learners follow same strategies as native speakers do.
Prgamatics (social language)
Following rules for conversations and storytelling, such astaking turns in conversation, introducing topics of conversation, how close to stand to someone when speaking
Consonant voicing
For all vowels, the air flows freely. Consonant sounds are formed when the air is constricted as it moves toward the lips. This constriction can involve simply slowing the air down or stopping it completely. The different consonant sounds depend on how and where the air is slowed or stopped.
Formative assessment
Formative assessment including diagnostic testing is a range of formal and informal assessment procedures conducted by teachers during the learning process in order to modify teaching and learning activities to improve student attainment.
Vowels
Formed by the vibration of air moving through the voice box and mouth -a, e, i, o, and u -y in words like fly and rhythm -w in words like now and brown
What sort of benefit is the sponsor of Barclay's Center in Brooklyn, New York, acquiring? 1. gaining hospitality 2. achieving sales objectives 3. building goodwill 4. gaining naming rights
Gaining naming rights
Negative effects of stereotyping
Give students real world example. (ex. Cats are better than dogs.) to lead into a discussion
/g/
Give, flaG
Testing accommodations with ELLS
Gives ELLs an equal opportunity to demonstrate their skills. Accommodations are typically put in place to reduce language barriers and subsequently give ELLs an equal opportunity to demonstrate their knowledge & skills on a given topic.
Accurate evaluation
Giving a certain score correctly based on how well as student performed on an assignment
Individualism
Giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
Collectivism
Giving priority to the goals of one's group (often one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly
How to relay important school info (guidelines & protocols) to ELLS and their families?
Go over relevant guidelines and protocols of the school system. (ex. Families may be unfamiliar with how things work in the US such as a bus system)
Underlining
Good strategy when working on analysis phonics instruction
Culture Shock
Gradual, tentative recovery, with periods of regression
Lau v. Nichols
Great influence on the expansion of bilingual education in US -A group of Chinese-American students in San Francisco claimed that they were receiving an inferior education because of their limited proficiency in English
Digraph
Group of two or more letters that create a sound different from the individual sounds of the letters
Dual Immersion programs
Groups of students with different first languages are placed together and encouraged to learn each other's native tongue
Kinesthetic learners
Hand on/touching
Sharon Taberski
Has written a number of popular books about the personal relationships between teachers and new readers
Word Stress
In English, we do not say each syllable with the same force or strength.
Devoicing
In PHONETICS, the process by which SPEECH sounds that are normally voiced are made voiceless immediately after a voiceless obstruent: for example, the /r/ in cream /kriːm/ and the /w/ in twin /twɪn/. VOICE is slow to build up at the onset of speaking and fades at the end, so that voiced obstruents (stop and fricative consonants) are partly or wholly devoiced in initial and final position, as with the initial and final /d/ in dead /dɛd/ when spoken in isolation.
High context culture
High-context cultures (including much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa, and South America) are relational, collectivist, intuitive, and contemplative. This means that people in these cultures emphasize interpersonal relationships. Developing trust is an important first step to any business transaction. Less verbally explicit communication, less written/formal information More internalized understandings of what is communicated Multiple cross-cutting ties and intersections with others Long term relationships Strong boundaries- who is accepted as belonging vs who is considered an "outsider" Knowledge is situational, relational. Decisions and activities focus around personal face-to-face relationships, often around a central person who has authority
Holistic approach
Holistic education is a philosophy of education based on the premise that each person finds identity, meaning, and purpose in life through connections to the community, to the natural world, and to humanitarian values such as compassion and peace.
Types of homonyms (2)
Homographs Homophones
Zone of Proximal Development
In Vygotsky's theory, the range between children's present level of knowledge and their potential knowledge state if they recieve proper guidance and instruction
Overgeneralization
In linguistics, overgeneralization is the application of a grammatical rule in cases where it doesn't apply. The term overgeneralization is most often used in connection with language acquisition by children. For example, a young child may say "foots" instead of "feet,"
Sociolinguistics
How cultural identity, setting, and participants influence communication
How to teach ELLs about register, or the use of language within a specific social setting.
How language used is different in formal & informal settings (ex. Having students role play activity where they simulate speaking with their boss or going out with friends)
/h/
How, Hello
present continuous
I am studying now.
past perfect continuous
I had been studying.
past perfect
I had studied.
Individuals with Disability Act
IDEA- the special education law that protects the rights of students with disabilities to a free appropriate public education
Critical period hypothesis
Ideal time for language acquisition. Chomsky.
Selecting appropriate, targeted literacy instruction based on individual student needs
If a student is not receiving grade level texts at their level, a teacher can plan a series of lessons for Natasha that focus on sound-letter correspondence in English (ex. If a students native language does not use the roman alphabet)
How can you apply knowledge of phonetics to help ESOL students?
If a students is struggling with a phomeme, I can tell and show the student where and how the phoneme is produced. I can understand a student's error in spelling by knowing where these sounds are produced. I would teach phoemic awareness skills, names and sounds of letters, phonics rules, sight words, they could produce writing (be aware of sounds, and how they connect to letters).
Assessing ELLS language proficiency
If students were at the beginning level of reading proficiency in English, they would most likely have a reliance on visual cues & easily recognizable words to construct meaning.
How to interpret ELLs assessment results?
If the majority scores between 90-100%, teachers can continue to build on knowledge that students evidenced in the assessment while exploring new content and skills.
Transferring literacy skills from L1 to L2
Implementing pre-reading strategies from the ELLs L1 will effectively help ELLs contextualize & understand a new text that they are beginning to read in the L2 by scaffolding from the ELLs existing knowledge base of L1 literacy.
Register
In linguistics, a register is a variety of a language used for a particular purpose or in a particular social setting.
Grammar
In a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.
Monochronic culture
In a monochronic culture, people tend to place a high value on timeliness and schedules. They focus on the value of time, and therefore tend to have a very rigid interpretation of how to organize their schedules. Monochronic people generally prefer to do one thing at a time and to devote their full concentration to the task at hand, whether it be completing an assignment for work or school or having coffee with a friend. Cultures typically described as monochronic can be found in North America, Northern Europe, and parts of Asia.
Code switching
In linguistics, code-switching occurs when a speaker alternates between two or more languages, or language varieties, in the context of a single conversation. Multilinguals—speakers of more than one language—sometimes use elements of multiple languages when conversing with each other.
Dual Immersion
In dual language education programs, students are taught literacy and academic content in English and a partner language. The goals of dual language are for students to develop high levels of language proficiency and literacy in both program languages, to demonstrate high levels of academic achievement, and to develop an appreciation for and an understanding of diverse cultures. Works well with young students.
Determiner-noun co-occurrence
In grammar, a determiner is a word or a group of words that introduces a noun. Determiners include articles, demonstratives, quantifiers, and possessive determiners.
Displacement
In linguistics, a characteristic of language that allows users to talk about things and events other than those occurring in the here and now.
Consonant Clusters
In linguistics, a consonant cluster is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant clusters in the word splits
Consonant clusters
In linguistics, a consonant cluster or consonant sequence is a group of consonants which have no intervening vowel. In English, for example, the groups /spl/ and /ts/ are consonant clusters in the word splits.
Manipulatives
In mathematics, a manipulative is an object which is designed so that a learner can perceive some mathematical concept by manipulating it, hence its name. The use of manipulatives provides a way for children to learn concepts in a developmentally appropriate, hands-on and an experiencing way.
Informal register
Informal language is more common when we speak. However, there are times where writing can be very informal, for example, when writing postcards or letters to friends, emails or text messages.
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Information is contained in narrative and expository text, often without the support of graphics
Analysis Phonics Instruction
Instruction that breaks words down into their component sounds
Synthesis Phonics Instruction
Instruction that build words out of sounds
Audiolingual Teaching Method
Relies on repetition of structural patterns -Grammar is typically taught inductively, meaning that students are informed of the rules of grammar after they have intuitively learned proper expression
What common intonation (rise and fall of pitch in our voices) and stress patterns in English?
Intensifiers and stressed (indeed, utterly, absolute). Tonic stress can be found in a content word in utterance final position (I'm going; She is going to London). New information stress (response to wh- questions). Vowels and stressed Common intonation occurs in questions.
Stage 4
Intermediate fluency
Internal validity
Internal validity (IV) is the recognition that when it is associated with experimental research it refers both to how well the study was run (research design, operational definitions used, how variables were measured, what was/wasn't measured, etc.), and how confidently one can conclude that the change in the dependent variable was produced solely by the independent variable and not extraneous ones.
Elision
In phonetics and phonology, elision is the omission of a sound (a phoneme) in speech. Elision is common in casual conversation. "Elision of sounds can . . . be seen clearly in contracted forms like isn't (is not), I'll (I shall/will), who's (who is/has), they'd (they had, they should, or they would), haven't (have not) and so on. We see from these examples that vowels or/and consonants can be elided.
Recasting
Rephrasing a statement that a child has said, perhaps turning it into a question, or restating a child's immature utterance in the form of a fully grammatical sentence.
Dipthong
In phonetics, a diphthong is a vowel in which there is a noticeable sound change within the same syllable.From greek- 2 sounds "If you say the words hat and lip, you can hear that the vowel sound in each is singular in nature; that is, each contains only one kind of sound. But if you say the words out, bite, and toil, you will hear that the vowel sound of each, though restricted to one syllable, is composed of two different kinds of sound. These dual vowels are called diphthongs (literally, 'two voices' or 'two sounds'), as opposed to the singular vowels, which are monophthongs ('one voice' or 'one sound')."
Flapping
In phonetics, a flap or tap is a type of consonantal sound, which is produced with a single contraction of the muscles so that one articulator (such as the tongue) is thrown against another.
Nasalization
In phonetics, nasalization (or nasalisation) is the production of a sound while the velum is lowered, so that some air escapes through the nose during the production of the sound by the mouth. An archetypal nasal sound is [n].
Sheltered Instruction vs. ESL
In sheltered instruction, the focus of instruction is mastery of the content area, whereas in ESL, the focus is on development of English skills.
Primary language instruction
In some ESL programs, a great deal of content-area material is covered in the native language
ESL class period program
In the class period ESL program, students can take their ESL classes as an elective or a language arts course. This way, they will not miss anything that is taught in their regular classrooms, and they will be given course credit for attending ESL classes at the end of the semester.
IATEFL
International Association of Teachers of English as a Foreign Language and our mission is to link, develop and support English Language Teaching professionals throughout the world
Rising intonation
Intonation describes how the voice rises and falls in speech. (ex. Would you like coffee?)
Semantic/Syntactic Cueing
Involves asking the student to predict the meaning of a word based on syntax and grammar clues
Constructivism
Represents a throretical body of literature that views the human brain as having certain fundamental structures of understanding that enable it to draw meaning from experience. They believe that learning occurs as a result of interactions between the environment and the learner's mind.
performance based assessments
Include: student portfolios, observation checklists, reading logs, and dialoug presentations
Sociolinguistic Aspects of Language
Includes age and social status of interlocutors and these contribute to variations in linguistic register (status)
Working with an ELL functioning at a beginning level of reading & writing in English
Incorporate strategies that will help the student develop foundational literacy skills, such as phonics instruction, before moving on to more advanced skills. (ex. Matching pictures to basic words that share the same beginning, middle, or ending sounds)
Total Physical Response Approach
Incorporates psychomotor systems to inculcate vocabulary and syntactic forms
What does the AIDA principle stand for in regard to promotions?
Increase awareness attract interest arouse desire intiate action
Offering a team sweatshirt to fans who come to nine games is an example of a sales promotion directed at 1. attracting a new customer 2. increasing frequency of purchases 3. rewarding loyalty 4. preventing defection
Increasing frequency of purchase
Kachru
Indian linguist who says English-speaking world has inner circle--traditional countries--U.K., N.Z., U.S., Australia, Canada, Ireland outer circle--ex-colonies--India, Malyasia, Singapore, Phillipines,e tc.
Semiphonetic
Indicated that spellers write only some of the letters in a word.
Indirect feedback
Indicates where mistake is made but does not actually correct the mistakes. (ex. circling an error and having student correct it)
Criterion referenced tests
Individual's performance is measured against mastery of curriculum criteria rather than other students
Principles of individualist cultures
Individualistic culture is a society which is characterized by individualism, not collectivism.
ELL
Individuals who are in the process of transitioning from a home or native language to English
Inductive reasoning
Inductive reasoning is a logical process in which multiple premises, all believed true or found true most of the time, are combined to obtain a specific conclusion. Inductive reasoning is often used in applications that involve prediction, forecasting, or behavior.
Plural Inflection
Inflection is the name for the extra letter or letters added to nouns, verbs and adjectives in their different grammatical forms. Nouns are inflected in the plural, verbs are inflected in the various tenses, and adjectives are inflected in the comparative/superlative. Here are some of the most important inflection rules:
Negative transfer
Influence of mother tongue knowledge when learning English. (Could be a bad influence in learning the L2)
transitive Verb
Is a verb that must be followed by an object My boss OFFERED me a higher paying job. All the students PASSED the test.
Students placement in & exit from ELL program
It is most important to consider national, state and local mandates when exiting students from an ESOL program
Silent way
It presented learners with simple linguistic situations that they were to observe and then describe in the target language, focusing especially on the actions they witnessed.
Basic Interpersonal Communicative Skills (BICS)
Jim Cummins -Use of language in informal and social settings
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Jim Cummins Use of language in the classroom
Visualizing Language Learning
Jim Cummins (1980, 1984), a researcher of bilingualism and second language acquisition, has developed four concepts that help teachers visualize important aspects of the language learning process and the cognitive demands of learning content through a second language.
Maintenance Bilingual Education vs Transitional Bilingual Education
MBE is education in L2 while maintaining and promoting L1 TBE builds students L2 to mainstream as fast as possible
Castañeda v. Pickard
June 23, 1981; three-part test for evaluate adequacy of district's ELL program. 1) is it based on educational theory recognized by experts as sound or as a legitimate experimental strategy? 2) are programs and practices, including resources & personnel, reasonably calculated to implement theory correctly? and 3) does district evaluate its programs and make adjustments where needed to ensure language barriers are being overcome?
/dʒ/
Just, larGE
Natural Approach
Krashan-comprehensible input, visuals, realia, modeled speech, vocabulary development. Focus on content rather than form. Listening/speaking before reading/writing.
Natural Approach
Krashan-comprehensible input, visuals, realia, modeled speech, vocabulary development. Focus on content rather than form. Listening/speaking before reading/writing. Language is acquired in predictable ways.
Stephen Krashen
Krashen's theory of second language acquisition consists of five main hypotheses: the Acquisition-Learning hypothesis, the Monitor hypothesis, the Input hypothesis, the Natural Order hypothesis, and the Affective Filter hypothesis.
Natural Order Hypothesis
Krashen- grammatical structures aquired in a predictable order, independent of the order grammar is taught
Monitor Hypothesis
Krashen-learning is a concious process and used to monitor spoken or written output
Affective Filter
Krashen-mental block can be produced by negative factors such as anxiety, low motivation, self confidence
acquisition vs. learning
Krashen; acquisition is unconscious, learning is conscious
In this stage of the life cycle, sport marketers are marketing to people who have time and money to participate or attend. 1. single 2. retired 3. married 4. a and b
Single and retired
simplification
L2 learner uses resources that require limited vocabulary to aid comprehension and allows the learner to listen, read, and speak in the L2 at a very elementary language
Comprehensible input
Language delivered at a level understood by a learner
Interactionism
Language develops as a result of complex interplay between child and environment (Long)
Total Physical Response
Language learning method based on the coordination of speech and action.
L1 Interference
Language transfer (also known as L1 interference, linguistic interference, and crosslinguistic influence) refers to speakers or writers applying knowledge from one language to another language.
Morpheme Acquisition Order
Learners acquire the language features of a particular L2 in a specific order (Natural Order Hypothesis, Krashen)
Natural Approach (stage 3)
Learners can speak independently
Fossilization
Learners get stuck at a specific stage in learning and keep making the same mistakes/errors
Collaborative Learning
Learning that takes place when students work in groups to discuss and solve problems together.
/l/
Leg, LittLE
Grammar-translation Approach
Lessons are taught almost exclusively in the primary language of the students -There is very little active use of English
Spelling Stage 2
Letter name alphabetic spelling: Children learn to represent phonemes in words with letters. Children use only several letters of the alphabet to represent an entire word.
Grapheme
Letters
Articulation Problems
Lisping is most common disorder.
Audio-Lingual Method
Listening and repeating. Memorizing dialogues. Teaching about the culture of a country.
Development of Phonics Knowledge
Logographic phase Analytic phase Orthographic phase
How to facilitate communication between home and school for ELLS?
Make handouts accessible to ELLS & their families, translate to native language. Give handouts at a back to school night
/m/
Man, leMon
Reading Recovery Movement
Marie M Clay -Effective method of accelerating the progress of struggling readers -
A sport fan who is enticed into buying a ticket to a game by a game promotion had his consumer behavior affected by 1. a significant other 2. cultural norms 3. market behavior of the sport firm 4. the sport opportunity structure
Market behavior of the sport firm
A focus on producing and selling goods and services rather than identifying and satisfying the needs and wants of consumers and their markets is known as... 1. sales 2. promotions 3. marketing myopia 4. market segmenting
Marketing Myopia
Integrative Processes
Student's ability to identify relationships between clauses and sentences at the multiple-sentence and paragraph level of complexity
Semantics
Meanings of its words -explore the denotations and connotations of words
Performance Based Approach
Measures student progress in terms of the real world tasks the student is able to accomplish ie "students will be able to..."
Grammar Translation method
Memorization is stressed. Vocabulary lists and verb conjugations.
Consequential validity
Messick (1989) originally introduced consequences to the validity argument. Later, Shepard (1993, 1997) broadened the definition by arguing one must investigate both positive/negative and intended/unintended consequences of score-based inferences to properly evaluate the validity of the assessment system.
Word Sort
Method of analytic phonics instruction
Encouraging student confidence and motivation
Offering feedback that is focused on the students effort that led to their success
Student centered instruction
Student-centered learning, also known as learner-centered education, broadly encompasses methods of teaching that shift the focus of instruction from the teacher to the student.
Helping ELLS become more autonomous learners
Modeling cognitive strategies for ELLs so they can employ on their own helps them understand how to learn. A think-aloud that demonstrates how to analyze and interpret an academic text best exemplifies this concept. (ex. Modeling think-alouds to demonstrate to students how to analyze and interpret an academic text.)
Divergent Qus
More than one answer is correct
Polychronic
More than one thing going on at a time-time and schedules are flexible
Morphology principles
Morphemes may be free ( chair, bag) or they may be bound or derivational and need to be combined with other morphemes to create meaning ( read-able, en-able
Bound morpheme
Morphemes that must be attached to their free morphemes to carry meaning (Ex. -ly, -s, -ed, -en)
Graphophonemic Cueing Systems
Students are encouraged to declare the similarities and differences between written and spoken forms of a sound
NABE
National Association of Bilingual Education
Terrel
Natural Approach involves a high amount of input. Developed a taxonomy of language development: PEPSI
Krashen, Stephen
Natural Approach, Monitor Model
The first step in the purchase decision-making process is 1. evaluation of choices 2. need recognition 3.purchase decision 4.information search
Need recognition
Silent period
New arrivals tend to go through a period of silence, which could last days, weeks or even months. It is important to give students time to observe and adjust to their new environment.
/n/
No, teN
Nativist Model
Noam Chomsky -Attempt to explain how people are able to understand and produce a seemingly infinite number of linguistic expressions -Principles of language are innate and the specific parameters of each language are acquired in the first few years of life -Human mind has a language acquisition device
According to the marketing concept of the frequency escalator, who resides on the ground level? 1. heavy users 2. light users 3. media consumers 4. non-aware nonconsumers
Non-aware nonconsumers
Linking sounds
Not enunciating and pausing between words; so I=soWI, do all=doWall
Wilkins
Notional/Functional
Stages of speaking
Novice (preproduction and Early Production Stages), Int Higher Level than Early Production), Adv (Higher than Intermediate Fluency) and Superior Level (Advanced Fluency).
Affective Filter Hypothesis
Number of emotional factors contribute to the acquisition of a second language -Self-confidence, anxiety, and motivation
Winitz
OPT-Optimal Habit Reinforcement self instruction with cassettes
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
Observing and manipulating visuals, such as pictures and concrete objects
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
Observing students' and teachers' non-verbal behaviors such as gestures, facial expressions, eye movements, and distances between speakers
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
Observing students' and teachers' reactions to social conversation
Elision
Omission of a sound between two words usually a vowel at the end of one word or the beginning of the next example " john and peter are going to the store. (Are going)
Elision
Omission of an unstressed vowel, consonant, or syllable; iced cream became ice cream, until became til, laboratory became labratory, family becomes famlee
Which of the following would be considered a quantitative approach to collecting custom research? 1. in-depth interviews with employees 2. online surveys distributed to season-ticket holders 3. focus groups with sponsors 4. ethnographic studies of fan club member behavior
Online surveys distributed to season-ticket holders
Convergent Qus
Only one answer is correct
Yopp-Singer Test of Phonemic Segmentation
Oral test -Teacher reads 22 words aloud and the student states the component sounds in order
Syntax
Part of morphology
What intellectual property right protects inventions (new designs and processes)? 1. trademark 2. copyright 3. patent 4. registered mark
Patent
Early-Exit Programs (Transitional Bilingual Education)
Program designed to move Ss from bilingual to English program asap. Promotes literacy and content area instruction in native lang in K-2 + 45 min ESL periods. 3rd grade transition to Eng begins. 4th grade fluent speakers are mainstreamed or put in sheltered Eng classes.
ESL Program Models
Programs that are culturally and linguistically sensitive towards students.
Maintenance Bilingual Education Program
Promotes Bilingualism building on the students L2 and L1 together in order to develop biligualism
Low context culture
People from low-context cultures, typically rely on what is being said in a conversation to derive meaning instead of indirect statements or nonverbal means. Rule oriented, people play by external rules More knowledge is codified, public, external, and accessible. Sequencing, separation--of time, of space, of activities, of relationships More interpersonal connections of shorter duration Knowledge is more often transferable Task-centered. Decisions and activities focus around what needs to be done, division of responsibilities.
Performance assessment
Performance assessment, also known as alternative or authentic assessment, is a form of testing that requires students to perform a task rather than select an answer from a ready-made list.
/p/
Pet, maP
Allophones
Phones that make up one phoneme ("All the phones")
Allophone
Phones that makeup one phoneme ("All the phones")
Suprasegmental Features
Phonetic features such as stress, length, tone, and intonation, which are not properties of single consonants or words
Phonemic awareness vs. Phonics
Phonics- direct correspondence between letters and sounds Phonemic awareness comes before phonics instruction
Difference in Pronunciation: Arabic
Phonology: English has about three times as many vowel sounds as Arabic, so it is inevitable that beginning learners will fail to distinguish between some of the words they hear, such as ship / sheep or bad / bed, and will have difficulties saying such words correctly. Problems in pronouncing consonants include the inability to produce the th sounds in words such as this and thin, the swapping of /b/ and /p/ at the beginning of words, and the substitution of /f/ for /v/. Consonant clusters, such as in the words split, threw or lengths, also cause problems and oten result in the speaker adding an extra vowel: spilit, ithrew or lengthes. In Arabic word stress is regular. It is common, therefore, for Arab learners to have difficulties with the seemingly random nature of English stress patterns. For example, the word yesterday is stressed on the first syllable and tomorrow on the second. The elision (or swallowing) of sounds that is so common in spoken English is problematic for Arab speakers, and they will often resist it. (Consider, for example, how the questions What did you do? or Do you know her? are said in conversational English: Whatcha do? / Jew know her?) This aversion to elision and the use of glottal stops before initial vowels are the primary reasons for the typical staccato quality of the spoken English of Arab learners.
Difference of pronunciation: Madarin
Phonology: Most aspects of the English phonological system cause difficulties for Chinese learners. Some English phonemes do not exist in Chinese; stress and intonation patterns are different. Unlike English, Chinese is a tone language. This means that it uses the pitch (highness or lowness) of a phoneme sound to distinguish word meaning. In English, changes in pitch are used to emphasize or express emotion, not to give a different word meaning to the sound. English has more vowel sounds than Chinese, resulting in the faulty pronunciation of words like ship/sheep, it/eat, full/fool. diphthongs such as in weigh, now or deer are often shortened to a single sound. Chinese learners find it difficult to hear the difference between l and r, and so may mispronounce rake and rice as lake and lice. Southern Chinese speakers have a similiar difficulty in distinguishing l and n. A major problem is with the common final consonant in English. This feature is much less frequent in Chinese and results in learners either failing to produce the consonant or adding an extra vowel at the end of the word. For example, hill may be pronounced as if without the double ll but with a drawn out i, or as rhyming with killer. The difficulties of pronouncing individual English words, compounded by problems with intonation, result in the heavily accented English of many Chinese learners. In some cases, even learners with perfect grammar may be very hard to understand.
Cognitive Model of Language
Piaget -Asserts that individuals develop linguistic skills in order to control their environment -Four basic stages of cognitive development 1.Sensorimotor intelligence 2.Pre operational thought 3. Concrete Operations 4. Formal Operations
Pidginization
Pidginization is a linguistic process that occurs when people who do not speak the same language come into contact. It involves the simplification of the contacting language and the exploitation of linguistic common denominators.
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Promotes discrimination on the basis of race, color, & national origin in programs and activities receiving federal funding assistance. A school receiving federal funding must ensure that ELLs are not discriminated against on the basis of race or national origin.
Aspiration
Pronunciation accompanied by breathing out
Sponsorship agreements within the sport industry commonly refer to the team, event, or sport organization as the ___________. 1. rights holder 2. brand 3. property 4. agency
Property
Reading Readiness Model
Places a great deal of emphasis on the direct instruction of reading skills
Planning instruction that supports different learning styles
Planning for audio, visual & kinesthetic learning. (ex. labeling different tables in classroom as different food groups & then asking students to place appropriate foods at different tables.
Polychronic culture
Polychronic Cultures In a polychronic culture, people tend to focus more on what they are doing than the timeframe in which it is happening. They thrive at multitasking and are not bothered by phone calls or interruptions. They tend to build strong personal relationships, and often see the development of this relationship as their end goal rather than the task at hand. Cultures typically described as polychronic can be found in Latin America, Southern Europe and the Middle East.
Relative clauses
Relative clauses are clauses starting with the relative pronouns who*, that, which, whose, where, when. They are most often used to define or identify the noun that precedes them. (ex. Do you know the girl who started in grade 7 last week? Can I have the pencil that I gave you this morning?)
Which of the following would not be considered an effective promotional component of a marketing strategy for driving attendance? 1. reliance on star player performance 2. product sampling 3. open houses 4. coupons, vouchers, and discount codes
Reliance on a star player
Which of the following is not one of the four Ps of the sport marketing mix? 1. Product 2. Positioning 3. Place 4. Price 5. Promotion
Positioning
Cross-Linguistic Language Transfer
Positive transfer of L1 structures in acquisition of L2 structures.
Transfer of literacy competence
Positive transfers of knowledge between phonemic awareness, reading phonics, word recognition strategies, and cognates
Acquisition-Learning Model
Posits two ways in which an individual develops proficiency in a second language 1. Acquisition: subconscious process by which vocabulary and the basic rules of grammar are slowly and steadily absorbed 2. Learning: conscious study and knowledge of vocabulary and the rules of grammar
Possessive pronouns
Possessive pronouns refer to something which belongs to someone or something. They can take the place of both the pronoun and the noun which is possessed, and they're generally found at the end of the clause or sentence. The possessive pronouns are mine, yours, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs and whose. ex. The green shirt is mine; the red one is his.
Stages of Second Language Acquisition
Pre-Production(Silent Stage)---Early Speech Production--Speech Emergence--Intermediate Fluency--Advanced
Stages of Second language Acquisition
Pre-Production(Silent Stage)---Early Speech Production--Speech Emergence--Intermediate Fluency--Advanced
High Context
Pre-negotiation relationship, prefers informal agreements, saving face, collectivist, emotional, negotiation isn't a race vs time, Rely on social situations to give messages meaning
Stage I
Pre-production...silent period
Spelling Development
Prephonetic: children may not yet have acquired the alphabetic principle Phonetic: Likely to use one letter to represent a complex sound that requires two or more letters -should be possible to make out what the student intends to communicate with his writing Transitional: Once the student has developed a small sight vocabulary and a solid understanding of the correspondence between english letters and sounds Conventional: characterized by near-perfect spelling and a massive sight vocabulary
Stages of second-language development
Preproduction, Early production, speech emergence, intermediate fluency, and advanced fluency
Perfect Tense
Present Perfect: Contain Past Participle had, have It designates action which began in the past but which continues into the present or the effect of which still continues Past Perfect:The past perfect tense designates action in the past just as simple past does, but the action of the past perfect is action completed in the past before another action( Renee had washed the car when George arrived.) Future Tense: The future perfect tense designates action that will have been completed at a specified time in the future. (By Saturday noon, I will have finished my housework.)
Process Writing
Prewriting, drafting, conference, revising, editing, publishing.
In sport marketing terms, which element is not part of the sport product strategy? 1. pricing 2. differentiation 3. product development 4. branding
Pricing
Morphology
Process of how the words of a language are formed to create meaningful messages
Negative Transfer
Process of incorrectly applying structures from one language to another.
Miscue Analysis
Process used to identify systematic errors in oral reading
Pulmonic Sounds
Produced when air from the lungs goes through the vocal tract and nose
In sport marketing terms, which of the following is not a component of the core event experience or game presentation? 1. game form (rules and techniques) 2. product extensions 3. equipment and apparel 4. venue
Product extensions
Confluent Approach
Teach the whole student. Learn about themselves and classmates while learning the language...lessons deal with personal and significant issues.
Rubrics
Provide students with descriptive criteria for a given assignment
Encoding
Putting sounds together to make a written word
QAR
Question-answer relationships -right there, think and search, author and you, and on my own
Direct Assessment
Real life situation
Deductive reasoning
Reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.)
/r/
Red, tRy
Assimilation
Refers to a phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme; cookies n cream
Immersion Programs
Refers to programs in which native and non-native speakers of English work together, with all students learning content and language through two languages
Dual-immersion programs
Refers to programs in which native and non-native speakers of English work together, with all students learning content and language through two languages.
Predictive validity
Refers to the extent to which a score on a assessment predicts future performance
Phonographemics
Refers to the study of letters, and letter combinations,
Assimillation
Refrrs to a phoneme being spoken differently when it is near another phoneme
Macroprocesses
Relating small chunks of text to the whole text and organizing sections of text
Stem
Root morphemes with affixes (un)leash
/ʃ/
SHe, craSH
Push in
SLP works within the classroom; sometimes address a lesson to the whole class or sitting off to the side
What is the process of moving goods and services from the product producers into the hands of those who will benefit most from their use? 1. marketing 2. sales 3. positioning 4. needs assessment
Sales
What type of promotion is represented by offering a family plan for home games in which parents and three kids get tickets, hot dogs, and soda for $30? 1. advertising 2. personal selling 3. publicity 4. sales
Sales
Metalinguistic feedback
Teacher comments or questions used to prompt the students to self-correct.
English for Special Purposes
Seek to prepare students to learn language for different environments, including the fields of medicine, engineering, computer science, and others.
This individual factor is related to what a person thinks of himself or herself. 1. socialization 2. self-concept 3. perception 4. cultural norms
Self-Concept
English-Only Movement
Senator Hayakawa initiated campaign. gained momentum through the 1980s and remains viable, currently 24 states have passed legislation banning dual language instruction
Passive voice
Sentence construction in which the subject does not do the action expressed by the verb; rather the subject is acted upon. Passive voice tends to be less effective for business communication
Passive voice
Sentence construction in which the subject does not do the action expressed by the verb; rather the subject is acted upon. tends to be less effective for business communication
Jargon
Set of words used by a particular occupational group (scientists)
Casteneda v Pickard
Set the standard for the courts in examining programs for LEP students: 1. Program Theory 2. Program Implementation 3. Program Evaluation.
Which of the following would not be considered a consumer perception factor that good sport marketers work to control? 1. scarcity of tickets 2. venue cleanliness 3. team success and winning percentage 4. fan exposure to violence
Team success and winning percentage
Bar-Lev
Sheltered Instruction
Culture Shock
Shock at the cultural differences in their new lives
Reduction
Shortening pronunciation of words( wanna, gimme, or lemme)
Working with ELLS with limited formal schooling
Show newcomers expected appropriate behaviors through a series of specific activities that feature modeling. This way newcomers can become aware of their own behavior and work to change it. (ex. Student is having difficulty not socializing with their classmates during instruction. Integrating a variety of activities in which the teacher can model appropriate classroom behavior for ELLs )
Gattegno
Silent Way
Structured English Immersion
Similar to French-English immersion programs in Canada. In US designed to teach Eng only.
1/4 of letter sound lesson:. Three letter words
Simplest words for young students to understand Consonant-vowel-consonant (CVC)
How to assess ELLs productive language skills?
Skills involving speaking and writing. Language ELLs are asked to produce. (ex. Asking a pair of ELLs to stand in front of the class, select a topic from a fish bowl & discuss)
Phoneme
Smallest distinguishable unit of sound that can hold meaning in a given language
Phonemes
Smallest unit of sound that affects meaning in engkish tjphere are 44 speech sounds and only 26 letters so the sounds when combined become words
Some of the Core ESL Standards
Social Language, Academic Language, Sociocultural Knowledge
Registers
Sociolinguistic feature of language, require the speaker to accommodate the different needs of students, involves practice with shifting registers eg.explaing how to make a PB&J to an adult and to a 6 yr old. You will have to shift registers. The styles of language use associated with a particular social setting
William Labov and Joshua Fishman
Sociolinguists that are responsible for popularizing and providing academic backing for marginalized dialects and languages William Labov: Afterican-American Vernacular English as a legitimate dialect Joshua Fishman: concentrated on the evolution of languages
Code-switching
Sometimes use both languages in the same conversation to express themselves
Onset
Sound that initiates a syllable
Nasal Sounds
Sounds formed when the uvula doesn't restrict air from entering the nasal cavity e.g. /m/, /n/
Oral Sounds
Sounds produced when the velum is up
Linking sounds
Sounds that are joined together frequently a final consonant with an initial vowel by inserting a /w/ or /y/
Fricative Sounds
Sounds which are produced when the air from the lungs is partially obstructed creating friction or a hissing sound. /f/ & /v/
Affricate Sounds
Sounds which are produced when the air from the lungs is stopped in the vocal tract and slowly released. /ch/ & /j/ in church and judge.
Liquid Sounds
Sounds which are produced when the airstream finds some degree of obstruction inside the vocal cavity. /l/ & /r/
Where does the advertising communication process start? 1. message 2. source 3. channel 4. receiver
Source
Two-Way bilingual Progams
Spanish is the predominent language. Programs taught for students to become bilingual in two languages
Productive language skills
Speaking and writing: when they speak and write, students have to produce new language.
SDAIE
Specially Designed Academic Instruction in English -student must have at least intermediate fluency in English
Comprehensive error correction
Specifically making errors easily understood to students. The old school way of correcting.
Direct feedback
Specifically pointing out errors. (ex. circling an error and saying exactly what was wrong with it and what to fix)
Stage 3
Speech emergence
How is spoken language different than written language?
Spoken language has many more varieties of sounds and intonation based on the variation of dialects or sounds a person uses based on context.
Falling intonation
Standard unemphatic falling intonation is the most common type of intonation in English. It is used in statements (declarative sentences), special questions, commands (imperative sentences), exclamatory sentences, in the first part of disjunctive questions and in the last part of alternative questions. (Different types of sentences are described in Basic Word Order in the section Grammar.) The final fall in English is used on the last stressed syllable of a sentence and falls stronger and deeper than the fall in Russian. (ex. We live in \MOScow. She is ten years \OLD.)
Standardized assessment
Standardized assessment is a lens into the classroom. It sheds light on why a child might be struggling, succeeding, or accelerating on specific elements of their grade-level standards. Results from standardized tests help inform the next step in learning for our students. (ex. M-Step etc.)
Standardized assessment
Standardized assessment is a lens into the classroom. It sheds light on why a child might be struggling, succeeding, or accelerating on specific elements of their grade-level standards. Results from standardized tests help inform the next step in learning for our students. (At the end)
The Contrastive Analysis Hypothesis
States that a language learners errors can be predicted by examining the similarities and differences between the language systems of the learners native language and target language
Input Hypothesis
Stephen Krashen -Individuals need to be given information slightly above their ability level in a given language
Natural Order Hypothesis
Stephen Krashen- This hypothesis states that grammatical structures are learned in a predictable order (Romeo). Krashen also claims that this can only happen if the subject is given input they can comprehend, and if anxiety levels are low.
Story Retelling
Strategy used in early childhood to assess listening and reading comp.
Communicative Language Teaching
Stressing the importance of language as a tool for communicating information and ideas through teaching
Submersion Programs
Student literally drowning in new information.. sink or swim motto
Discourse analysis approach
Students become aware of different texts written for native speakers that serve for different purposes. Students can then familiarize themselves with various linguistic and cultural features that exist within the target language. The first step would be to expose students to a variety of written genres.
Developmental stages in writing
Students frequently pass through a stage where they approximate spellings of words based on the sounds they hear in the words. This is referred to as the phonetic stage. (ex. Squirrel="Squaro") This error is based on the students own (& not a native Englsih speakers) pronunciation of the word "squirrel."
Orthographic phase
Students have acquired almost all of the tools required to sound out familiar and unfamiliar words -know all of the sounds of the letters and read most common words automatically
Homophones
Students must be able to accurately recognize and incorporate common homophones -Words that sound the same but have different spellings
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
Students need a body of cultural and linguistic knowledge, which they have not yet developed, in order to comprehend academic and technical content in a second language.
Lau vs Nichols
Students need to be proficient in English to have equal opportunities for education. If they come to school lacking basic English skills,they need instructions in those skills., Equal vs equitable treatment for LEP students with support to learn English and content
Lau vs. Nicols
Students need to receive basic English or bilingual instruction
Transitional ESL Education
Students will receive content-area instruction in both their primary and secondary language
Acoustic phonetics
Studies speech as it is heard or its waveform the waveform of consonants and vowels is presented as a spectogram where sounds appear as recognizanle pattern
Psycholinguist
Studies the processes involved acquisition and the relationship of language and the functioning of the human mind.
Phonetics
Study of sounds made during human speech
Active voice
Subject PERFORMS the action of the verb.
Subject-Verb Agreement
Subject verb agreement simply means the subject and verb must agree in number. This means both need to be singular or both need to be plural. (ex. Incorrect: A bouquet of yellow roses lend color and fragrance to the room. Correct: A bouquet of yellow roses lends . . . (bouquet lends, not roses lend)
Silent Way
Subordinates teaching to learning (student centered)
Suggestopedia
Suggestopedia is a teaching method which is based on a modern understanding of how the human brain works and how we learn most effectively. Suggestopedia was originally applied mainly in foreign language teaching, and it is often claimed that it can teach languages approximately three times as quickly as conventional methods.
Emergent Literacy Model
Suggests that children have a natural tendency towards language learning -Children are constantly exposed to the concepts of print, reading, and oral language, and therefore do not need a great deal of explicit instruction on these subjects
Summative assessments
Summative assessments are used to evaluate student learning, skill acquisition, and academic achievement at the conclusion of a defined instructional period—typically at the end of a project, unit, course, semester, program, or school year.
/s/
Sun, miSS
Superlative Adjectives
Superlative adjectives are used to define the highest degree of a noun. Superlative adjectives are used only if 3 or more things or people are being compared. ie (biggest)
Meyer v. Nebraska
Supreme Court ruled that states cannot restrict foreign-language instruction
Customs
Surface culture; what is polite in one country might be offensive in another; Adaptable
SQ3R
Survey, question, read, recite, and review
What types of activities can help ESL students minitor and improve their proficiency in English pronunciation?
Teacher read-alouds help improve proficiency in pronunciation. Attention to student writing and spelling mistakes helps teacher identify students' errors regarding proficiency in pronunciation. I would develop activies that teach language through academic content and organize curriculum around themes (Sustained Content Language Teaching). Involve students with meaningful language.
Community Language Learning
Teachers act as language counselors. The counselor translates what student says, records it and becomes the text for the next day. Empathy and speaking about how they feel.
TESOL
Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages
Spelling Stage 4
Syllables and Affixes Spelling:Typically fluent readers 9-11 years old. Use most vowel patterns in single-syllable words correctly. Children have problems with doubling final consonants of a syllable. Ex: hope=hopping, dote=dotted. Also learning inflectional endings (ed, es, ing) and homonyms (your, you're, bow vs. bow) Ex: person= perezun.
Data that have been collected, organized, and repackaged for consumption are referred to as 1. primary data 2. syndicated data 3. custom research 4. limited-use data
Syndicated data
Pragmatics
System by which it is used in social interactions -Ways in which people use language with one another are determined by the type of expression required as well as by the relationship of the speaker with his audience
Morphology
System by which words are constructed out of letters
Definite article
THE is called a definite article. "Definite" means "specific". Use THE when talking about something which is already known to the listener or which has been previously mentioned, introduced, or discussed. Examples: I have a cat. The cat is black.
/θ/
THink, boTH
/ð/
THis, moTHer
TESOL
Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages-organization that puts out a journal, national/international conferences, and sets language learning standards for English learners
TESOL
Teachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages.TESOL Quarterly provides a forum for TESOL professionals to share their research findings and explore ideas in English language teaching and learning.
Asher
TPR
Note taking
Taking notes during a lesson to remember and understand content
What type of document used in public relations practice helps subjects speaking to the press stay on the desired message? 1. press release 2. talking points 3. fact sheet 4. news advisory
Talking Points
/t/
Tea, geTTing
Language & content based learning
Teaching English skills as well as content at the same time. (ex. Math, Science, Social Studies)
NABE
The National Association for Bilingual Education (NABE) is a professional association of teachers, administrators, parents, policy makers and others concerned with securing educational equity for language minority students.
Communicative competence
The ability of an individual to comprehend incoming messages and effectively communicate responses in ways that are appropriate for a given situation.
Communicative Competence
The ability of second language learners to apply the rules and use language appropriately
Communicative competence
The ability to use language appropriately in a variety of contexts or situations.
Avoidance
The action of keeping away from or not doing something:
Phonology
The actual sounds in language.
Affective filter
The affective filter controls how much input the learner comes in contact with, and how much of that input is converted into learning. It is sometimes compared to a defense mechanism because it negatively impacts the learner's motivation, self-confidence, or anxiety level.
Comparative structures
The analysis and comparison of the grammatical structures of related languages or dialects.
Zone of proximal development
The area between the level of independent performance and the level of assisted performance.
Behaviorism
The belief that learning occurs through environmental stimuli and a learner's responses to those stimuli.
Natural Approach (stage 5)
The child becomes an adult and becomes the knower
Communicative-based instruction
The communicative approach assumes that language production contains an infinite number of possible language combinations, so memorizing patterns and rules does little to prepare language learners for authentic language use.
Suggestopedia
The communicative method of suggestopedia was designed to place as much language teaching emphasis on learner personally and motivation as that typically placed on intellect.
Lexicon
The component of the grammar containing speakers' knowledge about morphemes and words.
Coinage
The construction and addition of new words to the lexicon
Summative Evaluations
The culminating assessments that occur at the end of lessons
social dialects
a form of speech used by a group within a society characterized especially by the socioeconomic status, ethnicity, and/or gender of the speakers
Ethnocentrism
The discriminatory belief that one's culture is superior. Persons who hold this perspective fail to acknowledge the value of other cultures
Test reliability
The extent to which a test gives the same result for an individual over time and situation.
Silent period
The first stage of the process of second language acquisition, the preproduction stage, is often called the silent period because the CLD students may not communicate during this period except in nonverbal ways.
How to align national, state and local standards
The first step would be to locate areas of overlap among national, state and local standard to produce and accurate alignment
Natural Approach (Method of Community Language Learners
The foreign language learner's tasks, according to CLL are (1) to apprehend the sound system of the language (2) assign fundamental meanings to individual lexical units and (3) construct a basic grammar. In these three steps, the CLL resembles the Natural Approach to language teaching in which a learner is not expected to speak until he has achieved some basic level of comprehension.
Grammar translation method
The grammar translation method is a method of teaching foreign languages derived from the classical (sometimes called traditional) method of teaching Greek and Latin. In grammar-translation classes, students learn grammatical rules and then apply those rules by translating sentences between the target language and the native language.
High & low vowels
The high vowels of Present-Day English are the vowels that are articulated with the jaw relatively high--that is, with the mouth nearly closed. 1. /i/ (the phoneme spelled ee in beet): high front vowel. 2. /I/ (the phoneme spelled i in bit): high front vowel. This vowel is articulated slightly lower and slightly further back than is the preceding vowel /i/. 3. /u/ (the phoneme spelled oo in food): high back vowel. 4. /U/ (the phoneme spelled u in put): high back vowel. This vowel is articulated slighter lower and slightly further forward than is the preceding vowel /u/. The low vowels of Present-Day English are the vowels that are articulated with the jaw relatively low --that is, with the mouth fully or almost fully open. 1. /æ/ (the phoneme spelled a in bat): low front vowel. 2. /a/ (the phoneme spelled a in father): low central vowel.
Direct feedback
The information received from others about our traits and abilities
Epenthesis
The insertion of a segment into a word in a position in which no segment was previously present. The word "prince" is commonly pronounced like "prints", with epenthetic [t]. Non-standard pronunciations include "athalete" for "athlete" and "fillum" for "film", with epenthetic vowel
Retroflex Sound
The is produced when the tip of the tongue forms an arch that touches the alveolar ridge. /r/
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
The language ability needed for casual conversation. This usually applies to the interpersonal conversation skills of CLD students (i.e, playground language). It's everyday, straightforrward communication skills that are helped by contextual supports such as gestures.
Congitive academic language proficiency
The language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
Cummins' cognitive academic language proficiency
The language ability needed for learning academic skills and concepts in situations in which contextual clues are not present and an abstract use of language is required.
Language experience approach
The language experience approach (LEA) is a whole language approach that promotes reading and writing through the use of personal experiences and oral language. It can be used in tutorial or classroom settings with homogeneous or heterogeneous groups of learners.
Interlanguage
The language second language learners use that is not the native language and is not the target language.
Natural Approach(stage 4)
The learners are secure enough to take criticism and being corrected
Experimental phonetics
The manipulation of the wabeform and tests to identify which aspects of sound are necessary for understanding.
Community Language Learning Approach
The most important thing is to lower the affective filter of the student and gradually introduce him to a linguistic community in English
Sociolinguisitics aspects of language
The nature of the relationship that exists between interlocutors is among the factors that contribute to variations in linguistic register. (ex. formal/informal register when speaking to someone)
Krashen's Natural Approach
The notion of stages of second language acquisition is consistent with what Krashen has referred to as the natural order hypothesis
Voiceless consonants
Unvoiced consonants do not use this vibration. Instead they make sound using the movement of air through your teeth, tongue, lips and other articulators. Unvoiced consonants in English: /p/ as in pea /t/ as in tea /ʧ/ as in cheap
Alliteration
The occurrence of the same letter or sound at the beginning of adjacent or closely connected words. Alliteration is a term that describes a literary stylistic device. Alliteration occurs when a series of words in a row (or close to a row) have the same first consonant sound. For example, "She sells sea-shells down by the sea-shore" or "Peter Piper Picked a Peck of Pickled Peppers"
Articulatory phonetics
The oldest branch which investigates the ways in which sounds are made
Syntax
The pattern of structure of word order in sentences, clauses and phrases' the grammatical rules that govern language
Fossilization
The point at which no further learning seems possible. Fossilization in language learning may occur when students feel their communicative needs have already been met ("I can get by so why bother" syndrome).
What types of activities can help identify stress patterns in English?
The promotion of reading engaging, authentic texts. Language games, songs, and rhymes. Student dictation that the teacher writes down as a story; overall development of subconscious graphophonic knowledge through rhymes and fun texts that include certain phonics patterns.
Politicization
The pronunciation of a speech sound by raising the tongue to or toward the hard palate.
Syntax
The rules that govern the formation of words into sentences and the relationship between the words, phrases and clauses.
Morpheme
The smallest unit of language aka root word, prefix, suffix they cannot be broken down into smaller units
Morpheme
The smallest unit of linguistic meaning or function
Lateral Sound
The sound is produced with the tip of the tongue touching the alveolar ridge. /l/
Functional-notional approach
The specific units of instruction are situations in which the student will be forced to express himself in English
Gerund
a form that is derived from a verb but that functions as a noun, in English ending in -ing, e.g., asking in do you mind my asking you?.
Suggestopedia (Second Concert - "Passive Review)
The students are now invited to relax and listen to some Baroque music, with the text being read very quietly in the background. The music is specially selected to bring the students into the optimum mental state for the effortless acquisition of the material.
Proxemics
The study of distance individuals maintain between each other in social interactions and how this separation is significant.
Morphology
The study of how words are formed including aspect such as compounds, derivations, and so forth
Psycholinguistic
The study of language acquisition and use in relation to the psychological factors controlling its use and recognition
Acoustic Phonetics
The study of phonetics as it relates to sound waves in the air
Articulatory Phonetics
The study of phonetics as it relates to the mouth, tongue, etc.
Semiotics
The study of signs and symbols of all kinds, what they mean, and how they relate to the things or ideas they refer to.
Phonetic
The study of sound across languages
Phonology
The study of sounds in speech, including their distribution and pronunciation
Morphology
The study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed
Semantics
The study of the meaning in language; the analysis of the meaning of words, phrases, sentences
Semantics
The study of the ways that language structures meaning in words and sentences
Morphology
The study of word formation and the inner structure of words. Words are composed from a root form, prefixes and suffixes.
Superlative Adjectives
The superlative is the form of an adjective or adverb that expresses the highest or a very high degree of the quality of what is being described.
Which of the following is not considered a source of brand association with a team? 1. the team's owners 2. the team venue 3. the team's agency partners 4. team rivalries
The team's agency partners
Verb tense
The tense of a verb is determined by when the action took place. The three tenses are: The Past Tense The Present Tense The Future Tense
Stop Sounds
These are sounds in words that when they are said, you have to stop your tongue to release the air. It is with these letters:T-D-P-K-G
What occurs when a trademark owner discontinues its use and does not intend to resume using the mark within a reasonable amount of time? 1. The trademark is deemed abandoned. 2. The fair use doctrine applies. 3. The trademark is or has become generic. 4. The trademark is merely functional.
The trademark is deemed adandoned
Phonemic awareness
The understanding that words are made up of individual speech sounds
Suggestopedia (Practice)
The use of a range of games, puzzles, etc. to review and consolidate the learning
Circumlocution
The use of more words than necessary to express something, especially to avoid saying it directly.
Phonology
The way a language sounds
Zone of Proximal Development
The zone of proximal development, often abbreviated as ZPD, is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help. It is a concept introduced, yet not fully developed, by Soviet psychologist Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934) during the last ten years of his life.
Jim Cummins
Theorists for BICS, CALP, CULP, Support Schema
Howard Gardner
Theory of Multiple Intelligences- Harvard professor Howard Gardner has identified eight different types of intelligences that each individual has the capacity to possess. The idea of multiple intelligences is important because it allows for educators to identify differing strengths and weaknesses in students and also contradicts the idea that intelligence can be measured through IQ. Visual/Spatial - Involves visual perception of the environment, the ability to create and manipulate mental images, and the orientation of the body in space. Verbal/Linguistic - Involves reading, writing, speaking, and conversing in one's own or foreign languages. Logical/Mathematical - Involves number and computing skills, recognizing patterns and relationships, timeliness and order, and the ability to solve different kinds of problems through logic. Bodily/Kinesthetic - Involves physical coordination and dexterity, using fine and gross motor skills, and expressing oneself or learning through physical activities. Musical - Involves understanding and expressing oneself through music and rhythmic movements or dance, or composing, playing, or conducting music. Interpersonal - Involves understanding how to communicate with and understand other people and how to work collaboratively. Intrapersonal - Involves understanding one's inner world of emotions and thoughts, and growing in the ability to control them and work with them consciously. Naturalist - Involves understanding the natural world of plants and animals, noticing their characteristics, and categorizing them; it generally involves keen observation and the ability to classify other things as well.
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
There are few if any non-verbal cues to provide a context for learning
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
There is often little, if any, face-to-face interaction or communicative discourse.
Interactionists' Views
They liked LAD, but believe the role of the caregiver is vital in adjusting language to facilitate language acquisition. Conversational scaffolding.
Monochronic
Things are done one at a time-schedules, timelines, timeframes
How to make academic content comprehensible for ELLS
Use text and visuals to provide students with base knowledge they will need to continue learning. (ex. Showing students a computer based presentation that uses text and pictures to present key terms on a topic.)
Informal Reading Inventories
Used to determine student's reading level and assess reading comp in general.
Natural Approach
This hypothesis asserts that language is acquired in a more or less natural order - a predictable sequence of progression
CH 7 Formation of brand association for athletes is important in relation to securing endorsement contracts from corporations.
True
CH 8 Cost relates not only to overall cost but also to such aspects as payment options and value received for the purchase price.
True
Monitor Model
This model of SLA has 5 underlying hypothesis including: Acquisition(subconscious child learning L1), Monitor (conscious learned knowledge edits L2 speech), Natural Order Hypothesis, Input (comprehensible input slightly above current level), Affective Filter Hypothesis
Negative Transfer
This occurs when new language learners apply the rules from their native language to the language being learned.
Cheerleaders, mascots, and concessions are examples of product extensions.
True
Design, politics, and sense of safety are all factors related to the surrounding area in selecting the site of a sport facility.
True
For a sport organization, business objectives should always drive decisions when conducting market research.
True
For sport organizations, media relations and community relations are essentially interchangeable terms.
True
Having the most members of any other health club in the Newark area would be a marketing goal that focuses on market share.
True
Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) and the Iceberg Model
This theory is illustrated through a visual representation
Portfolio Assessment
This type of Alternative and Integrative Assessment approach requires a multidisciplinary team (teacher, aide, parents, psychologist, SLP, others)
In today's professional sport venues, 1 percent of all seats must be accessible for wheelchairs and include an available seat for a companion.
True
Increased sales of merchandise can be a by-product of strong brand equity.
True
CLOZE tests
Used to determine whether students will be able to understand a given text -deleting every 5th word
Demonstrative pronouns
This, that, these, those, none and neither are examples.
Many major league teams capture information about their customers or prospective customers and then segment those customers by their demographic information to show their likelihood of buying tickets to future games.
True
Most traditional products will see consistent sales throughout the year, whereas a sport product has high-volume times and low-volume times.
True
One drawback of lowering a price is that it cheapens the value of the product
True
Playing tennis is an example of behavioral involvement in the sport, whereas taking tennis lessons constitutes commitment to the sport.
True
Qualitative research provides organizations with in-depth research that provides deep insight.
True
Socialization is the process by which people assimilate and develop the skills, knowledge, attitudes, and other "equipment" necessary to perform various social roles involving two-way interaction between the individual and the environment.
True
Teams and franchises have much more volatile and unpredictable product life cycles than those of their sport overall.
True
Which of the following is not one of the three framing levels of major sporting events? 1. game 2. time 3. spectacle 4. festival
Time
A company thinks that its image in the market is one of poor quality. It enters into a sponsorship agreement with a team that has won six consecutive league championships. What benefit is it seeking? 1. to alter or reinforce public perception of the company 2. to identify the company with the particular market segments 3. to involve the company in the community 4. to build goodwill among decision makers
To alter or reinforce public perception of the company
Aspirated
To articulate so as to produce an audible puff of breath
Nasalization
To make a sound nasal by lowering the soft palate so that air flows through the nose.
The job and duties of the sport public relations professional has changed because the public's view of sport has shifted from a focus on competition to a focus on entertainment spectacle.
True
The price of the sport product itself is invariably quite small in comparison with the total cost paid by the consumer.
True
Trademarks are protected on the national level by the Federal Trademark Act of 1946, commonly referred to as the Lanham Act.
True
When entering into partnerships with sport organizations, corporate sponsors have a variety of business objectives.
True
When evaluating your sponsorship inventory, VIP parking, arena clubs, tents, and special parties are all examples of hospitality.
True
Clairifying Table
Tool to help students separate a topic into smaller, more manageable parts
James Asher
Total Physical Response- Total Physical Response Theory is a way of using movement in the teaching of language to allow students to react without having to do too much thinking. This theory proposes limiting the anxiety and stress of language learning for a student and as well hopes for retaining information long term
Asher, James (1960's)
Total Physical Response. Involves issuing a directive, hearing and interpreting, taking actions, and visibly confirming and/disconfirming
Total Physical Response
Total physical response (TPR) is a language teaching method developed by James Asher, a professor emeritus of psychology at San José State University. It is based on the coordination of language and physical movement.
What three areas are included in the law of intellectual property?
Trademarks, copyrights, patents
Metathesis
Transposition of sounds in a word
A co-op sponsorship agreement allows two or more corporate partners to capitalize jointly on a sponsorship or licensing agreement.
True
A game promotion (e.g., bobblehead doll giveaway) can increase the value of the experience for the spectator while not requiring the sport organization to lower the price.
True
A strong and knowledgeable staff, a large capital reserve, and a positive reputation are all examples of internal strengths.
True
Although a team may have the legal right to sue a season-ticket holder for failure to make payments, such action may have severe negative public relations repercussions.
True
Analyzing the market and the organization is one of the five strategic components of marketing management
True
CH 10 To measure the effectiveness of advertising as a promotional tool, the sport marketer should evaluate impact on sales, image, and consumer awareness.
True
CH 11 Sport media relations professionals should attempt to balance both public opinion and information with business strategy.
True
CH 12 To engage fans through social media, team marketers must provide interesting content delivered with an authentic voice.
True
CH 13 In sport marketing terms, distribution of the sport product also includes facilities and tickets.
True
CH 14 Broadcast and cable television transmissions of sporting events are fully protected by copyright law, but the events, games, and statistics themselves are not necessarily covered.
True
CH 4: A professional sport team that uses Nielsen ratings from their game broadcasts to set advertising rates is using syndicated data.
True
CH 5 The ability to gain access to a potential customer is an important part of market segmenting.
True
CH 6 Although designed for competition and participation, apparel offers people the opportunity to demonstrate team affiliation.
True
2/4 of letter sound lesson:. Basic Digraphs
Two consonants that produce a sound unlike either of the component letters (sh, ch, th)
Homophemes
Two or more words that have the same pronunciation but different meanings( wood, would, cite, sight)
Heteronyms
Two or more words that have the same spelling but have a diffferent pronunciation and meaning ( polish, polish)
Homographs
Two or more worss that have the same spelling or pronunciation bur different meaning ( stalk, part of a plant and stalk, to follow)
Homophones
Two words that sound the same but are not spelled the same. These words typically carry meanings distinct from one another such as: who's/whose, sun/son & feet/feat.
Bilingual Programs
Two-way developmental bilingual education, One-way developmental education, transitional bilingual education, ESL taught through academic content using current approaches, ESL putt-out
Developmental Maintenance (One-way bilingual Education)
Type of LATE EXIT program. alternative to TBE. Ss from same language gp learn L1 and Eng. Ss encouraged to maintain L1 and add Eng. Superior program.
Two-way dual language immersion
Type of LATE EXIT program. promotes maintenance of both languages. lang majority Eng speakers and lang minority Ss. Both gps learn from each other in peer-teaching. Better cultural understanding among Ss.
Benefits of using a holistic approach on the basis of effective post reading strategies
Typically focuses on how the parts of a whole relate to one another, incorporates integrated skills & emphasizes connections across different academic disciplines. (Asking questions, eliciting responses, having discussions & offering feedback to ELLS after they read each chapter will help facilitate a holistic understanding of the novel
Noam Chomsky
Universal Grammar: proposing that the ability to learn grammar is hard-wired into the brain. It is sometimes known as 'mental grammar', and as opposed to other 'grammars', e.g. prescriptive, descriptive and pedagogical. The theory suggests that linguistic ability manifests itself without being taught (see the poverty of the stimulus argument), and that there are properties that all natural human languages share. It is a matter of observation and experimentation to determine precisely what abilities are innate and what properties are shared by all languages. Chomsky suggested that all humans are able to acquire language and specified this as the Language Acquisition Device, often abbreviated and referred to as LAD. Generative grammar was as well associated with Chomsky. This approach by Chomsky has been the center of theoretical linguistics and have since resulted in many different grammatical theories. This theory specifies that when learning and attaining language children need to be creating sentences using knowledge of the grammatical principles in their own native language instead of plainly memorizing words and sentences.
Creating a learning environment where ELLS can feel at ease
Using small group work & pair work so ELLs can practice English without having to practice in front of the entire class. It helps to promote participation and reduce anxiety.
How to promote ELLs acquisition of content area vocabulary?
Using targeted, context embedded instruction that incorporates receptive language skills, visuals & targeted language instruction
Consonant voicing
VOICED or VOICELESS The distinction is based on whether the vocal chords vibrate when the sound is produced (voiced), or whether they remain still and do not vibrate (voiceless). (See item K. in Figure 1. for the location of the vocal chords within the trachea). Examples of voiced and voiceless consonants include: voiced: b, d, z, g voiceless: p, t, s, k
This pricing concept involves pricing tickets based on preferred days for viewing opponents, part of the season, and location of the seat. 1. price smoothing 2. user segmenting 3. lead time 4. variable pricing
Variable pricing
Verbal/linguistic and Logical/mathematical Students
Verbal/linguistic: enjoy reading, learning about language, speaking, writing, and manipulating words in puzzles Logical/mathematical: enjoy solving problems with numbers, performing experiments and calculations, and coming up with hypothetical questions
Intransitive Verbs
Verbs that do not take a direct object
Transitive Verbs
Verbs that take a direct object
Auxiliary verbs
Verbs which are used to support another verb in a sentence and have a grammatical function such as establishing tense, aspect, or person. e.g.: be, do, have
Dialect
Version of a language that is used by a particular group of people
/v/
Voice, fiVe
Sociocultural Theory
Vygotsky States that learning begins as a result of interpersonal communication and is then internalizes as intrapersonal -Zone of proximal developmentL difference between what a person knows and what he could know if given a bit of assistance from someone else
adjective
a form-class word (describe or modify another person or thing in a sentence)
/w/
Wet, WindoW
Monitor Hypothesis
When an individual learns rules of grammar, he is able to monitor consciously the discourse he hears in the future
Assessing ELLS in their native language
When assessing ELLs in their native language & L2, a teacher can determine language dominance & distinguish between matters of proficiency, giftedness & learning difficulties. Also ELLs may be underestimated academically if testing is not done in their native language
Matthew Effect
When it comes to vocabulary learning, there is a tendency for more advanced students to make more progress than struggling students, thus widening the performance gap even further
Selecting appropriate assessment for a specific purpose
When simultaneously assessing reading comprehension & oral language skills, a teacher could use retelling. Retelling is an activity where the teacher elicits a description of a given text from the students who can explain what happened in their own words. Other types of assessment could be: 1. Written essay 2. Picture describing task 3. Interview
ESL Pullout
When students are removed from class to receive special instruction in English, this is called
Vertical bilingualism
Where a dialect in used in conjunction with another language, also known as diglossia.
adverb
a form-class word (modifies any part of language other than a noun)
verb
a form-class word having an {-s} affix in the third person singular and an {-ing} affix in the present participle form
Notational Functional Approach
Wilkins. Focus on grammar and communicative purposes for using lang. "What do you want to accomplish with language?"
plural (noun)
a grammatical feature enabling nouns and pronouns the express the difference between one or more than one (ex. {-s})
possessive (noun)
a grammatical trait of nouns and pronouns generally expressing possession (ex. {-s})
Semantics
a language's meaning system
Assimilation
a linguistic process by which a sound becomes similar to an adjacent sound
Spelling Stage 3
Within word pattern spelling: Students begin the within-word pattern stage when they can spell most one-syllable short-vowel words, and during this stage, they learn to spell long-vowel patterns and r-controlled vowels
Word Choice
Word choice refers to a writer's selection of words as determined by a number of factors, including meaning (both denotative and connotative), specificity, level of diction, tone, and audience.
Informal Reading Inventory (IRI)
Word recognition list, graded reading passage, reading interest survey, print concepts test, phonemic awareness test, phonics text, structural analysis test, CLOZE test for content-area reading, vocabulary test, and spelling test
Blend
Words made of parts of more than one word (smog)
Function Words
Words such as articles, prepositions, auxiliary verbs. Children first learn to speak without using these words.
Homophones
Words that are pronounced in the same way as one or more other words, but is different in meaning and sometimes spelling, as are "hair" and "hare".
Cognates
Words that look similar and have the same origin in two languages.
aspiration
a manner of articulation involving an audible release of breath
According to federal guidelines, providing equal educational opportunities to ELLs is primarily based on-
Working to overcome the language and educational barriers ELLS face.
Group work
Working together collaboratively
Performance Contracts
Written agreement between an individual student or a group of students and teacher about a specific activity
/j/
Yes, Yellow
What types of utterances have a rising intonation pattern?
Yes/ no questions Repetition, clarifications.
L.S. Vygotsky
ZPD (Zone of Proximal Development)
/z/
Zoo, laZy
æ
a (ex. bat) - central
ə
a (ex. sofa) - central
A CRM software database system provides sport marketers... 1. a tool to stimulate product innovations 2. evidence of a successful strategy 3. a 360 degree record of all customer interactions 4. incentives to discount tickets
a 360-degree record of all customer interactions
Phonetic
a branch of linguistics that comprises the study of the sounds of human speech. It is concerned with the physical properties of speech sounds (phones), and the processes of their physiological production, auditory reception, and neurophysiological perception.
plural inflection
a change in a word that makes it plural
inflections
a change in form that signals that grammatical function of nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and pronouns (ex. plural nouns, verb tenses)
grammatical feature
a characteristic of a subclass of words that determines how it may be used
affricative
a complex speech sound consisting of a stop consonant followed by a fricative
diphthongs
a complex speech sound or glide that begins with one vowel and gradually changes to another vowel within the same syllable. Examples: /oi/ in boil / ī/ in fine
fricative
a consonant characterized by frictional passage of the expired breath through a narrowing at some point in the vocal tract
consonant digraph
a consonant cluster that makes only one sound (sh, ch, th, wh, ph)
nasal
a consonant made by air flowing through the nose; if you hold your nose, the sound stops
Bilabial
a consonant that is articulated using both lips
Diagnostic assessment
a form of assessment designed to provide teachers with information about students' prior knowledge and misconceptions before beginning a learning activity
Audiolingual Method
a method of language teaching which emphasises the teaching of speaking and listening before reading and writing, uses dialogues and drills, discourages use of L1, and often makes use of contrastive analysis. Prominent in the 1950s and 60s, especially in the US
Pidginization
a mixture of 2 languages
affix
a morpheme added to the beginning or ending of a word
bound morpheme
a morpheme that can not stand alone as a word (ex. -en, -ed, pre-)
Free morpheme
a morpheme that can occur alone
free morphemes
a morpheme that can stand alone as a word (ex. act)
base
a morpheme that contains the basic meaning of a word (also called the root or stem)
derivational morpheme
a morpheme that creates one word from another (ex. enrage, critical)
Derivational morpheme
a morpheme that is added to a word and usually changes the part of speech classification of that word. (EX. (ness) changes the word friendly, which is an adjective, to the noun friendliness.)
Bound Morpheme
a morpheme that occurs only as part of a larger construction
inflectional morpheme
a morpheme used to create a variant form of a word in order to signal grammatical information (ex. -ed, as in walked)
Tone
a musical or vocal sound with reference to its pitch, quality, and strength.
Proper noun
a name used for an individual person, place, or organization, spelled with initial capital letters, e.g., Larry, Mexico, and Boston Red Sox.
Predicate Nominative
a noun or pronoun that follows a linking verb and renames or identifies the subject
count noun
a noun that can be preceded by a number
common noun
a noun that names non-unique persons, places, or things
indefinte article
a or an
Two Way bilingual program
a program in which english speaking children and children with limited english proficiency are taught half the day in english and half in a second language
Possessive pronouns
a pronoun indicating possession, for example mine, yours, hers, theirs.
frame sentence
a sentence with an empty slot in the position typically occupied by a member of a particular form class
Pidginization
a simplified speech used for communication between people with different languages
Flapping
a sound articulated by a single quick touch of the tongue against the teeth or alveolar ridge, as in water, party, butter, middle
morpheme
a sound or combination of sounds having a single meaning
Linguistic Competence
a speaker's knowledge of the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics of a particular language
Lexicon
a speaker's mental dictionary
informal style
a speech used in casual settings, among friends, etc.
Allophone
a surface level representation of an underlying phoneme that is used in a specific linguistic environment; /p/ in pin and spin
Progressive tense
a tense of verbs used in describing action that is on-going (form of be & ing)
achievement test
a test designed to measure the knowledge or proficiency of an individual in something that has been learned or taught, as arithmetic or typing.
Cloze Test
a test for diagnosing reading ability. A passage with omitted words that a test taker must supply.
Receptive bilingualism
a type of bilingualism where a speaker will understand a language but not speak it
Expository Writing
a type of written discourse that is used to explain, describe, give information or inform.
Intonation patterns
a unit of speech melody in a language or dialect that contributes to the total meaning of an utterance <one's intonation pattern in the utterance of dead may reveal one's emotional reaction to an announcement of death> <one intonation pattern makes leave a command, another makes it a question>
dialects
a variant of a language spoken by a group of people sharing the same time (historical period) or space (geographical or social environment)
Standard American English (SAE)
a variety of American English that is widely shared by middle class, urban, educated speakers and most closely resembles the written form of language taught in schools
gerund
a verb having the {-ing} inflection and functioning as a nominal phrase
zero allomorph
an inflection on nouns and verbs presumed to be present although invisible
Prepositions
a word governing, and usually preceding, a noun or pronoun and expressing a relation to another word or element in the clause, as in "the man on the platform," "she arrived after dinner," "what did you do it for ?"
Antonyms
a word opposite in meaning to another (e.g., bad and good ).
Complement
a word or phrase used to complete a grammatical construction
modifier
a word or phrase whose function is to give grammatical or lexical information about another word in the sentence
Prepositions
a word or set of words that indicates location (in, near, beside, on top of) or some other relationship between a noun or pronoun and other parts of the sentence (about, after, besides, instead of, in accordance with).
Conjunctions
a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate words in the same clause (e.g., and, but, if ).
Summative Assessments
a) Occurs at the end of instruction b) Provides a summary of accomplishments d) End of chapter, midterms, final exam
Assimilation
absorbed in such a manner that the home cultural aspects get mitigated or lost; "soup"
Content Based Instruction
acquire language while using context of subject matter, developing language skills and grade level content learning
Acculturation
adapted without losing the traditions and customs of the minority community; "salad"
Epenthesis
adding one or more sounds to a word-usually in the interior of the word; a sound added that is not there
Acculturation
adjusting to a new culture (stages: honeymoon, hostility, humor and home)
Standardized assessment
administration of formal tests to determine how a child's performance on an aspect of language compares to the average performance of children who are the same chronological age
low vowels
ae, a
number agreement
agreement in number between words in the same grammatical construction (e.g., between adjectives and the nouns they modify)
/ɑː/
ah: Arm, fAther
e
ai (ex. bait) - front/central
qualifier
aka - intensifier, a structure-class word
noncount noun
aka - mass noun, a noun that ordinarily can not be preceded by a number or the determiner a/an
Which of the following are not associations for health clubs? 1. staff 2. size and quality of facility 3. amenities 4. all of the above
all of the above
Structured immersion
allows LEP students to remain in their home classroom and receive English instruction; they are educated side-by-side with non-LEP students; instructional strategies must be aligned to promote interaction and participation among LEP and non-LEP students; uses simplified form of the L2
consonant cluster
also called consonant blends; a group of consonants that appears together in a word without any vowels in between them
Formative assessment
also referred to as "educative assessment," is used to aid learning
Linking Verbs
am; is; are; was; were; be; been; being; have; has; had; do; does; did; may; might; must; would; should; could; will; shall; can; grows; remains; appears; seems; sounds; feels; stays
Allomorph
an abstraction that includes all the variations of a given morpheme. ( EX. The allomorph of the plural (s) in English, includes the /s/, /z/ and /ez/ pronunciations
gradable adjective
an adjective that can occur with qualifiers
prefix
an affix added to the beginning of a word to create a new word
suffix
an affix added to the end of a word, either to create a new word or to add grammatical information
linguistic insecurity
an anxious desire to be correct sometimes felt by speakers who believe their language does not always conform to SAE
Communicative language teaching
an approach to language teaching that emphasizes interaction as both the means and the ultimate goal of study
Flapping
an assimilation process in which a dental or alveolar stop changes to a flap in the environment of other continuants
hypercorrection
an attempt to be overly "correct" resulting in the production of language different from the standard ("between Harlan and I" instead of "between Harlan and me")
Lexicon
an entire vocabulary of a language
Idiom
an expression whose meanings cannot be inferred from the meanings of the words that make it up
Connotation
an idea that is implied or suggested
Bilingual education
an instructional approach in which LEP students are able to learn through their first language in order to keep up with grade level subject matter while simultaneously developing English language skills. (transitional bilingual programs- "quick exit" and "late exit") (maintenance bilingual programs- "dual immersion" and "two-way immersion") Most effective- late exit and immersion
Interlanguage
an intermediate system that learners create as they attempt to achieve native-like competence
Phonological Systems
an inventory of sounds and their features, and rules which specify how sounds interact with each other
TESOL
an organization which produces a quarterly that focuses on teaching research
Contrastive analysis
analyzing common errors among different languages
Error analysis
analyzing common errors made in learning only 1 language
Receptive Aphasia
aphasia characterized by fluent but meaningless speech and severe impairment of the ability understand spoken or written words
Expressive Aphasia
aphasia in which expression by speech or writing is severely impaired
overgeneralization
applying a rule when not necessary, goed and rided
Overgeneralization
applying grammar rules in areas they don't apply ("I writed a story"; goed; comed)
interference
applying knowledge of L1 to L2
The Language Experience Approach
approach to literacy based on assumptions that Ss prior experiences need to be used as a bridge to new ideas and concepts.
Voiceless Sounds
are produced when the vocal chords are apart and airstream flows from the larynx with minimal or no vibrations
Voiced Sounds
are produced, in part by the vibrations of the vocal chords
Criterion referenced tests
are used to indicate the level of mastery attained based on % answered correctly
Sociolinguist
aspects of linguistics applied toward the connection between language and society, and the way we use it in different social situations. It ranges from the study of the wide variety of dialects across a given region down to an analysis of the way men and women speak to one another.
Performance based assessment
assesses Ss on how well they perform certain tasks. evaluates the processes Ss use and the output they produce.
Running Record
assesses Ss word identification skills and fluency in oral reading.
falling intonation
at the end of a statement
b
b (ex. bill) - voiced bilabial stop
/oɪ/
bOY, jOIn
Suggestopedia
based on a modern understanding of how the human brain works and how we learn most effectively
Language Experience Approach
based on activities and stories developed from the learner's personal experiences. The stories are written down by the teacher and are read together with student until s/he associates the written form with the spoken form (top down approach)
Diagnostic Assessment
based on failure; to see what the students know prior to instruction
correct stage
basic rules, large number of learned words
Information gap activites
each student has information that the other student(s)
dʒ
j (ex. Jill) - voiced palatal affricate
dʒ
j sound
semiphonetic
beginning of letter-sound correspondence, "u" for "you"
Audio-lingual method
behaviorist, learner repeats patterns until able to produce them spontaneously, once a rule is learned, learner can substitute terms and topics, teacher directs, controls, and reinforces student behavior
3/4 of letter sound lesson: Consonant blends
bl, sl, st: These require students to remember the individual sounds of the consonants, but also to combine them into a slightly new form
Non verbal behaviors
body language, facial expression, intonation, and pitc
Alveolar Sounds
bony semicircular shelf of the upper jaw (important for sounds like /t/ /d/ /s/ /z/), sounds when the tongue is touching or brought near the alveolar ridge (Deer, Soap, Lip)
Comparing the worth of a product that has an organization's name or image on it to the worth of a generic product of similar quality is called __________. 1. brand equity 2. differentiation 3. positioning 4. product development
brand equity
Phrasal Verbs
bump into, get over, launch into, get on well with, give back, put out, talk over, bring up, put off, take off, look into, take down
Consonants
can be voiced or voiceless
Modal verbs
can/could, may/might, must/shall/should and will/would convey a range of attitudes and moods about the likelihood of an event taking place
Anecdotal Records
capturing the process a group of students uses to solve a problem
Diagraph
combination of 2 letters possessing a single sound (graph= ph/ swing=ng/chance=ch/head=ea)
Direct method
centrality of spoken language (including a native-like pronunciation)
tʃ
ch (ex. chill) - voiceless palatal affricate
vowel reduction
changes that vowels in words undergo
examples of affricatives
child and joy
Innate Mechanism or Innatist Theory
children are born with the capability to learn languages (Chomsky)
Behaviorist theory
children enter the world as a blank slate and then are influenced by their environment; deals with first language learning (Watkins and Skinner)
Innatist Views
children enter the world with a biological inclination, an inborn device to learn language- chromsky LAD
Metathesis
common speech errors; pasketti for spaghetti, revelant for relevant, wrench for ranch or rise, cimmanon for cinnamon
High context Culture
communicators assume a great deal of commonality of knowledge and views, so that less is spelled out explicitly and much more is implicit or communicated in indirect ways; Japanese, Arabs, French
Norm Referenced tests
compare the scores of students in other geographic locations using a ranking order based on their performance. compare the performance of students, not their mastery.
Formal Assessment
conducted using standardized norm-referenced and criterion referenced tests.
portfolio assessment ( informal assessment)
document student progress : teachers collect samples of work at different stages of learning during the academic year.
Labiodental
consonants produced by the upper teeth resting lightly on the lower lip; /f/ and /v/
Which of the following is not a reason for the explosive growth of sport sponsorships over the last three decades? 1. shift in marketing spends by tobacco and alcohol manufacturers 2. continued decrease in the cost of sport sponsorships 3. lower cost and increased exposure compared with traditional advertising 4. commercial success of the 1984 Los Angeles Olympic Games
continued decrease in the cost of sport sponsorship
connected speech
continuous sequence of sounds
TPR
coordinates speech and action, active participation, gestures and bodily movement
Direct Contrast Hypothesis
correcting by repeating a phrase with the correct wording
Alternative Assessments
created to fit specific student needs, rather than being standardized for the general population. Standardized norms do not apply to alternate assessments
voiceless consonants
don't produce a vibration
d
d (ex. dill) - voiced alveolar stop
Selective error correction
deciding which errors can be corrected and focusing only on those
Linguistic Knowledge
defined as understanding the system: how the language words, what the words mean, and how to use the words properly
comparative (adjective/adverb)
degree expressed for adjectives and adverbs by using "more" or {-er}
superlative (adjective/adverb)
degree expressed for adjectives and adverbs by using "most" or {-est}
Demonstrative pronouns
demonstrate (verb): to show; to indicate; to point to A demonstrative pronoun represents a thing or things: near in distance or time (this, these) far in distance or time (that, those)
Invented Spelling
demonstrates a student's developing ability to write words phonetically eg elefunt for elephant
form
denotes the part of speech of a word or the makeup of a grammatical structure
Adjective-noun co-occurrence
describing word followed by person place or thing. (ex. black dog)
Underhill
developed IPA chart--international phonetic alphabet 1994
Fundamental Difference Hypothesis
difference in child and adult language learners
Berlitz
direct method-uses oral interaction but not translation or L1; students learn grammar inductively and use L2 as it is used in everyday life. mimes, sketches, pantomine vocabulary
Performance-Based Assessments
done by the student as a form of self-reflection and self-assessment
elicitation
drawing out information from a learner, sometimes with questioning
ɛ
e (ex. bet) - front/central
Part of tongue
front, central, back
m
m (ex. mill) - voiced bilabial nasal
In designing a facility, considerations for width and number of ramps and stairs is related to 1. ease of access to and exit from facility 2. access and sight lines for disabled people 3. location and number of concessions and amenities 4. provisions for crowd management, flow, and control
ease of access to and exit from facility
i
ee (ex. beet) - front
semantic feature
elements of meaning (like human/non-human, animate/non-animate) that affect how words can be combined
Communicative Language Learning
emphasizes real life skills
Bottom-up approach
emphasizes written text. Go from smallest to biggest linguistic units Identify letters ->words->sentence->paragraph->text
Epenthesis
epenthesis is the insertion of an extra sound into a word. Adjective: epenthetic. Verb: epenthesize. Also known as intrusion.
/ɜːʳ/
er: tURn, lEARn
Language Interference
errors caused by language learners 1st language on the production of the language they are learning
transfer errors
errors made when acquiring a second language in which a speaker substitutes features of the native language in the new language (ex. an Italian speaker saying "he has cold" for the English "he is cold"
developmental errors
errors made when learning a language based on the speaker's incorrect inference of grammatical rules, for example in acquiring English a learner may say "he goed" instead of "he went"
Vowels in initial position
ex. /ey/= able
Discourse
extended verbal expression in speech or writing
f
f (ex. feel) - voiceless labiodental fricative
Norm referenced tests
i.e. percentile, national curve equivalent, grade equivalent -- how students' performance compares to other students' performance
Cummins, James (1980)
identified BICS and CALP
Individualist
identifies primarily with self, with the needs of the individual being satisfied before those of the group
Code-switching
fluent in more than one language and uses each language interchangeably. Also used in teaching a second language if the teacher is fluent in both the native language and the language being taught.
Connected speech
fluent speech; the rhythm, intonation, stress, speech reduction, etc. of language
Bottom up Reading Strategies
focus on actual words in a text (rather than meaning with top down)
Top Down Reading Strategies
focus on meaning in the text (not actual words)
Direct method
focus on question-answer patterns
ESL core standards
focus on social language, academic language, sociocultural language
Learning
focused on grammar
Predicate Adjective
follows a linking verb and describes the subject
noun
form class word (person, place, or thing)
Consonants
formed by a motion that somehow blocks the flow of air
Student Support Schema
four quadrants and provides a means for describing the linguistic and cognitive demands experienced by second language learners.
g
g (ex. gill) - voiced velar stop
Summative assessment
generally carried out at the end of a course or project. In an educational setting, summative assessments are typically used to assign students a course grade.
Formative assessment
generally carried out throughout a course or project
Language Processing Disorders
generally caused by brain based disturbance called asphasia, Three types of asphasia are know as receptive, expressive and global
Achievement Tests
given after completion of a course of study
h
h (ex. heal) - voiceless glottal fricative
Major one-time events of limited duration, developed to enhance the awareness, appeal, and profitability of a tourism destination are called:
hallmark events
manipulatives
hands-on learning tool
Discourse Analysis Approach
identify a topic for analysis, and then collect a corpus of texts, before finally analysing it to identify how language is used to reproduce ideologies in the text
Palatal Sounds
hard palate, roof of mouth "shut cheer"
Discrete Point Assessment
hear and speak sounds correctly
Tongue Height
high,mid, low
Connotation
implications of word or phrase, instead of exact meaning
Phoneme
in language, smallest distinctive sound unit.
Suggestopedia
include a rich sensory learning environment (pictures, colour, music, etc.), a positive expectation of success and the use of a varied range of methods: dramatised texts, music, active participation in songs and games, etc.
Rising intonation
incomplete thoughts, y/n questions, list intonation
Language acquisition
how one acquires a language
internal validity
how well an experiment is done
ɪ
i (ex. bit) - front
aj
i (ex. bite)
high vowels
i, I, u
The OCR Memorandum, 1970
incorporated its content into Title VI. Secretary of DHEW sen memo to school officials requiring districts to offer appropriate instruction and prohibit use of data relying strictly on language as key reason for assigning Ss to special ed programs.
negative transfer
incorrectly using grammar structures from one language to another
Criterion referenced tests
indicate the level of mastery attained on specific standards or instructions . results are based on the % of questions answered correctly. teacher made tests and state approved based tests are examples of criterion based testing.
Jigsaw Activity
individual students become experts on one aspect of a subject then report back to their groups to fill in other members' knowledge
Second language acquisition
influence of the first language makes the second seem different. Adults rarely achieve native-like competency in pronunciation.
ŋ
ing sound (as in thing or anger)
Content-Based Instruction
instruction based on content (vocabulary necessary for academic subject)
Piaget
interaction with environment; Cognitive theory; child becomes aware of a concept and later aquires the words; reflection of thought
Vygotsky
interactionist view; social-cultural; scaffolding, building on foundations; constructivist; learning requires environment and social interaction
Code-switching
interspersing one language with another or mixing some words, phrases, or idioms from one language with another
Peer review ( informal assessment )
involves students in the evaluation process and gives them an opportunity to build their evaluative, critical thinking and interactive skills.
Semantics
involves the study of meaning in words phrases and sentences
Critical Pedagogy
is a concept that emerged from the work of the Brazilian educator Paulo Freire (1970). It guides students to identify real-life problems, refeclt on them, gather information, share it with peers, and collectively find solutions. they become active learners and participants in their own reality
bottom-up reading strategies
is a reading model that emphasizes the written or printed text,says reading is driven by a process that results in meaning (or, in other words, reading is driven by text), andproceeds from part to whole
Adverbs
is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs. Many adverbs end in "-ly". (ex. Financially Willfully Abruptly Endlessly Firmly)
Community Language Learning
is an approach in which students work together to develop what aspects of a language they would like to learn. The teacher acts as a counsellor and a paraphraser, while the learner acts as a collaborator, although sometimes this role can be changed.
diagnostic test
is individually administered tests designed to identify weaknesses in the learning preocesses. Usually these are administered by trained professionals and are usually prescribed for elementary, sometimes middle school, students.
Metathesis
is the re-arranging of sounds or syllables in a word, or of words in a sentence. Most commonly it refers to the switching of two or more contiguous sounds, known as adjacent metathesis[1] or local metathesis:[2] foliage > **foilage cavalry > **calvary
Semantics
is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent at the levels of words, phrases, sentences, and even larger units of discourse
Secondary stress
is the weaker of two degrees of stress in the pronunciation of a word; the stronger degree of stress being called primary.
k
k (ex. kill) - voiceless velar stop
Monitor Hypothesis
know rules, have time, and understand form (punc., spelling) Learned, not acquired
l
l (ex. leaf) - lateral alveolar liquid
Whole Language Approach
language should not be separated into discrete components or skills but treated as a whole system.
monitor hypothesis
learners exposed to formal language instruction develop an internal mechanism able to assess language and make corrections
Swain's Output Hypothesis
learning happens when a learner encounters a gap in linguistic knowledge
phonetic
letter or group of letters for each sound, systematic
Lewis
lexical chunking
The process of _____________ refers to the action of a trademark, copyright, or patent owner granting permission to others for use of the intellectual property in exchange for a fee
licensing
informal assessment
linked to authentic assessment, ongoing assessment and performance assessment . it is generally done to assess students progress.
BICS
little degree of transfer from L1 to L2, informal conversation, 2-3 years of comprehensible input
/eɪ/
long a: sAY, EIGHt
/i:/
long e: sEE, hEAt
/ɑɪ/
long i: fIve, EYE
/oʊ/ or /əʊ/
long o: gO, hOme
/u:/
long u: blUE, fOOd
Global Aphasia
loss of all ability to communicate
Which suffix is best to teach when showing students how to change an adjective to an adverb?
ly
In sport marketing, the process of dividing a large, heterogeneous market into homogeneous groups of people who have similar wants and needs or demographic is called
market segmentation
Culture Shock
may feel loneliness, homesickness, sadness, frustration, and even physical illness.
Aptitude Tests
measures potential
Public opinion is one of the most powerful forces in society. What aspect of sport marketing is designed to formulate and shape favorable opinion through the mass media? 1. public relations 2. media relations 3. community relations 4. advertising
media relations
Orthography
method of writing a language . ( spelling, punctuation, caps, etc
Morpheme
minimal meaningful language unit
Derivational morpheme
morphemes added to stem morphemes to form new stems or words that may or may not change the syntactic category of a word (Ex. petri(fy) quick(ly) )
transitional
moving away from reliance on phonology
Interference
multilingual writers commit errors when they over-generalize the grammatical patterns of their native language (L1) to English. (Similarly, this theory suggests that students will transfer the grammatical patterns of native dialects of English into their school writing.) This theory comes to us courtesy of our colleagues who teach ESL and foreign languages.
Gardner
multiple intelligences
n
n (ex. nil) - voiced alveolar nasal
/ɪəʳ/
nEAR, hERE
/ɑʊ/
nOW, OUt
/ɔː/
nOrth, fOrce, fOUr
Nomenclature
naming things
ŋ
ng (ex. ring) - voiced velar nasal
Unaspirated
no extra puff of air, ex: spin (immediate voicing)
precommunicative
no knowledge of letter-sound correspondences
liquid
not a stop, fricative, or affricative. Not nasal because you can still say it while holding your nose
English for Specific Purposes
not to be confused with specialized English, is a sphere of teaching English language including Business English, Technical English, Scientific English, English for medical professionals, English for waiters, English for tourism, English for Art Purposes, etc.
number agreement
noun and verb match in regards to number ie. some students vs. some student or those questions vs. those question
ɔ
o (ex. bore) - back (rounded)
monochronic culture
one thing at a time, orderliness, timelines, privacy and private property
Collectivist
one's identity is a function of one's membership and role in a group (the family or work team); harmony and interdependence are stressed and valued
needs assessment
ongoing ; figure out the students motivation to learn english ( intrinsic vs extrinsic ) and base instruction around that
u
oo (ex. boot) - back (rounded)
ʊ
oo (ex. foot) - back (rounded)
Behaviorist Views
oral language is learned from human role models through a process involving imitation, repetition and reinforcement. audiolingual method.
aw
ou (ex. bout)
ɔj
oy (ex. boy)
p
p (ex. pill) - voiceless bilabial stop
/ʊəʳ/
pURE, tOURist
digraph
pair of letters used to represent a single sound
minimal pairs
pairs of words or phrases in a particular language, which differ in only one phonological element, such as a phone, phoneme, toneme or chroneme and have a distinct meaning. They are used to demonstrate that two phones constitute two separate phonemes in the language.
minimal pairs
pairs of words that only change by one sound
Affixes
parts added to the beginning (prefix) or end (suffix) of a root word to create new words.
intonation patterns
patterns of ups and downs in pitch
Authentic writing tasks
penpal letters, exhibits, projects, lists, posters, labels, charts
Types of performance based-assesments
performances, portfolios, and projects
Silent Period
period of time that a language learner goes through without producing oral language
Examples of digraphs
ph, sh, th, ch (consonants) oa, ea (vowels)
Common Reduced Form words: Schwa
phonemes of a language are changed, minimized, or eliminated in order to make pronunciation easier: television
Proficiency Test
places them into program
/ʒ/
pleaSure, viSion
No Child Left Behind Act
replaced ESEA with Title I and Title III. Title I requires school districts to hire highly qualified teachers. Title III English Language Acquisition, language enhancement, academic achievement act. Main aim to promote Eng lang development and rapidly move ELLS to Eng mainstream classrooms.
retelling inventory
retelling a story to determine comprehension, speaking, and vocabulary
Tone
rises on a question
Dell Hymes
sociolinguist primarily concerned with the interactions between language, society, and cultural context (SPEAKING mnemonic of discourse) Setting and Scene Participants Ends (goals or intentions) Act sequence (structure of linguistic interaction) Key (gestures or inflections that influence tone and mood) Instrumentalities (methods or conventions of speech) Norms Genre
environmental print
print and logos from everyday life
In what form of media relations is the point of initiation the organization rather than an external entity? 1. reactive 2. interactive 3. proactive 4. a and b
proactive
consonant voicing
produce a vibration when spoken
Brainstorming
produce an idea or way of solving a problem by holding a spontaneous group discussion.
If a golf course owner split the market into those who played the course 1 to 5 times a year, those who played it 6 to 10 times a year, and those who were members and played 11 or more times a year, which type of market segmentation would she be using? 1. state of being 2. state of mind 3. product benefits 4. product usage
product usage
Acquiring
profound effect on ability to communicate...focused on message
Equal Educational Opportunities Act, 1974
prohibits states receiving federal funds from denying equal educational opportunity to people based on race, color, sex, or national origin
World English
pronounces things/words differently than Standard American English
Nonstandard (American English)
pronunciation, vocabulary, or grammar that differs from what is in dictionaries and prescriptive handbooks
l+1
provide challenges and support
Common problem ELLs have with consonant clusters
putting /e/ in front of a blend, such as "especial" or "estudent"
interrogative
question: Yes/No, Alternative, Wh, Tag Questions
r
r (ex. reef) - retroflex alveolar liquid
Basal readers
reading textbooks that are leveled according to grade.
Things fluent speakers do without thinking (4)
reduction assimilation elision linking sounds
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP)
refers to developing proficiency in the 'context reduced' language of the academic classroom or specialized technical text. Academic language takes English language learners up to seven or more years to become proficient. The reason that academic and technical language are so difficult for the ELL to master is that:
Suggestopedia
relaxed environment (dim lights, soft music) students listen to dialogues then practice them Students may "become" a character in the target langauge. Designed to place as much language teaching emphasis on learner personality and motivation as that typically placed on intellect
Suggestopedia
relaxed environment (dim lights, soft music) students listen to dialogues then practice them Students may "become" a character in the target language. Designed to place as much language teaching emphasis on learner personality and motivation as that typically placed on intellect; Georgi Lozanov
Top-down approach
relies on "schemata" prior knowledge of readers. it begins with whole stories, paragraphs, sentences, words and then proceeds to the smallest units of syllables, praphemes, and phonemes
Late-Exit Programs
remain in program throughout elementary and spend at least 40% of their instruction in their first language even after being reclassified as fluent- english proficient.
The position of lips
rounded, unrounded
ʒ
s (ex. measure) - voiced palatal fricative
s
s (ex. seal) - voiceless alveolar fricative
ʃ
sh (ex. shill) - voiceless palatal fricative
æ
short a sound (as in /cat/)
/æ/
short a: cAt, blAck
/e/
short e: mEt, bEd
i or I
short i sound (as in /bit/)
/ɪ/
short i: hIt, sIttIng
/ɒ/
short o: hOt, rOck
ə
short u sound (as in /away/ or /America/)
/ʊ/
short u: pUt, cOUld
Reduction
shortening pronunciation of words wanna, gimme, lemme
/ŋ/
siNG, fiNGer
Foreigner talk
simplified and sometimes ungrammatical speech used with non-natives who are perceived to have very limited second language ability. Not helpful since it reinforces simple or uncommon forms
Diphthong
single but shifting sound made by the combination of two or more vowels -boil, first oy sounds then as a short u sound
Cooperative learning
small groups of classmates work toward common goals
morpheme
smallest meaningful unit (word)
phoneme
smallest sound made
consequential validity
social consequences of using a test
pragmatics
social language
TESOL standards
social language, academic language, sociocultural knowledge, 1) Use English in class, 2) Use English to obtain, process, construct and provide subject matter information, 3) Use learning strategies to apply academic knowledge
Glottal Sounds
sound made with an open glottis
Interdental
sound produced by obstructing air flow with tongue and teeth--th
Assimilation
sounds become similar to adjacent sounds: could have - coulda
Common Reduced Form words:Assimilation
sounds become similar to adjacent sounds: could have - coulda
Indirect feedback
speakers look for frowns, smiles, and other nonverbal clues
Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, 1964
specifically prohibits insitutions receiving federal funding from discriminating on the grounds of race, color, or national origin
Reduced Forms
spontaneous pronunciation changes in words
Norm referenced tests
standarized tests designed to determine how a student's mastery of a set of materials compares with that of a specifically designed sampling students determined to be the national "norm" for their age group.
SQ4R
survey, question, read, reflect, recite, and review
t
t (ex. till) - voiceless alveolar stop
____________ segmentation includes factors such as income, gender, and race
state of being
declarative sentences
statement
Performance-Based assessments
student should produce evidence of accomplishment of curriculum goals which can be maintained for later use as a collection of evidence to demonstrate achievement, and perhaps also the teacher's efforts to educate the child.
Quadrants C and D of Support Schema
students are exposed to cognitively demanding tasks (CALP), but C is less demanding than D
Qudarant A&B of Support Schema
students are exposed to cognitively undemanding tasks
Silent Stage/Phase
students need time to adjust to their new language/environment/culture so sometimes they go through a period where they don't speak in their new language
Affective filter
students perform better when they feel motivated and relaxed
community language learning
students work together to determine what they want to learn
Phonology
study of the sound system of the language
Fluency Disorders
stuttering and cluttering (Ss speak really fast)
Glides
subset of sonorants, sounds made by the articulators moving quickly from one position to another to modify the airstream; /w/ and /j/
Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) and the Iceberg Model
tapping into the student's prior academic knowledge, concepts, vocabulary, word cognates, and grammatical structures from the first language to help develop fluency in the second language.
Direct method
teacher-centeredness
Performance-Based Assessments
teachers should have access to information that can provide ways to improve achievement, demonstrate exactly what a student does or does not understand, relate learning experiences to instruction, and combine assessment with teaching
content validity
tests the content that was actually taught to students
θ
th (ex. thigh) - voiceless interdental fricative
ð
th (ex. thy) - voiced interdental fricative
Adjectives
that it is a word that describes or clarifies a noun. Adjectives describe nouns by giving some information about an object's size, shape, age, color, origin or material. ex. red car
definite article
the
Quadarant A of Support Schema
the 'context embedded' tasks are less demanding than the 'context reduced' tasks in B
Communicative Competence
the ability to use a language appropriately for a variety of social and cultural circumstances
Textual Competence
the ability to use language for a variety of purposes, such as stories, conversations, and letters
pragmatic competence
the ability to use language in interpersonal relationships, taking into account such complexities as social distance between speakers and an indirectness required in a given situation
Pragmatics
the appropriate use of language in different contexts
Syntax
the arrangement of words and phrases to create well-formed sentences in a language.
Psycholinguistics
the branch of cognitive psychology that studies the psychological basis of linguistic competence and performance
gender
the classification of English nouns and pronouns as masculine, feminine, or neuter based on the sex of the person or thing referred to or on the conventional alignment of sex to inanimate objects
lexicon
the complete stock of words known by any speaker
compounding
the creation of a new word by combining two words
Test validity
the degree to which a test actually measures what it is supposed to measure
Word Stress
the distribution of stresses within a polysyllabic word
Standard Written English
the edited variety of language appropriate for use in writing; also known as Standard Edited English
past participle (verb)
the form of the verb ending in {-en} and able to be used in the sentence "I have always _____ something."
present participle (verb)
the form of the verb ending in {-ing} and able to be used in the sentence "They are _____ (that) right now."
past tense (verb)
the form of the verb expressing a past action or state and containing the {-ed} morpheme
present tense (verb, third-person singular)
the form of the verb expressing the present time (ex. {-s})
derivation
the formation of words by adding prefixes and suffixes to existing words or bases
Sheltered English
the goal is to make grade-level content understandable and meaningful for non native speakers of english
Syntax
the grammatical arrangement of words in sentences
Creative Construction Theory
the idea that a child learns a language not through imitation, but through being creative with language and constructing rules for themselves (Krashen)
interlanguage
the language form produced by speakers acquiring a second language that combines linguistic features from both their native and their new languages
Inflectional Morpheme
the morpheme which is added does not change the grammatical function of the word, a noun remains a noun and a verb remains a verb - chair becomes chairs (still a chair right?) or LOOK becomes LOOK-REPEATEDLY
Denotation
the most direct or specific meaning of a word or expression
connotation
the negative or positive associations implied by a word
Content Words
the nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs that constitute the major part of the vocabulary
Negative Transfer
the obstruction of or interference with new learning because of previous learning, as when a U.S. tourist in England learns to drive on the left side of the road.
etymology
the origin and linguistic development of a word
Coordinate bilingualism
the person learns the languages in separate environments, and words of the two languages are kept separate with each word having its own specific meaning. An instance of this is seen in a Cameroonian child learning English at school. This may also be referred to as subtractive bilingualism.
Compound bilingualism
the person learns the two languages in the same context where they are used concurrently, so that there is a fused representation of the languages in the brain. This is the case when a child is brought up by bilingual parents, or those from two different linguistic backgrounds.
Code Switching
the practice of alternating between two or more languages or varieties of language in conversation.
pejoration
the process by which a word degenerates, acquiring new connotations over time
ameliorate (amelioration)
the process by which a word loses its negative connotations and acquires positive ones
narrowing
the process by which the meaning of the word becomes more specialized with fewer categories in its reference
extension
the process by which the meaning of the word broadens to include more categories in its reference
Translation
the process of translating words or text from one language into another.
Intonation
the production of musical tones (by voice or instrument)
Devoicing
the replacement of a voiceless for a normally voiced sound; have to, haftu
function
the role a word or phrase plays in a sentence
Word Order
the sequence of words in a sentence, especially as governed by grammatical rules and as affecting meaning.
form class
the set of words capable of changing form through the addition of inflectional and derivational morphemes
form-class words
the set of words capable of changing form through the addition of inflectional and derivational morphemes
number
the singular or plural state of nouns and pronouns
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS)
the social and conversational language that students first learn to communicate orally in their second language. It typically takes two to three years for students to understand the 'context embedded' social language of the classroom, residential hall, cafeteria, workplace, etc.
Phonetics
the study and classification of speech sounds.
Phonology
the study of how sounds are organized and used in natural languages
Linguistics
the study of language
Morphology
the study of the forms of words.
semantics
the study of the meaning of words, sentences, and other language forms
Syntax
the study of the principles and rules for constructing sentences in natural languages
Phonology
the study of the sound system of a given language and the analysis and classification of its phonemes
Common Underlying Proficiency (CUP) and the Iceberg Model
the two icebergs are separated at the top (representing the different surface features of the two languages). Under the water, the icebergs are actually attached, forming one large iceberg, symbolizing the common underlying (cognitive) proficiency that exists in bilingualism.
Stress and Intonation
these do not determine final consonant forms.
θ
thigh
Low context Culture
things are fully spelled out; explicit; Anglos, Germanics, Scandinavians
Metalinguistic feedback
this type of recast shows the students or forces them to think about why something in the language functions the way that it does, ie: "Is that how you would say it in English?"
Elicitation
this type of recast tries to get the students to give you what you are looking for in an answer (specific answer) Elicitation is a technique used to discreetly gather information. It is a conversation with a specific purpose: collect information that is not readily available and do so without raising suspicion that specific facts are being sought.
ð
thy
Which of the following elements cannot be effectively tested when communicating by social media? 1. the best timing for messages 2. the appropriate content 3. ticket pricing decisions 4. surveys and poll questions
ticket pricing decisions
Chronemics
time
structure-class words
words that occur in a single form and signal structure (grammatical) relationships within phrases, clauses, and sentences (ex. determiners, auxiliaries, prepositions, etc.)
Devoicing
to pronounce a normally voiced sound as voiceless; bath/bathe, breath/breathe, wife/wives, life/lives
Monophthong Sounds
vowel sound with one phoneme
Examples of epenthesis
warmth, hamster, fence
ʌʌ
wh (ex. which) - voiceless velar glide
w
wh (ex. witch) - voiced velar glide
/eəʳ/
whERE,AIR
Circumlocution
when L2 learners know what something is but they can't think of what it is called
Velar Sounds
tongue is near the soft palate (velem) "cat go ring"
grammar translation method
traditional method derived from teaching greek and latin
Fossilization
when people make mistakes for so long that it becomes fossilized; saying "duh" for the and "dat" for that
Self-correction
when students realize they have started or said something wrong and they back up to fix it
style shifting
when the speaker adapts language use to the formality or informality of the situation ("goodbye" as opposed to "see ya!"
blend
two letters blended but you can still hear both letter sounds
Digraph
two letters blended to make one new sound
Heteronyms
two or more words that have the same spelling but have different pronunciation and meaning; Polish/polish, record/record
Homophones
two or more words with same pronunciation but different meaning and spelling; wood and would
Homographs
two or more words with same spelling or pronunciation but different meanings; stalk, can, read, lead
Dipthongs
two vowels to make another sound, oe in "shoe"
Homograph
two words are homographs if they are spelled the same way but differ in meaning (e.g. SUBject noun and subJECT verb)
co-occurance
two words that appear together in a certain order
ʌ
u (ex. butt) - central
/ə/
uh: Away, cinEmA
/ʌ /
uh: cUp, lUck
Common Reduced Form words: Word Stress
unstressed function words are blended, contracted, linked, deleted, assimilated, or reduced to combine with other function words as well as content words of a sentence
Word Stress
unstressed function words are blended, contracted, linked, deleted, assimilated, or reduced to combine with other function words as well as content words of a sentence
alliteration
use of the same consonant at the beginning of each stressed syllable in a line of verse
Suggestopedia and Community Language Learning
use the mother tongue - L1 in lessons
inductive approach
used in direst method. A way to teach grammer.having learners find out rules through the presentation of adequate linguistic forms in the target language)
relia
used in the direct method.objects from real life used in classroom instruction. The two meanings are closely related because of the support many types of libraries give to educational endeavors.
Observation ( informal assessment )
used to assess a students use of language . teachers observe and record specific language features of behaviors
superlative adjectives
used to compare 3 or more nouns to describe the highest, ex. most or best
Syntax
used to refer directly to the rules and principles that govern the sentence structure of any individual language
checklists ( informal assessment)
used to track students development by noting which skills or subsets of sills have become easy for the child to use everyday.
overgenerilization
uses English rules and applies it to all words for example in past tense saying "goed or "comed"
audiolingualism
uses drills and pattern practice
Formal assessment
usually implicates a written document, such as a test, quiz, or paper
Formulaic Utterance
utterances that are used frequently in a particular context for a fixed purpose. Examples include 'g'day', 's'truth', I sentence you to..., and 'Let us pray'.
v
v (ex. veal) - voiced labiodental fricative
allomorph
variant of a single morpheme that has a different sound but same meaning (e.g. eaten, walked - both past suffixes denote the past tense)
style
variation in language use based on the formality or informality of the social setting
Stress
verb-2nd syllable, noun -1st syllable
Lexicon
vocabulary of a language or people
ð
voiced th sound (as in than)
θ
voiceless th sound (as in thin)
Vowel reduction
vowel reduction is any of various changes in the acoustic quality of vowels, which are related to changes in stress, sonority, duration, loudness, articulation, or position in the word (e.g. for Creek language[1]), and which are perceived as "weakening". It most often makes the vowels shorter as well.
Narrative Writing
writing that tells a story
j
y (ex. you) - voiced palatal glide
z
z (ex. zeal) - voices alveolar fricative
that
ðæt (not dæt)
