coms 101 final ryalls

primary source

eye-witness/firsthand accounts

specific purpose

general purpose along with speech topic (ex: to inform/persuade that...)

evaluating sources

general reference works, newspapers, magazines, journals, yearbooks and encyclopedias, government publications, biographies, collections

general purpsose

goal for speech (ex: to inform/persuade.)

volume

how loudly or softly you speak - related to the distance between speaker and listeners -voice needs to be louder to you than to listeners

psychological profiling

identify audience by the way they think and feel; beliefs, attitudes, values -values is the cause of particular beliefs and attitudes

4 characteristics of orality (walter ong)

integrative (brings together members of society), redundant (repetition) , concrete (particular in the moment; immediate), situational (occurs in the here and now)

public speaking (interactive process)

it's a transaction or exchange among people in public settings

logos

logic; reasoning or argumentation (tone/style)

ethics

moral standards; something like credibility or reputation

difference between motivational appeal and motive need

motive need is an impulse to satisfy a psycho-social want or a biological urge. motivational appeal is either a visualization of a desire and a method satisfying it or an assertion that an entity, idea, or course of action hold the key to fulfilling a particular motive need.

qualities of oral style

-accuracy: using exact terms to convey clear meaning -simplicity: speak directly and use words that convey precise, shared, and concrete meanings -restatement: repetition to clarify and reinforce ideas

factors of attention

-activity: use active verbs, dynamic stories (illustrations and emotions), and short segments -reality: specific events, people, and places; use real objects -proximity: "nearness," direct reference to a person in the audience, nearby object, incident that has just occurred, or immediate occasion -familiarity: familiar settings to listeners -novelty: novel happenings, dramatic incidents, or unusual developments that attract attention (tabloid or breaking news) -suspense: mystery -THE VITAL: tendency to be concerned with things that immediately benefit us

motive clusters

-affiliation cluster: desire for acceptance of approval; companionship, conformity, dependence, sympathy/generosity, loyalty, tradition, reverence/worship, sexual attraction -achievement cluster: focused on individual urges, desires, goals: self/personal excellence, prestige, success; acquisition/saving, success/display -power cluster: focused on influence/control over others or the environment; seeks to manipulate and control others but not all uses of power are negative, depends on appeals to affiliation - aggression, authority/dominance, defense, fear, authority/independence

different patterns of organization

-chronological: ordered sequence -spatial: physical settings -topical: categories of places, persons, things, processes -causal: cause and effect

essential qualities of informative speaking

-clarity: through effective organization - (1) limit MPs (2) use transitions to show relationships among ideas (3) keep your speech moving forward- and careful selection of words (1) keep vocab accurate but not too technical (2) simplify when possible (3) repeat complex ideas -associating new ideas with familiar ones: try to connect the new with the old -clustering ideas: group items of information under three, five, or seven clusters (1,2,3 or a,b,c) -visualizations: recreations of events that people can "see." reference to movies and television programs -motivation: given listeners a reason to listen

develop speaking goals using audience analysis

-demographic factors help understand listeners familiarity with topic, motivation to listen, reaction, and ability to understand the message -beliefs, attitudes, and values provide clues to how listeners will perceive what you say

types of definition

-dictionary: categorizes object or concept and specifies its characteristics -stipulative: how a word will be used in a certain context -negative: clarify how you aren't using the word -etymological: derivation of a single world, where it came from -exemplar: examples to explain a term -contextual: use it in a specific situation -analogical: compares the unknown with the known

types of informative speeches

-explanations: define concepts or processes in ways that make them relevant to listeners -lectures: extended explanations and definitions, also increase an audience's understanding of a particular field of knowledge or activity -demonstrations: explain and illustrate processes (how tos)

different methods of speech delivery

-extemporaneous: prepared in advance and presented from notecards; not memorized -impromptu: delivered on the spur of the movement with minimal preparation, rely on previous knowledge -manuscript: written out beforehand and then read (for radio, television speeches and president speeches -memorized: used when notecards and teleprompter aren't allowed (for wedding anniversaries, comedians)

types of claims

-fact: true/false -value: good/bad -policy: course of action

fallacies

-hasty generalization: draw conclusion from little evidence -genetic ("genes") fallacy: conclusion based on something historic or origin as to its current/present meaning -appeal to ignorance: conclusion based on lack of evidence -bandwagon: if everyone is doing something, you should too. -sequential: first event must caused the second; confuses correlation with causation -begging the question: rephrasing an idea and then offering it as its own reason; circular reasoning -appeal to authority: authoritative figure -name calling (ad hominem): attack the person instead off their arugments -slippery slope: once that course of action starts, something negative will happen

types of reasoning

-inductive reasoning (from examples): drawing a general conclusion from instances or examples -deductive reasoning (from generalization): applying a general conclusion to a specific example -from sign: uses observable mark or sign as a proof for the existence of a state of affair -from parallel cases: comparing two-like things -from cause: concluding that an event that occurs first is responsible for the later event

movement and stance

-movement: physical shifts from place to place -postures: how relaxed/rigid your body looks -movements regulate communication

maslow's hierarchy of need

-physiological: good drink, air, sleep, sex -safety: security, stability, protection, etc -belongingness and love: love and affection with family, friends; acceptance and approvals by social groups -esteem: self-esteem from achievement, mastery, competency, freedom, etc -self-actualization: self-fulfillment, to be what one can be

how to apply nonverbal behaviors to your presentations

-signal your relationship with your audience through proxemics -adapt the physical setting to your communicative needs -adapt your gestures and movement to the size of the audience -establish eye contact with your audience, looking specific individuals in the eye -use your body to communicate your feelings -regulate the pace of your presentation with bodily movement -use your full repertoire of gestures

types of imagery

-visual: optical; size, shape, color, movement -auditory: sounds -gustatory: taste -olfactory: smell

MONROE's Motivated Sequence

1. attention: create interest, curiosity, desire 2. need: develop problem by analyzing the wrong and connect it to the audience (1st MP) 3. satisfaction: propose a plan that would help problem and solve audience's need (solution, either policy or personal) 4. visualization: depict what the world will look if the plan is to put into action or if it's not 5. action: call for personal commitments and deeds (conclusion)

7 tips for developing informative speeches

1. creating curiosity 2.adapting to prior knowledge 3. using repetition 4. involving listeners 5. choosing an appropriate organizational pattern 6.employing multiple channels (coordinate verbal and visual material, adapt your rate, adjust the size) 7. suggesting additional resources

creating associative coherence

1. forecasts (previews): introduction provide an overview of speech; list main points 2. summaries: reviewing the ideas that were covered in speech 3. signposts (transitions): linking phrases that move an audience from one idea to the next

elements of speaker credibility

1. have enough background knowledge and motivation 2. mimic the reaction you desire from your audience; have their best interest in mind 3. be straight-forward, sharp, short when speaking

effective speaking voice

1. intelligibility: the ease with which a listener can understand what you're saying (depends on volume, rate, enunciation, pronunciation) 2. variety: produced by changes in rate pitch, stress, and pauses 3. stress patterns: vocal emphasis is the way in which you accent or attack words (create emphasis through increased volume, changes in pitch, or variations in rate)

4 steps for impromptu speech

1. point step: tell listeners MP 2. reason step: state a reason why your point is worth considering 3. support: provide an example, comparison, quotation, statistics, or story 4. restatement: summarize by restating MP

dimensions of nonverbal communication

1. speakers disclose their emotional states through their nonverbal behaviors - facial expressions 2. speakers' nonverbal cues enrich the message that comes through words - physical movement 3. nonverbal messages form a reciprocal interactions between speakers and listeners - frowns, smiles

4 tips for using statistics

1. translate difficult-to-understand numbers into more understandable terms 2. rounds off complicated numbers 3. use visual materials to clarify statistics whenever possibile 4. use statistics fairly

secondary sources

accounts based on other sources of information

5 basic elements to create the speech process

a speaker, a message, a listeners, feedback, context

speeches of courtesy

acknowledge the presence or qualities of the audience of a member of the audience (social) ex. accepting rewards, welcoming visitors, offering toasts -purpose: not only expresses gratitude but also tries to create a feeling of goodness -how: indicate for whom you're speaking, present complimentary facts, illustrate; don't argue

facial expressions

affect displays (signs of emotions, eye contacts increases credibility)

audience demographic analysis

age, gender, education, group membership, cultural and ethnic background

speeches to stimulate

ask audience to think seriously about where they've been and where they're going in the face of serious changes (courses of actions) -purpose: stir audiences to think about reforming their thoughts and actions, initiate public discussion, engage listeners feelings and thinking, prepare communities for more sustained dialogues and action

values

basic concepts organizing one's orientation to life

beliefs

convictions about what is true or false

enunciation

crispness and precision with which you form words

speeches to entertain

derive from humor, satisfying stories, clever uses of languages -purpose: funny, uniting audience, may offer deeper personal insight or critique of society, may be used to urge general changes and reform social practices -how: relate a story, quotes, illustrations, state main idea/POV, follow with additional stories; arrange for connection, close with restatement of central point

pathos

emotion; emotional or imaginative impact, stories

forms of supporting materials

examples, statistics, testimonies

questions to test each kind of reasoning

examples: -have you looked at enough instances to warrant generalizing? -are the instances fairly chosen? -are there important exceptions to the claim that must be considered? generalization -is the generalization true? -does the generalization apply to this particular case? sign: -is the sign fallible? -is the observation accurate? parallel case: -are there more similarities than differences between the two cases? -are the similarities you have pointed out relevant and important? cause: -can you separate causes and effects? -are the causes strong enough to have produced the effect? -did intervening events or persons prevent a cause from having its normal effect? -could any other cause have produced the effect?

speeches of introduction

prepare community to accept the featured speaker and his or her message -purpose: to arouse curiosity to capture attention, to motivate audience to like or respect speaker -how: be brief, talk about speaker, emphasize importance of topic

elements of introduction

purpose, attention-getter, credibility statements, relevance statement, thesis and preview statements

gestures

purposeful and expressive movements of the body -conventional: "OK" or "stop" sign -descriptive: size, shape, location of job (ex. drawing a box in the air) -indicators: movements of hands, arms to express feelings (ex. throw hands up when disgusted)

elements of conclusion

restate thesis, restate main points, concluding remark

types of outlines

rough outline: establishes topic, clarifies purpose, identifies a reasonable numbers of subtopics. full sentences speaking outline: uses keywords/ phrases to jog memory when giving speech

ethos

shared with community; good sense, good will, good morals

central idea

single, declarative statement that encapsulates the entirety of the speech

subject

speech topic

plagiarism

take someone's work and claim it as your own

audience segmentation strategies

target/divide listeners into subgroups

attitudes

tendencies to respond positively or negatively to people, objects, or ideas

rate

the number of words spoken per minute. cut rate by 1/3 or more when speaking to larger audiences

proxemics

the use of space by human beings (physical arrangements and distance between speakers and listeners)