Connective Tissue

Thrombocytes

platelets, hemostasis 3 As adhesion activation aggregation

loose connective tissue

(areolar tissue) forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body. cells of this tissue, mainly fibroblasts, are separated by gel like ground substance that contains many collagenous and elastic fibers that fibroblasts secrete. Areolar tissue binds the skin to the underlying organs and fills spaces between muscles. It lies beneath most layers of epithelium where its blood vessels nourish by epithelial cells. fills spaces within the body as well is found under all ET. found directly below Strat. Squam. in body !!!Sessile macrophage lives in . found surrounding merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands

Adipose tissue

(fat), created when cells in CT store fat in droplets in their cytoplasm which at first resemble fibroblasts but later enlarge. When this happens their nuclei are pushed to one side. Adipocytes then become so abundant they crowd other cell types and form adipose tissue. It lies beneath the skin in places between the muscles, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, in certain abdominal membranes, on the surface of the heart and around some joints. It cushions joints and some organs like the kidneys, insulates beneath the skin and stores energy in fat molecules. A person is born with a certain number of fat cells. The amount of adipose tissue in the body reflects a person's diet. Adipose cells can lose their fat droplets shrink and become more like fibroblasts again. In kids there is a continuous layer of adipose tissue giving them a rounded look. Adults fat is thinner in some regions and remains thick in others. Males: thickens in upper back, arms, lower back, and buttoxks. Females: Thickens in breasts, buttocks and thighs.

fibers

3 varieties ELASTIC RETICULAR AND COLLAGENOUS One type has no fibers in its matrix ((blood - if you had fibers in blood you'd clog up all the time) macromolecular protein filaments embedded within the ground substance in differing amounts based off the types of CT

Mesenchymal (stem cells)

All CT cells originate from this embryonic cell. ^ These cells respond to the presence of pathogens by differentiation into other cells that produce antimicrobial substances (also change into fibroblasts-- which assist the healing of wounds)

major components of blood

Blood is composed of cells that are suspended in a fluid intercellular matrix called blood plasma. cells include red blood cells, white blood cells and cellular fragments called platelets. Red blood cells transport gases, white blood cells fight infections and platelets are involved with blood clotting. Most blood cells form in special tissues in red marrow within the hollow parts of certain bones. Only the red cells function entirely within the blood vessels. White blood cells migrate from the blood through capillary walls. They enter CTs where they carry their major activities and usually stay there till they die.

Histamine

Blood vessel dilator Cause itchiness, swelling People take antihistamines to make that stop!!! Look at that!!! Produced by mast cells as a result of the introduction of an allergen or pathogen into or onto the surface of the body Allergen = substance of chemical that causes irritation or initiates the activity + production of histamine Histamines will enter the bloodstream (easy access) ^ It is a blood vessel dilator, so it will increase permeability surrounding tissue ( also with lymph vessels) then allowing for easier penetration, and then exit immune system cells It is trying to flush away problems _____ triggers histamine to be released from mast cells

Melanocyte

CT cell that produces pigment -- colors the skin and hair fibers

two substances that form the inorganic matrix of bone

Calcium carbonate CaCO3 and calcium phosphate Ca3(PO4)2

the inorganic compound that is made up of 3 metallic ions and 2 polyatomic ions

Co3(PO4)2

Collagenous fibers

Collagen=major structural protein of body. Collagenous fibers are thick threads of its protein. grouped together in long parallel bundles. Flexible, slightly elastic, have great tensile strength (can resist pulling force), are important components of body parts that hold structures together (ex. ligaments and tendons). The REBAR (reinforcement concrete) in bone. Tissue with abundant collagenous fibers is called dense connective tissue . They look white and that's why collagenous fibers of dense CT are called white fibers. Loose CT has sparge collagenous fibers .

least vascular CT that has a fluid gel-like matrix

Dense regular

fixed cells

Found in matrix in stable numbers under ideal homeostatic conditions (stays fixed based on type of tissue its working in) 2 types of fixed cells fibroblast mastoblast

Ground substance

In all CT. The ground substance binds supports and provides a medium that substances can be transferred between the blood and cells in the tissue.

smooth muscle tissue

Lacks striations. Shorter than skeletal muscle tissue and are spindle shaped with a single centrally located nucleus. Comprises the walls of hollow internal organs like the stomach, intestines, urinary bladder, uterus, and blood vessels. Is involuntary. Ex moves food through the digestive system.

reticular fibers

Made up of reticulin. Webb-like or mesh like network Made of extremely fine thread-like form of protein fiber called type 3 collagen Framework of soft tissue organs or structures ^ Supportive and flexible network of fine fibers in soft tissues in the body (Ex: liver, spleen, bone marrow, lymphatic system) Least common shaped like a cotton liver if you removed all other tissue

heparin

Naturally produced blood thinner, or anticoagulant, in response to tissue repair] When injured an anticoagulant creates a fibrous web-like network after (while? before?) breech in blood vessel occurred Fibrinogen -- keeps you from bleeding to death Initial clotted area is dissolved, no clogs in blood (<3 anticoagulants) \

Fibrocartilage

Next to bone this would be considered the second most rigid form of CT

cardiac muscle tissue

ONLY in HEART. Cells are striated and joined end to end. Cells are branched and interconnected in complex networks. Each cell within cardiac muscle fiber has a single nucleus. Where it touches another cell is a specialized intercellular junction called an intercalated disk (allows communication, only in cardiac)

structure composed of fibrocartilage at the bottom of the pelvic girdle

Synthesis pupis

phagocytosis

The name of the cellular process associated with macrophages. Endocytosis occurs in phagocytosis when the vacuoles destroy the pathogen (opposite of merocrine)

Cytoplasmic extensions

The name the structures that give fibrocytes their name. In bone, this organelle like structure that is part of an osteocyte partially occupies the canaliculi that extend off of lacunae in bone tissue

lamella

There are never more than 3-4 of these around the Haversian canal bc you lose nutrients (rings)

Thrombocytes

These CT cells aren't cells are all, they are fragments

macrophage

This term is used to describe cells in the body at fight infection and disease

muscle tissue

This type of muscle tissue is multi-nucleated!! forms muscles that usually attach to bones and we control consciously (voluntary muscle tissue). Skeletal muscle cells are long (up to 40 mm in length) and narrow (less than 0.1 mm in width). They have alternating light and dark cross markings called striations. Each cell has many nuclei (multinucleate). A message from a nerve cell can stimulate a muscle fiber to contract by causing protein filaments within the muscle fiber to slide past each other. The muscle fiber then relaxes. Skeletal muscles move the head, trunk, and limbs and enable us to make facial expressions, write, talk, and sing, as well as chew, swallow and breathe.THREE TYPES CARDIAC STRIATED SMOOTH

mastoblast

Turns into mast cell (linked to a blood vessel, so is fixed) or a mastocyte Found in vascular CT, surrounding capillaries/ blood vessels, loose areolar CT an immune system cell dendrites are shorter but more numerous "They establish themselves in vascular CT and are directly linked w cytoplasmic extensions to surrounding capillaries" Produce histamine and heparin

type of wandering cell

a macrophage. They appear in tissues temporarily in response to an injury or infection.

chondrocyte

cell that exists in the lacunae that is found in a solid gel-like matrix

Pericostium

bone has a layer of highly vascular layer that surrounds it

Explain why injured bone heals more rapidly than does injured cartilage.

bone matrix contains large amount of collagen which reinforces its mineral components (ex calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate). Bone contains red marrow which makes blood cells and stores and releases inorganic salts. Osteocytes and layers of intercellular material, which are clustered around a central canal, form an osteon (cylinder shaped unit). Multiple units of these together form bone. Each central canal contains a blood vessel so every bone cell is fairly close to a nutrient supply. The bone cells also have many cytoplasmic processes that extend and pass through minute tubes in the matrix called canaliculi. Ga[ junctions attach these cellular processes to the membranes of nearby cells. As a result material can be moved rapidly between blood vessels and bone cells. This means bone is an active tissue and heals faster than cartilage.

Hyaline cartilage

cells in a solid gel matrix. They support protect and provide frameworks. They are in the ends of bones (allows them to rub against each other), nose, rings in the walls of respiratory passages (supporting rings of bronchi), has invisible fibers!

Fibrocartilage

cells in a solid gel matrix. They support, protect, and absorb shock. They are found between the bony parts of the spinal column, parts of the pelvic girdle and knee. causes cells to arrange in parallel lines between collagenous fibers !!

Elastic cartilage

cells in solid gel matrix. They support, protect and provide flexible frameworks. They are found in the framework of the external ear and part of the larynx, least common form of cartilage

fibrinogen fibrin

collagenous fibers that would be formed by action of thrombocytes (clotting blood where wounds occur) ACTIVATION

Dense CT

consists of many closely packed thick, collagenous fibers, a fine network of elastic fibers, and few cells (mostly fibroblasts). Subclasses of this tissue are regular or irregular depending on how the fiber patterns are organized. Collagenous fibers of regular dense CT are strong and can withstand pulling forces. It binds body parts together, as parts of tendons and ligaments. The blood supply to regular dense CT is poor which slows tissue repair. regular dense makes up structures like tendons and ligaments. very little GS and poor vascularity Fibers of irregular dense CT are thicker, interwoven and more randomly organized. This allows tissue to sustain tension exerted from many different directions. Irregular dense CT is found in the dermis of skin

Elastic CT

consists of yellow elastic fibers in parallel strands or in branching networks. Between these fibers are collagenous fibers and fibroblasts. found in attachments between vertebrae of the spinal column(ligamenta flava) and in the layers in the walls of certain hollow internal organs (ex. Arteries, portions of heart and larger airways).

characteristics of muscle tissue.

contractile (their elongated cells or muscle fibers can shorten and thicken). As they contract muscle fibers pull at their attached ends, which moves body parts.

adipocyte

ct cell with ability to enlarge, These CT cells exist in the smallest quantity, can increase as in number, but never decrease

Zygote

diploid cell that forms as a result of fertilization

Nervous tissue

found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves. The base cells are nerve cells or neurons. Neurons sense certain types of changes in their surroundings and respond by transmitting nerve impulses along cellular processes to other neurons or to muscles or glands. They can coordinate, regulate, and integrate many body functions

Extracellular fluid

green substance found in the haversian canal that is used to move things throughout (_blank fluid, outside of a cell)

articular

hyaline cartilage found in knuckles

Cancellous bone

internal to compact bone and is especially well seen at the ends of long bones ^ it consists of irregularly-shaped, interwoven beams (trabeculae) of bone, lacking haversian systems

macrophages

involved in defense of the body tissues Wandering macrophages move through the tissues phagocytizing bacteria and other pathogens Sessile macrophages remain in a localized area of the tissue lymphocyte- ^ this white blood cell is stimulated by foreign substances -- it reverts to antibody-producing plasma cells

3rd most vascular tissue in body

loose areolar

elastic fibers

made of elastin. branch forming complex networks in various tissues. Weaker than collagenous fibers but very elastic. found in body parts that stretching (vocal cords and air passages of respiratory system stomach...) AKA yellow fibers b/c yellow ELASTIC FIBERS STRETCH 1.5X their length

Reticular CT

made of thin, collagenous fibers in a three-dimensional network. It supports the walls of certain internal organs (ex. liver, spleen, lymphatic organs)

Osteocytes

mature cells found in the lacunae of bone

what do ct cells originate from

mesenchymal cells

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

most abundant tissue by mass in the body!! bind structures, supports, protects, serve as frameworks, store fat, produce blood cells, protect against infection, repair tissue damage. have intercellular material( matrix) between them consisting of fibers and a ground substance which can be anything from fluid to semisolid to solid. Connective tissue cells can also divide. These tissues have varying degrees of vascularity but most have a good blood supply and are well nourished. Some connectives tissues (ex. bone and cartilage) are rigid. Loose connective tissue (areolar) adipose tissue, and dense connective tissue are more flexible.

primary function of fibroblasts

most common fixed cell in ct.(extension of mesenchymal) large and star shaped. They produce fibers by secreting protein into the matrix they live in Has the ability to differentiate into all other CT cells

Costal

name of the hyaline cartilage that gives the hypocartiac region its name

compact bone

one of two forms of bone impact-resistant, weight-bearing shell of bone lined by a sheath of life-supporting fibrous periosteum consists of columns called haversian systems of osteons: concentric layers (lamellae) of mineralized, collagenous matrix around a central (haversian) canal containing blood vessels

plasma

only matrix with a name

Hematopoiesis

process that results in formation of blood

Cartilage

rigid CT. provides support, frameworks, attachments, protects underlying tissues, forms structural models for many developing bones. Cartilage matrix is abundant, largely made of collagenous fibers embedded in a gel like ground substance rich in protein polysaccharide complex (chondromucoprotein) and contains a large amount of water. lacks blood supply but has PERICHONDRIUM. Cartilage cells or chondrocytes occupy small chambers called lacunae and thus are completely within the matrix.

lacunea

small cavities that exist between lamellae and are interconnected by little canals (canaliculi) Bone cells (osteocytes) and their multiple extensions fill these spaces, which connect to the haversian canal

mast cells

small, mobile cells containing granules (Following injury granules are released to dilate blood vessels to increase blood flow to the injured area).produce anti coagulant, heparin

Haversian canal

structure found in matrix of cortical bone has blood vessels and nerves running through it (absolute center of those structures)

lacuna

structure found in the matrix of both bone and cartilage that houses the cells between those two tissues

Neuroglial cells

support and bind components of nervous tissue, carry on phagocytosis, and help supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels. They play a role in cell to cell communications

chondromucoprotein

the complex organic macromolecular substance that is a thicken in the matrix for cartilage-- makes it more rigid

matrix

the median within which CT cells exist mix of ground substance and fibers. (Every CT has a matrix)

the inorganic part of the ground system making up plasma

water