consciousness
TOP DOWN PROCESSING
aka concept driven processing prior knowledge limits tha range of one's guesses by providing a "whole" that can serve as a context for individual bits of info
Bottom up processing
also called data-driven processing this strategy involves looking for patterns in individual bits of information that can be interpreted using prior knowledge
Carl Jung
believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious. The collective unconscious, as described by Jung, is a theoretical repository of information he believed to be shared by everyone. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location.
Rosalind Cartwright
believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer
John Hobson
suggests that dreaming may represent a state of protoconsciousness. In other words, dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness.
PERCEPTUAL SET
the expectation of what will be perceived can affect that which is perceived
Sigmund Freud
thought people could increase self-awareness and gain valuable insight to help them deal with the problems they faced in their lives. Freud made distinctions between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams
learnin
A relatively permanent change in behavior, knowledge, capability, or attitude attitude through experience cannot be attributed to illness, injury, or maturation
Shaping
Learning in small steps rather than all at once Rewarding successive approximations of desired response Used to condition complex behaviors in people and other animals
Extinction
Weakening and eventual disappearance of a response as a result of withholding reinforcement
Watson
little albert study. A child was classically conditioned to fear a rat Conditioned fears persists and modify personality throughout life. critical element of classical conditioning is the repeated pairing of CS and US