Construction Final 9
basalt
A dark dense igneous rock with a fine texture found in oceanic crust
what are advantages of concrete masonry units
Concrete masonry units are the least expensive of any masonry units in North America, and they are very large, replacing twelve modular bricks, which results in much faster wall construction.
Granite properties
Granite is a very hard igneous stone that can also be polished.
limestone properties
Limestone is a soft, even-grained, sedimentary stone that cannot be polished
how do the major types of stone properties differ
Limestone is a soft, even-grained, sedimentary stone that cannot be polished. Marble is a metamorphic stone that was once limestone; it is somewhat harder, usually has pronounced vein patterns, and can be polished to a mirror sheen. Granite is a very hard igneous stone that can also be polished.
Why is marble or limestone stonework never washed with acid, as brickwork is?
Marble and limestone react with acid and are consumed by it.
marble properties
Marble is a metamorphic stone that was once limestone; it is somewhat harder, usually has pronounced vein patterns, and can be polished to a mirror sheen.
Distinguish rubble tone from ashlar stone.
Rubble stones are irregular in shape. Ashlar is squared
In what ways is the laying of stone masonry different from the laying of bricks
Stone is laid differently than brick in that it is sometimes irregular and each piece must be chosen and trimmed to fit; stones are often too heavy to lift by hand and must be lifted with lewises and hoists; mortar joints in fine stonework are raked out and later pointed with non-staining mortar; and acids are not used to clean many types of stonework.
what are the major types of stone used in construction
The main classifications of building stone are igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
what sequence of operations would be used to produce rectangular slabs of polished marble from a large quarry block
The quarry block is sliced into slabs using a gang saw. The faces of the slab are ground flat, then polished smooth in a grinding and polishing machine. Finally, the edges of the slab are squared by a circular saw.
One standard CMU occupies the same volume as: a. Two modular bricks b. Four modular bricks c. Six modular bricks d. Eight modular bricks e. Ten modular bricks f. Twelve modular bricks
f
Rubble stone cannot be coursed in a wall. t/f
f
There are no artisans left who have the skill and knowledge to carve ornamental stonework. t/f
f
There is no truly standard size of concrete block. t/f
f
Which can safely be sliced into the thinnest sheets, granite, limestone, marble, or sandstone?
granite
coursed stone masonry has what
has continuous joint lines
lighter weight blocks have a higher what
higher fire-resistance rating
once stonework is clean and dry it may what
it may be treated with a clear sealer or water repellent
both ashlar and rubble are laid with what
laid with the quarry bed or grain of the stone running in the horizontal direction
concrete masonry units are manufactured in what three forms
larger hollow units that are commonly referred to concrete blocks, solid bricks, and less commonly, larger solid units
heavier weight blocks are less what
less expensive to manufacturer
lighter weight blocks are less what
less expensive to transport and lay
heavier weight blocks are also less what
less moisture absorbent
unit weight are what
lighter weight blocks
lighter weight blocks have a lower what
lower thermal conductivity
horizontal reinforcing may takes what
may take the form of joint reinforcing
stone selection petrographic analysis
microscopic analysis of mineral content and structure
heavier weight blocks are more what
more durable
stone masonry most commonly set in what
most commonly set in mortar like brick or cmu
other common sizes of concrete masonry units
other common sizes: 4", 6", 10", and 12" width 8" in length
rubble masonry random what
random: laid without continuous horizontal joints
reinforcing increases
reinforcing increases compressive strength, resistance to cracking, and resist to lateral forces
autoclaved aerated concrete ingredients
sand, lime, water, a small amount of aluminum powder
ashlar masonry
squared blocked, random or coursed
standard nominal size of concrete masonry units
standard nominal size: 8" x 8" x 16"
Concrete masonry units are what
stiff concrete mix pressed into metal molds
stone cladding
stone masonry mechanically attended to the structural frame or walls of a building as a facing
stone masonry stones carry what
stones carry their own weight
Limestone is easily cut just after it is quarried, but becomes harder with age. t/f
t
Many of the most highly prized marbles fall into the lowest grade category for that stone. t/f
t
stone selection laboratory testing
water absorption, density, compressive strength, dimensional stability, freeze-thaw resistance, chemical resistance, flexural strength, etc.
joint reinforcing
welded grids of small-diameter steel rods that are laid into the bed joints at set vertical intervals
Leads are not constructed for concrete masonry walls. t/f
f
Marble work should be cleaned with muriatic acid after the mortar has hardened sufficiently. t/f
f
mortar joints in stone masonry are frequently what
are frequently raked to a depth ranging from 1/2 to 1 in (13-25 mm) or more after setting of the stones
stone cladding cladding attachment system carries what
attachment system carries the weight of the panels
glass blocks are what
available in many textures and in clear heat-absorbing and reflective glass
heavier weight blocks have better what
better acoustical isolation between adjacent spaces
rubble masonry coursed what
coursed: laid with continuous horizontal joints
uncoursed or random stone masonry does not have what
does not have continuous joint lines
Type I (moisture-controlled) concrete masonry units should be specified: a. Where appearance is important b. In damp weather c. For underground work d. In severe climates e. Where shrinkage of a wall must be controlled
e
vertical block cores are easily what
easily reinforced by inserting bars and grouting
A so-called "standard" building stone is 15 5/8" high, 23 5/8" long, and 3 5/8" deep. t/f
f
Ashlar stone is very irregular. t/f
f
How is the curing of concrete masonry units accelerated after they are molded?
They are steam-cured in an autoclave.
Why are Type I, moisture-controlled concrete masonry units required in some types of construction?
They shrink less after installation than Type II units.
One standard CMU occupies the same volume as:
Twelve modular bricks
rubble masonry shape
Unsquared stone block
how may horizontal and vertical steel reinforcement be introduction into a CMU wall?
Vertical reinforcing bars are inserted into the hollow cores of the CMUs and the cores are grouted solid. Horizontal reinforcing is usually in the form of heavy wire joint reinforcing assemblies that are laid into the bed joints of mortar. Bond beam blocks may be used to allow ordinary reinforcing bars to be placed horizontally as well as vertically.
Type I (moisture-controlled) concrete masonry units should be specified:
Where shrinkage of a wall must be controlled
clear sealer or water repellent
a breathable and virtually invisible coating that reduces water absorption by the stonework, helping to protect it from staining and weathering
stone selection past history has a good what
a good predictor of future performance in similar conditions
concrete masonry units actual size is what
actual size is 3/8-inch less in each dimension
