Corrections Exam 1 Quizzes

A court's judgment regarding the guilt or innocence of a defendant is called ______. A. adjudication B. incarceration C. probate D. due process

A. Adjudication

Which of the following places received prisoners as part of the transportation system? A. Australia B. Belgium C. China D. Russia

A. Australia

Court-mandated requirements that a probationer must fulfill are called ______. A. conditions of probation B. prosocial conditions C. conditions of revocation D. due process conditions

A. Conditions of probation

The large mass incarceration rate in the United States shows that ______. A. corrections efforts are failing B. corrections efforts are maintaining the status quo C. the corrections system treats all citizens equally D. the corrections system is efficient

A. Corrections efforts are failing.

Components of the criminal justice system include ______. A. criminal courts B. the bar association C. education D. security guards

A. Criminal Courts

______ requires that individuals are sentenced via exactly defined terms. A. Determinate sentencing B. Indeterminate sentencing C. Deferred sentence D. Maximum sentence

A. Determinate sentencing

A program that allows lawbreakers to avoid jail time, charges, or a criminal record is known as a ______ program. A. diversion B. restitution C. reparation D. parole

A. Diversion

Public opinion is shifting to a less punitive direction for ______. A. drug users B. murders C. sex offenders D. arsonists

A. Drug users

A preliminary, or "triage," risk and needs assessment ______. A. evaluates criminogenic needs B. assesses highly dynamic factors C. sorts offenders into broad categories D. closely reviews the defendant's family life

A. Evaluates criminogenic needs.

Which of the following punishments did the urban bourgeoisie lobby for in the later Middle Ages? A. execution B. fines C. probation D. rehabilitation

A. Execution

Between 1980 and 2008, the U.S. prison population ______. A. grew at approximately 10 times the rate of the overall population B. increased in absolute numbers, but remained stable on a percentage basis C. shrank dramatically in both absolute numbers and percentages D. grew at a rate that slightly outpaced the overall population growth

A. Grew at approximately 10 times the rate of the overall population.

The corrections system in the United States ______. A. had adequate resources until 2005 B. has never had sufficient resources C. has always had adequate resources D. was underfunded until the 1970s

A. Had adequate resources until 2005

Why are local governments often hesitant to use innovative architectural approaches when building new jails? A. If the new design is a mistake, the community will have to live with that mistake for years or decades. B. Innovative approaches usually place less emphasis on the safety of staff members. C. The incarceration rate has decreased so rapidly in recent decades that the design focus should be on adaptability, not innovation. D. Innovative jail and prison designs generally focus on minimum-security facilities, not maximum-security facilities.

A. If the new design is a mistake, the community will have to live with that mistake for years or decades.

The history of American corrections ______. A. is a manifestation of social context and culture B. has been a consistent journey of progress C. swings between extremes like a pendulum D. has been relatively constant and devoid of changes

A. Is a manifestation of social context and culture.

Why is it difficult to implement in-custody programs in most jails? A. Jail populations have so many different needs that it is difficult to serve everyone. B. Most judges believe that in-custody programs belong in prisons, not jails. C. Most sheriffs believe that jail should be solely for punishment, not rehabilitation. D. Most sheriffs believe that jail should be solely for rehabilitation, not punishment.

A. Jail populations have so many different needs that it is difficult to serve everyone.

Which of the following individuals was responsible for establishing the modern form of probation and for creating the presentence investigation report? A. John Augustus B. Cesare Beccaria C. Thorsten Selling D. Austin Turk

A. John Augustus

Realignment is the process of letting ______ systems oversee more of the criminals previously supervised by ______ systems. A. local; state B. state; federal C. federal; local D. state; local

A. Local; State

During the preparation of April's presentence report, Micah noted that April had never had a prior offense and had volunteered to help crime victims. These observations can be seen as ______. A. mitigating factors B. aggravating factors C. plea bargains D. determinate sentences

A. Mitigating factors

In the 17th century, the army was seen as a ______ due to the use of criminals in military service. A. penal sanction B. death sentence C. debtor's prison D. police force

A. Penal sanction

The best example of deterrence would be ______. A. publicizing a mandatory sentence for drunk driving B. teaching inmates how to do coding on computers C. decreasing the funding of crime prevention programs D. forcing a criminal to share the pain felt by their victims

A. Publicizing a mandatory sentence for drunk driving.

In 1841, John Augustus convinced a Boston court to ______. A. put a man charged with public drunkenness in his care instead of in jail B. sentence a man charged with public drunkenness to 5 years of hard labor C. allow a man charged with public drunkenness to put up bail D. enroll a man charged with public drunkenness into a rehabilitation group

A. Put a man charged with public drunkenness in his care instead of in jail.

Currently, the scientific community is more supportive of the idea that ______. A. rehabilitation programs help reduce crime B. solitary confinement helps reform prisoners C. mass incarceration improves society D. incarceration is most effective with young prisoners

A. Rehabilitation programs help reduce crime

Zebulon Brockway felt that criminals ______. A. should be classified into various categories B. needed concrete sentence terms C. should all be treated the same way D. were harmed by physical punishments

A. Should be classified into various categories.

Which of the following is a component that can affect a probation officer's workload? A. size and resources of the department B. officer's dedication C. officer's physical agility D. whether the officer investigates or supervises

A. Size and resources of the department

How did the Industrial Revolution affect the penal system? A. the need for inmate labor decreased B. prison populations increased C. prison conditions improved D. the profitability of prison labor increased

A. The need for inmate labor decreased.

What is the advantage of dormitory-style housing for jails? A. They are less expensive to build than pods are. B. They make it easy for custodial officers to conduct intermittent surveillance. C. Dorm-style jails are safer for inmates and staffers. D. Dorm-style jails mean that fewer infections are transmitted.

A. They are less expensive to build than pods are.

What influence do most jails have on their communities? A. They are sources of jobs in the public sector (working at the jail) and the private sector (working as lawyers or for bail bond businesses). B. They depress the local job market because they take up so much prime real estate and because few businesses are willing to be near them. C. They lead to decreased funding from the county, city, state, and federal governments. D. They keep away violence, racial tensions, and generational cycles of crime.

A. They are sources of jobs in the public sector (working at the jail) and the private sector (working as lawyers or for bail bond businesses)

Which of these is a conclusion you can draw about most jails in the United States? A. They depend on their own inmates for most of their funding. B. They are near population centers. C. Most jails depend on overseas income for much of their funding. D. Most jails are located in isolated, rural areas.

A. They depend on their own inmates for most of their funding.

Which of these is an argument against in-custody programs? A. They use funding that could be used for guards and for building upkeep. B. In-custody programs are harshly punitive. C. They are available only in jails, not in prisons. D. They are available only to long-term inmates, not to short-term inmates.

A. They use funding that could be used for guards and for building upkeep.

How did the attitudes surrounding prison reform affect state mental hospitals in the 1960s? A. They were downsized. B. More of them were built. C. They were moved into the prisons. D. Their funding was increased.

A. They were downsized.

Deterrence theory is ______. A. thought to be preventative rather than reactive B. less effective for white-collar workers C. unrelated to retributive justice D. more effective for those who have mental issues

A. Thought to be preventative rather than reactive

Under Quaker leadership, prisoners ______. A. were kept alone in their cells B. worked in the farm fields C. did everything in large support groups D. had to build churches and meeting houses

A. Were kept alone in their cells.

The number of probation agencies in the United States is more than ______. A. 1,000 B. 2,000 C. 3,000 D. 4,000

B. 2,000

You are a lawyer representing a client convicted of a felony. The judge sentences your client to 1 year and 1 day of incarceration. Where will your client most likely serve her sentence? A. a jail B. a prison C. a halfway house D. under house arrest

B. A prison

House arrest and electronic monitoring are ______. A. forms of incarceration B. alternatives to incarceration C. forms of judicial reprieve D. alternatives to judicial reprieve

B. Alternatives to incarceration

Which of the following led to an increase of the law enforcement perspective on probation? A. a decrease in prison overcrowding B. an increase in prison overcrowding C. a decrease in violent crime D. an increase in violent crime

B. An increase in prison overcrowding

During the later Middle Ages, punishment for crimes ______. A. consisted primarily of imprisonment B. became increasingly violent and brutal C. excluded methods that caused physical pain D. took the form of economic compensation

B. Became increasingly violent and brutal.

Which communities in the United States have been most affected by differential punishment in sentencing policies? A. middle-class communities B. communities of color C. wealthy communities D. communities of Whites

B. Communities of color

Which of the following is an example of risk assessments that are conducted at intake? A. financial resources B. criminal history C. family history of illness D. family history of mental health disorders

B. Criminal history

Which of these is a common problem in U.S. jails? A. too many available beds B. dilapidated buildings causing dangers to inmates and staff C. a very high percentage of accused people making bail D. "pod" design that puts inmates, guards, and other staffers at risk

B. Dilapidated buildings causing dangers to inmates and staff

Discharging a person from custody or supervision prior to completion of original sentence is called ______ release. A. probational B. early C. caseload D. clemency

B. Early

You are a jail guard and you find out that the court has remanded the prisoner you have just transported. What do you do? A. alert the court's bailiff that the prisoner has escaped custody B. escort the prisoner back to jail so he can wait for his trial date to arrive C. tell the prisoner that he is free to go but must arrive in court for his trial date D. explain to the prisoner that the judge has found him in contempt of court

B. Escort the prisoner back to jail so he can wait for his trial date to arrive.

A ______ is an official statement of complaint about wrong done to a person that may be filed by prisoners who are contesting the infringements of their rights. A. litmus test B. grievance C. jurisdiction D. violation

B. Grievance

Which of the following is considered after sentencing and during the probation officer's first meeting with the lawbreaker? A. the offender's transportation B. how the offender will stay in contact C. the clothes the offender will wear D. when the offender will return to custody

B. How the offender will stay in contact.

The purpose of ______ is to prevent crime by removing the offender from the community and by placing them in custody via jail or prison time. A. deterrence B. incapacitation C. retribution D. jurisdiction

B. Incapacitation

Jail and prison populations usually come from ______. A. wealthy communities B. inner-city communities C. cities with low unemployment D. places with high educational levels

B. Inner-city communities

The practice of solitary confinement was ______. A. attributed to the Mormons B. originally justified on religious grounds C. unaffected by economic forces D. known as the Auburn System

B. Originally justified on religious grounds.

Which of the following factors determines the quality of the supervision or the rate of recidivism? A. pay rate of the probation officer B. probation officers' training C. income of the offender D. age of the probation officer

B. Probation officers' training

What can researchers measure to evaluate the effectiveness of probation? A. early release rates and recidivism rates B. recidivism rates and crime rates C. early release rates and crime rates D. early release rates and split sentence rates

B. Recidivism rates and crime rates

Quakers believed prisoners would find moral redemption through ______. A. hard work B. religious contemplation C. physical torture D. group cooperation

B. Religious contemplation

The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice (1967) attempted to ______. A. increase mandatory sentences for most criminal offenses B. replace incarceration with community-based sanctions C. limit funding for nonpunitive approaches to corrections D. model the federal penal system after prisons in the South

B. Replace incarceration with community-based sanctions.

What is the ideal outcome for most advocates of incarceration alternatives? A. generate as much revenue as possible for local government B. reserve jails and prisons for the most dangerous criminals C. reduce the number of senior citizens in jails and prisons D. release mentally ill people back into the community

B. Reserve jails and prisons for the most dangerous criminals.

______ implies that offenders have to pay for the wrong they have done to their victims and society. A. Deterrence B. Retribution C. Incapacitation D. Rehabilitation

B. Retribution

The appropriate penal response to the offender after a conviction is known as a ______. A. demerit B. sentence C. deliberation D. disparity

B. Sentence

Structured sentencing states use a table that looks at the ______. A. defendant's income and education B. severity of the crime and the defendant's previous record C. age of the victim and the victim's relationship with the defendant D. defendant's attitude and health

B. Severity of the crime and the defendant's previous record.

Which of the following is a common type of specialized caseload? A. parking ticket offenders B. sex offenders C. petty theft offenders D. jaywalking offenders

B. Sex offenders

In most of the United States, who runs jails? A. chiefs of police B. sheriffs C. the state's governor D. CEOs of for-profit companies

B. Sheriffs

In the criminal justice system, ______. A. state and local jurisdictions are of equal power B. state laws have more authority than local ones C. local laws have more authority than state ones D. state and local jurisdictions do not interact

B. State laws have more authority than local ones.

How did the Civil War influence prison work enterprises? A. The need for goods from prisons dropped because nobody could afford them. B. There was an increased need for prisoners to produce goods for soldiers. C. Manufacturing was stopped so prisoners could fight in the war. D. Prisoners refused to work because most of them sympathized with the South.

B. There was an increased need for prisoners to produce goods for soldiers.

Which of these programs begins planning for a person's release as soon as he or she begins a term in custody? A. Moral Recognition Therapy B. Transition Accountability Plan C. Resolve to Stop the Violence Project D. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

B. Transition Accountability Plan

Which of the following is true about presentence reports? A. Interviews are confined to witnesses and family members of those involved in the crime. B. Unlike an actual trial, hearsay evidence can be collected and included in the reports. C. The defendant has the right to personally confront and refute the testimony of interviewees. D. The defendant's medical information is protected by privacy laws and cannot be included

B. Unlike an actual trial, hearsay evidence can be collected and included in the reports.

Sentencing laws in the United States ______. A. are uniform throughout the states B. vary widely between states C. are imposed by the federal government D. have remained unchanged since World War II

B. Vary widely between states

The Federal Bureau of Investigation was created in which year? A. 1776 B. 1860 C. 1929 D. 1964

C. 1929

Evan Spencer Ebel, who shot and killed a director of corrections, was released from prison ______. A. through a pardon by the man he shot B. after satisfactorily serving his full sentence without incident C. 4 years early due to mistakes in the corrections system D. several years early because of good behavior

C. 4 years early due to mistakes in the corrections system.

Once an individual is booked, he or she has permission to call which of the following? A. jail staff members B. prosecuting attorney C. bail bondsman D. the judge who will decide his or her case

C. Bail bondsman

The practice of "transportation" ______. A. prevented convicts from leaving their home regions B. created labor shortages in colonies C. became the primary penalty for property crimes D. led to serious prison overpopulation

C. Became the primary penalty for property crimes.

Restorative justice allows ______. A. prisons to keep violent offenders incarcerated beyond their initial sentences B. victims to seek a level of revenge that exceeds the harm done to them C. criminals to have a route back to being a beneficial part of society D. judges to ignore the recommendations of the parole board and prosecution

C. Criminals to have a route back to being a beneficial part of society.

Which is the best description of jail administration? A. centrally run by the federal government B. centrally run by state governments C. divided among counties and cities D. divided among states and the federal government

C. Divided among countries and cities.

Incarcerated offenders often need which of the following services? A. contempt of court appeals B. recognizance treatment C. educational programs D. assistance absconding

C. Educational programs

The roots of probation most likely go back to ______. A. England of the 1100s B. France of the 1100s C. England of the 1200s D. France of the 1200s

C. England of the 1200s

The 1960s were the beginning of attempts to ______. A. use inmates to earn a profit B. eliminate the rights of inmates C. give constitutional protections to inmates D. classify inmates by their personality types

C. Give constitutional protections to inmates.

Which of the following is true about sentencing? A. It is protected from politicization. B. It is straightforward and easily understood. C. It is complicated and truly understood only by insiders. D. It is understood by legislators better than prosecutors.

C. It is complicated and truly understood only be insiders.

The actual sentencing of an offender is done by a ______. A. district attorney B. defense attorney C. judge D. jury

C. Judge

Studies have shown the most beneficial overall approach to incarceration involves ______. A. locking up everyone who commits a crime B. avoiding locking up anyone C. locking up only the most violent and worst offenders D. avoiding locking up females

C. Locking up only the most violent and worst offenders.

Which of these factors has played the biggest role in limiting monetary bail reform? A. Most defendants who post bail are dangerous to the community. B. The average person does not believe that bail should be an option for defendants. C. Many court systems rely on bail as a source of operating income. D. Many religious groups support the concept of monetary bail.

C. Many court systems rely on bail as a source of operating income.

Recently, the public has expressed a desire to see corrections actions that are based on ______. A. victims receiving the maximum amount of retribution B. removing the greatest number of troublemakers from society C. methods proven by research to be effective D. generating revenue from the criminals

C. Methods proven by research to be effective.

Which of the following factors constitutes a technical violation? A. paying restitution B. going to class C. missing work D. paying court-ordered fines

C. Missing work

Why is it difficult to collect information on jail populations? A. Many states do not keep track of prison data. B. Each state has its own way of keeping track of jail data. C. No one person or agency tracks all jail data. D. The federal government publishes standardized data on jail populations.

C. No one person or agency tracks all jail data

While creating the presentence report, ______. A. police are required to interview the family of the defendant B. defense attorneys may not have direct contact with the defendant C. probation officers are allowed to interview the defendant's employers D. prosecutors must exclude prior offenses if a sentence has been served

C. Probation officers are allowed to interview the defendant's employers

Which of the following staff are responsible for preparing the presentence reports? A. prosecutors B. judges C. probation workers D. district attorneys

C. Probation workers

Probation focuses on ______. A. incapacitation B. exclusion C. rehabilitation D. retributive justice

C. Rehabilitation

In corrections, the term "incapacitation" refers to ______. A. educational training B. getting revenge C. restricting freedom D. the death penalty

C. Restricting freedom

Deterrence theory is closely related to which of the following theories? A. incapacitation B. rehabilitation C. retributive justice D. restorative justice

C. Retributive justice

What is the difference between a jail's pretrial and posttrial populations? A. Most of the pretrial population is covered by "sight and sound" rules. B. The posttrial population is eligible for bail. C. The pretrial population is presumed innocent. D. The posttrial population is presumed innocent.

C. The pretrial population is presumed innocent.

The level of incarceration at the end of the last century ______. A. boosted public support for the penal system B. promoted respect for civil rights in the penal system C. weakened public trust of the penal system D. decreased violence within the penal system

C. Weakened public trust of the penal system

In 2014, the average length of probation was ______ months. A. 10 B. 15 C. 18 D. 22

D. 22

Which of the following is a criminogenic need that is likely to be measured during a risk assessment? A. gender identification B. ethnic background C. low ambition D. antisocial behavior

D. Antisocial behavior

If risk and needs assessment tools are going to work, they need to ______. A. come directly from a judge B. dispute conventional wisdom C. take a highly unstructured form D. be proven with empirical studies

D. Be proven with empirical studies

In cases where judges can use their own discretion in sentencing, presentence reports ______. A. are thrown out because strict codes must be followed B. provide recommendations followed nearly half of the time C. are seldom considered unless it is a unique case D. carry a great deal of weight in the judge's decision

D. Carry a great deal of weight in the judge's decision.

During the 1960s, the state of Massachusetts ______. A. moved juvenile offenders to adult prisons B. expanded its prisons to house the mentally ill C. shut down all its prisons and jails D. closed all juvenile detention facilities

D. Closed all juvenile detention facilities.

California has ______ sentencing laws. A. undefined B. locally defined C. indeterminate D. determinate

D. Determinate

Methods that have been proven to be effective through rigorous and quantitative analysis are called ______. A. prosocial procedures B. case management practices C. due process procedures D. evidence-based practices

D. Evidence-based practices

Which of the following is a behavior that would commonly cause a technical violation? A. keeping appointments with the probation officer B. attending services mandated by the court C. informing a probation officer about a residence change D. failing a periodic drug test

D. Failing a periodic drug test

Which of the following is an accurate statement about the rehabilitative approach to probation? A. It stressed detecting criminal violations. B. It increased harsher sentencing. C. It emphasized safeguarding public safety. D. It guided lawbreakers toward a prosocial lifestyle.

D. It guided lawbreakers toward a prosocial lifestyle.

Which of the following was true of galley slavery? A. Inmates served in this role for periods of 1 year at a time. B. It was replaced by the death penalty for economic reasons. C. Inmates requested it because conditions were better than in prisons. D. It was a source of labor for a dangerous and undesirable job.

D. It was a source of labor for a dangerous and undesirable job.

Accelerating incarceration rates at the end of the last century led to ______. A. racial reconciliation in prisons B. fewer drug violations C. higher violent crime rates D. prison riots

D. Prison riots

Quaker leaders believed prisoners ______. A. did not deserve to read the Bible B. needed social stimulation to be reformed C. must have a job to be pure D. should be protected from each other's influence

D. Should be protected from each other's influence.

States with defined sentences base those sentences on ______. A. legislators B. jury recommendations C. sentencing commissions D. statutes

D. Statutes

In the U.S. legal hierarchy, which of the following is considered the highest federal court? A. circuit court B. appellate court C. family court D. U.S. Supreme Court

D. U.S. Supreme Court

During much of the 1900s, prisoners in agricultural states were ______. A. used to protect union members from ruthless farmers B. employed by farmers to keep minorities from working on their farms C. given membership in unions to make unions stronger D. used to pick crops to defeat farm unions during strikes

D. Used to pick crops to defeat farm unions during strikes.