Corrections Midterm

on average, prison inmates cost the federal government __________ a year a. $20,000 b. $30,000 c. $40,000 d. $50,000

a. $20,000

there are _________ inmates held in military prisons a. 1,400 b. 5,830 c. 12,130 d. 18,700

a. 1,400

attorney general jeff sessions indicated ____________ a. an interest in trying to rehabilitate violent offenders b. a desire to seek longer sentences for offenders c. a renewed interest in community corrections d. an emphasis on private prisons

a. an interest in trying to rehabilitate violent offenders

which model emphasizes community protection from criminals and stresses that civil liberty can only have real meaning in a safe well ordered society? a. crime control model b. due process model c. retribution model d. restorative model

a. crime control model

one way in which jails are attempting to deal with the challenges of mentally ill inmates is ________ a. crisis intervention training b. group therapy c. psychiatric medication d. religious programming

a. crisis intervention training

the number of minorities in jail populations may be decreasing due to _______ a. decriminalization/legalization of marijuana in some states b. the widespread adoption of truth in sentencing laws c. a large drop in unemployment rates during the last decade d. a great awareness of bias in police practices

a. decriminalization/legalization of marijuana in some states

which justification for punishment focuses on both actual and potential offenders? a. deterrence b. retribution c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation

a. deterrence

___________ involves right or wrong behavior on the job a. ethics b. turnover c. the use of force d. abuse of power

a. ethics

the capacity of jails to house inmates _______ a. has never been worse b. has never been better c. has remained stable over the last 5 decades d. continues to decrease

a. has never been worse

parole is different from probation as it __________ a. is an administrative function b. is a judicial function c. is dependent entirely on the goof time an offender earns d. involves a formal legal trial to determine guilt or innocence

a. is an administrative function

the first jail in american was located in _________ a. jamestown, virginia b. philidephia, pennsylvania c. ossining, new york d. barnstable, mass

a. jamestown, virginia

research indicated that the general public views jails as _______ a. more punitive that prisons b. less punitive than prisons c. more effective than prisons d. less effective than prisons

a. more punitive than prisons

studies find that "experienced offenders" _____________ a. prefer prison time b. prefer probation c. prefer parole d. have no preference for punishment

a. prefer prison time

according to durkheim, rituals of punishment function to ________ a. reaffirm the justness of social norms b. reduce solidarity c. inhibit the formation of close social bonds d. undermine social norms

a. reaffirm the justness of social norms

parole in the US is the practice of ____________ a. releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence b. releasing convicted criminals from prison after the completion of their full sentence c. allowing individuals to serve the totality of their sentence in the community d. revising the sentences of convicted criminals during their incarceration in prison

a. releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence

one of the benefits of probation is that the offender ____________ a. stays in the community and continues to pay taxes b. is exposed to hardened criminals c. severs harmful family ties d. receives inexpensive medical treatment

a. stays in the community and continues to pay taxes

which of the following nations has the highest incarceration rate? a. the US b. Chile c. Canada d. Japan

a. the US

jails in the US are full of _________ a. the homeless b. white collar criminals c. illegal aliens d. tax evaders

a. the homeless

prison populations are declining in some areas because of ___________ a. the legalization of marijuana b. mandatory determinate sentencing c. changes in bureau of statistics guidelines d. a reduction in the use of probation

a. the legalization of marijuana

the primary reason for the increase in the minority population in jail is _______ a. the war on drugs b. immigration c. racial profiling by police and courts d. an increase in minority criminal activity

a. the war on drugs

what is the best explanation for the lack of female offenders in the criminal justice system today? a. they engage in fewer street crimes that would lead to incarceration b. they are less likely to engage in drug related crimes c. they are less likely to commit capital offenses

a. they engage in fewer street crimes that would lead to incarceration

the racial ethnic group with the largest numbers in jail is __________ a. white non hispanics b. black non hispanics c. hispanics of any race d. asian americans

a. white non hispanics

according to the bureau of justice statistics, african americans are ______ times more likely than hispanics to be in jail a. two b. three c. four d. five

b three

there are about ________ jails in the US a. 1,700 b. 2,900 c. 4,100 d. 5,800

b. 2,900

overall about _______ of federal inmates are in private prisons a. 10% b. 20% c. 30% d. 40%

b. 20%

one in _______ parolees will leave with no parole supervision a. 10 b. 5 c. 3 d. 2

b. 5

as many as ______ of women in custody have experienced sexual abuse prior to incarceration a. 25% b. 60% c. 75% d. 100%

b. 60%

proportionate to population, which racial ethnic group is most likely to be incarcerated in american jails? a. white non hispanics b. black non hispanics c. hispanics of any race d. asian americans

b. black non hispanics

a general continuum of correctional professionalism across the field in relation to pay, from most professionalized to least would like be ____________ a. jail, community corrections, public prisons b. community corrections, public prisons, jails c. public prisons, jail, community corrections d. community corrections, jail, public prisons

b. community corrections, public prisons, jails

according to the classical school, which of the following is not an element of effective punishment? a. severity b. fairness c. certainty d. swiftness

b. fairness

jails _______ a. will become obsolete in the next few decades b. hold multifaceted and critical roles in communities c. have been very well maintained d. are operated by the federal government in the US

b. hold multifaceted and critical roles in communities

jails were originally developed to __________ a. punish wrongdoers b. hold the accused for trial c. prevent rebellion d. house the mentally ill

b. hold the accused for trial

with regard to inmates with mental health problems, _____________ a. prisons experience higher percentages than jails b. jails experience higher percentages than prisons c. prisons and jails experience comparable numbers d. prisons experience higher percentages for males but jails experience higher percentages for females

b. jails experience higher percentages than prisons

an unintended consequence of get tough laws is __________ a. a reduction of funding for local jails b. less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space c. less programming available for mentally ill inmates d. fewer correctional officers because funds are earmarked for patrol officers

b. less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space

by design, prisons are intended to house __________ a. only serious offenders b. long term offenders c. individuals accused of a crime d. juvenile delinquents

b. long term offenders

__________ was passed in reaction to a paroled sex offenders raping and killing a 7 year old girl in new jersey in 1994 a. jessica's law b. megan's law c. amanda's law d. heather's law

b. megan's law

in 2004, _________ a. probationers had a higher rate of successful completion than parolees b. parolees has a higher rate of successful completion than probationers c. probationers and parolees had nearly equal rates of successful completion d. neither probations nor parolees had successful completion rates

b. parolees has a higher rate of successful completion than probationers

the belief that human behavior is caused by forces outside an individual's control is associated with ________ a. the classical school b. positivism c. utilitarianism d. the due process model

b. positivism

the term probation comes from a latin word meaning to _________ a. promise b. prove c. provide d. probe

b. prove

in terms of corrections, imprisonment almost always results in ________ a. recidivism b. reentry c. rehabilitation d. retribution

b. reentry

long term trends over the last 25 years indicate that the number of women in jails has _________ a. increased at the same rate as the number of men b. stayed the same c. decreased d. decreased at the same rate as the number of men

b. stayed the same

upon receiving probation, an offender's sentence is ______________ a. suspended for a set period of time b. suspended pending good behavior c. commuted d. delayed for a limited period

b. suspended pending good behavior

the due process model emphasizes __________ a. the rights of the community b. the rights of the accused c. balancing the rights of all parties involved d. the rights of law enforcement officers

b. the rights of the accused

penology is _________ a. functions carried out by government agencies having to do with the punishment of criminals b. the study of the processes adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime c. an attempt to control crime through the threat of punishment d. the study of the nature and extent of crime

b. the study of the processes adopted for the punishment and prevention of crime

which of the following is a characteristic of a supermax prison? a. inmates are not allowed any exercise time b. there are few rehabilitation programs c. inmates are confined to windowless cells two hours a day d. meals are eaten in small groups of three to five inmates

b. there are few rehabilitation programs

police officers at both the state and local levels are paid almost ______ more per year than correctional officers a. $2,500 b. $7,000 c. $20,000 d. $40,000

c. $20,000

in which year did the incarceration rate peak? a. 1991 b. 1998 c. 2007 d. 2013

c. 2007

according to the bureau of labor statistics, in 2015 about ______ of correctional officer jobs in jails and prisons were held by women a. 5% b. 15% c. 25% d. 35%

c. 25%

nationwide, approximately 33% of former prisoners reoffend within what time period? a. 1 year b. 3 years c. 6 months d. 2 weeks

c. 6 months

about _______ of all women have custody of children at the time of their incarceration a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%

c. 70%

imprisonment is _____ times more expensive for taxpayers than probation a. 3 b. 6 c. 9 d. 12

c. 9

the first supermax prison in the US was in ____________ a. marion, illinois b. attica, new york c. alcatraz, california d. florence, colorado

c. alcatraz, california

a concurrent sentence involves ________ a. a range of years to be determined by the convict's behavior b. a fixed number of years that must be served c. all separate sentences being served at the same time d. all separate sentences being served sequentially

c. all separate sentences being served at the same time

inmates in minimum security prisons are usually ____________ a. not members of minority groups b. white collar offenders c. close to a release date d. nonviolent

c. close to a release date

functions carried out by government agencies dealing with individuals who have been convicted or accused of crimes are called _________ a. criminology b. penology c. corrections d. deterrence

c. corrections

the vast majority of jails are operated by ________ a. private companies b. the federal government c. county sheriffs d. state governments

c. county sheriffs

the idea that offenders are not to be trusted and should be constrained is associated with ________ a. deterrence b. retribution c. incapacitation d. rehabilitation

c. incapacitation

which of the following accurately describes recidivism? a. attempts to use correctional supervision to help criminals reenter society b. is a philosophy of punishment driven by a passion for revenge c. involves an offender committing additional crimes after being punished d. sees human behavior based on a cost/benefit analysis

c. involves an offender committing additional crimes after being punished

what was the fist type of correctional facility to develop? a. day reporting centers b. prisons c. jails d. bridewells

c. jails

the war on drugs has lead to an increase in the population of ________ in jails a. wrongfully accused persons b. drug buyers c. low level drug sellers d. drug kingpins

c. low level drug sellers

research suggests that the most common type of mental illness among jail inmates in ___________ a. mood disorder b. psychotic disorder c. mania d. depression

c. mania

according to the text, the primary responsibility of the government of any country is to _________ a. build and fund a strong standing army b. establish a police force with the authority to use discretion when conducting arrests c. protect its citizens from those who would harm them d. write legislation dictating what is and what is not lawful behavior

c. protect its citizens from those who would harm them

_________ is the state of having good sense and sound judgment a. hedonism b. positivism c. rationality d. anomie

c. rationality

one of the reasons that women and girls were removed from facilities for men in the 1800s and 1900s was ____________ a. the cost of housing b. public opposition to incarcerating women c. sexual abuse by male staff and inmates d. a large drop in the number of female inmates

c. sexual abuse by males staff and inamtes

the general public tends to have a negative view of probation because they think it is __________ a. too expensive b. not effectove c. soft on crime d. dangerous

c. soft on crime

historically, correctional institutions have classified transgender inmates by _________ a. staff preference b. the gender identity of the inmate c. the genitalia of the inmate d. the available space to house the inmate

c. the genitalia of the inmate

_________, the greater the chance of his or her success while on parole a. the younger the offender b. the more educated the offender c. the less time the offender spent in prison d. the older the offender

c. the less time the offender spent in prison

the term parole comes from a french phrase that means __________ a. under great supervision b. the second chance c. word of honor d. renewed promise

c. word of honor

it costs approximately _______ a year to house someone in a supermax prison a. $20,000 b. $30,000 c. $40,000 d. $50,000

d. $50,000

in 2013, women comprised of about _______ of jail inmates a. 2% b. 8% c. 10% d. 14% e. 24%

d. 14%

according to a recent bureau of justice statistics report, about ______ of all state level parole agency staff are women a. 20% b. 30% c. 40% d. 50%

d. 50%

what percentage of jail inmates have not been convicted of the crime they are being held for? a. 25% b. 42% c. 51% d. 60%

d. 60%

what percentage of jail inmates have mental health problems? a. 12% b. 26% c. 47% d. 64%

d. 64%

in 2014, on average, jails were operating at ________ capacity a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%

d. 80%

about ________ of all sentences handed down by US courts are probation orders a. 60% b. 70% c. 80% d. 90%

d. 90%

according to the US Marshal services, ______ of all people in the witness protection program are criminals a. 17% b. 42% c. 68% d. 95%

d. 95%

which of the following nations has the lowest incarceration rate? a. the US b. Chile c. Canada d. Japan

d. Japan

what is more likely to occur in environments where administrators do not supervise staff closely enough and inmates have little or no ability to contact the outside? a. ethics b. turnover c. the use of force d. abuse of power

d. abuse of power

there has been a recent decline in the numbers of __________ in jail a. women b. juveniles c. whites d. african americans and hispanics

d. african americans and hispanics

a consecutive sentence involves _______ a. a range of years to be determined by the convict's behavior b. a fixed number of years that must be served c. all separate sentences being served at the same time d. all separate sentences being served sequentially

d. all separate sentences being served sequentially

since 2008, the number of probationers has ______________ a. stayed the same b. increased over 30% c. decreased over 30% d. decreased slightly

d. decreased slightly

the study of right and wrong is called ________ a. teleology b. deontology c. philosophy d. ethics

d. ethics

corrections serves which primary functions for accused and convicted individuals? a. management, job placement, drug counseling, and housing services b. investigation, accusation, defense, and treatment c. punishment, counseling, tracking, and coaching d. management, punishment, supervision, and treatment

d. management, punishment, supervision, and treatment

when bringing a lawsuit against jails and prisons, an offender is most likely to win cases when the claim involves ________ a. sexual abuse b. poor diet c. inadequate healthcare d. overcrowding

d. overcrowding

_________ is the most recently identified objective of the practice of punishment a. rehabilitation b. retribution c. incapacitation d. reintegration

d. reintegration

incapacitation works as a form of _________ while offenders are incarcerated a. punitive deterrence b. general defense c. social deterrence d. social defense

d. social defense

overcrowding occurs when the number of inmates exceeds _______ a. the capacity of staff to supervise them properly b. state guidelines c. federal guidelines d. the available physical capacity

d. the available physical capacity

research finds that __________ are more likely that other inmates to be sexually victimized in jail a. drug addicts b. whites c. the homeless d. the mentally ill

d. the mentally ill

the incapacitation perspective on punishment views offenders as ________ a. generally good people who have made bad decisions b. mentally ill patients who need treatment c. rational beings who weighed the costs and benefits of their crime d. wicked people who need to be separated from innocent people

d. wicked people who need to be separated from innocent people