COUC 504 week 3

generosity

"whatever belongs to the individual also belongs to the group," and vice versa.

Cultural Conflict Related to Multiethnic/Multicultural Identity

(Alika story) -Hawaiians are overrepresented in negative indices of health, education, and crime -Native Hawaiian students in 8th to 12th grade use more tobacco, alcohol, and other drugs than any other ethnic group in Hawai'i. -only half of people who reside in the state complete high school; only 15% graduate college -Native Hawaiians are among those with the highest rates of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer-related deaths in the United States. -make up 39% of inmate population in the state (more than any other ethnic group) -struggle with having to "choose identities" and never feeling a sense of belonging to any of their racial/ ethnic communities -some Native Hawaiians who are raised away from Hawai'i and who lack knowledge of or, especially, direct experience with their own indigenous cultural practices sometimes reject or distance themselves from their Hawaiian heritage -internalized oppression is a survival mechanism

5 stages of U.S. government policy leading to the state of tribal sovereignty currently experienced by Native tribes

(a) the removal period (1600s to 1840s), characterized by the saying, "The only good Indian is a dead Indian"; (b) the reservation period (1860 to 1920s), characterized by the saying, "Kill the Indian, but save the man"; (c) the reorganization period (1930s to 1950s) with schools allowed on reservations; (d) the termination period (1950s to 1960s) with Relocation Programs intended to achieve sociocultural integration to end depend-ence on the federal government (resulting in the sale of huge parcels of Native lands and increased poverty); and (e) the self-determination period (1975 to the present) with increased tribal sovereignty following a period of Native activism, referred to as "Red Power."

Cultural Conflict between Traditional and Contemporary Belief Systems

(peter's story) -Sexual and gender identity development is a critical issue for teens, and particularly for Native Hawaiians who traditionally were much more tolerant of sex and gender variability than those of many other cultures -mahu, Hawaiian for transgendered (is accepted by Hawaiian families)

male gender role conflict (male GRC) page 136

- term used to describe a theory of understanding how traditional gender role socialization can result in negative consequences for men who remain rigid in changing circumstances -4 patterns of male GRC (a) success, power, and competition; (b) conflict between work and family relationships; (c) restricted emotionality; and (d) restricted affectionate behavior between men

indigenous way of knowing

-"a multidimen-sional body of lived experiences that informs and sustains people who make their homes in a local area and always takes into account the current sociopolitical colonial power dimensions of the Western world" -"three central features within Indigenous knowledge forms that have both political and curricular implications: many Indigenous/tribal cultures related harmoniously to their environment; experienced colonization, and provided an alter-native perspective on human experience that differed from Western empirical science"

STRUCTURE, VALUES, AND TRADITIONSOF HAWAIIAN FAMILIES

-"ohana" has origins from taro plant -indigenous plant of Hawai'i, taro (kalo) is one of the few edible sources from which the emerging shoots, or 'oha, sprout from the mature corm, or makua, which is also the Hawaiian word for "parent. -symbolic meaning of the family as a collective that gives life, nourishment, and support for the growth and prosperity of blood relatives as well as extended family, those joined in marriage, adopted children or adults, and ancestors living and deceased -the emphasis on the family is inherently linked to the necessity for and significance of the connection between people, not only to those who are biologically related, but to the community of Native Hawaiians as a people -foundation of family is children and their relationship with elders, ancestors, and physical and spiritual surroundings -core values are aloha (love and affinity), mlama (care), kokua (help, aid), lkahi (unity, connection), lokomaika'i(generosity), ha'aha'a (humility), ho'omana (spirituality), and pono (righteousness or "right") -families function in a well defined structure -older Hawaiians were viewed as more deserving of respect than the younger generations, Hawaiians of royal lineage were accorded higher status than commoners, and males and females were assigned distinct roles and tasks in family and social life -open attitudes toward sexuality -sex and mating with blood kin was not only allowed but preferred among members of the royal class -could have more than one partner if everyone agreed -caring for family members over lifespan is valued

CRITICAL ISSUES IN INTERVENTIONWITH KANAKA MAOLI FAMILIES

-2 requirements in intervention: (1) to have a working knowledge of the key events in the history of the Kanaka Moli and the islands of Hawai'i as unique cultural and geographic entities (2) acknowledge the importance of Hawaiian values and traditions to which most Kanaka Moli have access, whether or not they actively believe in or practice them

Historical resistance to sexism: the feminist movement

-3 waves of feminism (1)focused primarily on suffrage and suffrage-related issues, (2) obtaining the right to vote for women (the Nineteenth Amendment) and proposed the Equal Rights Amendment (white movement, didnt touch on racism and excluded LGBTQ), (3) third wave of feminism attempted to correct the absence of these voices: young people in particular highlighted issues important to women of color and queer people -womanism can be used as a theoretical framework to address the intersections of identity for women of color.

African Americans

-African-American families may endorse more matriarchal norms, with women's roles described as those of strength and resourcefulness -African-American women are 35% more likely to experience intimate partner violence than are White women -African-American women must also contend with the "superwoman" perception, in which they are believed to be strong and able to withstand any obstacle or handle any situation

American Indian genocide

-During the 1950s and 1960s the federal government developed a termination and relocation plan, taking many Indians from their homes and families and relocating them to urban centers -suicide, violence, and homicide all increased to epidemic proportions. School dropout rates, teen pregnancies and high rates of unemployment all became markers of a legacy of trauma experienced throughout this country by Indian people -whites victimize native americans

American Indian Tribal identity

-Each tribe's customs and values are critical to individual identity and affect family dynamics -think in "we" terms, not "I" -all tribes have distinct world views and practices -diversity can lead to conflict -Each nation has legends about its own warriors, heroes, medicine men, and medicine women.

American Indian communal sharing

-Indians accord great respect to those who give the most to other individuals and families, and then to the band, tribe, or community -notion of sharing can make it hard for business to succeed on tribal land -families share liquid assets

American Indian The Spiritual Relationship of Man and Nature

-Mitakuye Oyasin, Lakota for "To all my relations," is a salutation and a saying one commonly hears at the end of prayer -acknowledges the spiritual bond between the speaker and all people present, affirms the importance of the relationship of the speaker to his or her blood relatives, the forbears' tribe, the family of man, and Mother Nature. It bespeaks a life-affirming philosophy that all life forces are valuable and interdependent -sacred beings may include animals, plants, mountains, and bodies of water

Disordered Eating

-One of the greatest mental health consequences of sexism is disordered eating and a negative body image

history of native Hawaiians

-Polynesian triangle covers 10 million square miles of the eastern Pacific Ocean -composed of three island points, with Hawai'i at the northernmost apex, New Zealand to the west, and Easter Island, or Rapa Nui, in the east -Around 500 A.D., skilled navigators from this island group sailed double-hulled canoes almost 2,000 miles to the north for Hawai'i, guided only by the stars, tides, and their highly advanced knowledge of "wayfaring" passed on orally by their ancestors -Ancient Hawaiian social life centered on a complex cosmology linking human beings, animal and plants, the skies, sea, and land, as well as ancestral spirits, in a holistic existence ruled by gods (akua) and spiritual powers/forces (mana) -after the first foreign arrival to Hawai'i by English explorer Captain James Cook in 1778, exposure to contagious diseases to which the people had no natural immunities reduced the Kanaka Moli population to 40,000 in just 100 years. -Great Mahele of 1848, a single act that many Kanaka Moli historians believe marked the end of Hawaiian self-rule -lost ownership of homesteads, forbidden from fishing, gathering, planting, or engaging in other cultural practices -prohibitions, coupled with the influx of Protestant missionary doctrines in the mid-1800s, resulted in the condemnation and subsequent deterioration of the Kanaka Moli belief systems and traditions so integral to the social stability of Hawaiian life

LIFE BEFORE CONTACT BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANAND EUROPEAN CULTURES

-Prior to any contact with Europeans, the tribes of North America existed with an intact community self-awareness and purpose that included a complete educational system for raising their children -each group lived in isolation from each other, most tribes had a name for themselves in their own languages that -other native groups were not always recognized as people; rather, they were identified as a source of contamination or sometimes as a source of trade goods, slaves, different foods, and other ways of life. Some tribes were more receptive to the cultural ways and innovations of other people -all tribes required that certain skills be mastered before a youth was accepted as an adult member of the tribe (requirements: (1) knowledge of cultural heritage, (2) spiritual/religious practices, and (3) economic survival skills) -Cultural continuity was ensured by the accumulation of stories told each winter as a child grew up -Economic/survival skills were passed on through stories and through direct, hands-on instruction with supervised practice throughout the year

DOCUMENTING OUR HISTORICAL LOSS AND THE DYNAMICS OF UNRESOLVED GRIEF

-at a crossroads, and actively remembering our past and the historic trauma that is our legacy is one way we can recover a happy, healthy, and productive existence as a separate and distinct ethnic/cultural group. -trauma included the destruction of native language and culture (dynamics of unsolved Grief and trauma response listed in text) -within the last two decades that historians have begun to detail the legacy of oppressive and racist federal policies that were aimed at forcibly and nonnegotiably assimilating and/or annihilating the indigenous peoples of the North American continent

Modes of disability

-biomedical model of disability can be defined as a model in which disability or illness occurs as the result of a physical or mental condition. focuses on medical proce-dures, surgeries, diagnostic tests, therapies (physical and/or psychotherapeutic), and assistive or adaptive devices that can be used to help "normalize" the individual with a disability -functional and environmental models interact in a commonsense manner. Their joint thesis is that the environment and how one functions within it can cause or contribute to a disability. -social model focus of this model is on societal barriers and biases against people with disabilities, not on the person, the disability, or the medical condition itself -In comparison with the medical model of disability, which focuses on what is wrong with the person that makes her or him different from others (and creates a need to "fix" the person), the social model of disability focuses on what is wrong with society that makes us view the person as being "different."

THE BOARDING SCHOOL PHENOMENON

-boarding school method of removing the Indian from the child was implemented toward the end of the 1800s -tribal leaders were informed that all Indian children were required to be formally educated, and that this would be accomplished through boarding school -By 1902 a total of 25 Indian boarding schools had been established in 15 states. -aim of this system was twofold: (1) to remove all traces of Indian from the child and (2) to immerse the child totally in Western culture, thought, and tradition -ruthless and inhumaine system -children as young as 5 years of age were separated from their parents and transported far from home -trauma after school was common -process of assimilation (listed in article) -food was scarce, children were overcrowded, and the improper treatment of sick children led to frequent epidemics

NA Humility

-boasting, and attention seeking behavior, are discouraged. -a traditional Native person may drop his or her head and eyes or at least be careful not to look into the eyes of another as a sign of respect for any elder or other honored person.

Cultural Conflictbetween Traditional and Contemporary Helping Approaches

-can be challenging to balance traditional Hawaiian strategies with modern-day approaches -ho'oponopono; Hawaiian family intervention includes a fundamental spiritual overlay, clearly delineated process stages, and well-defined roles and functions for all participant -goal is to address pain and hurt in family members -ideal outcomes is healing, but inability to reconcile can lead to banishment -recently started becoming promoted in clinical settings

IMPLICATIONS FOR TREATMENT

-children who were sent to boarding school institutions became strangers to their parents -makes children not able to connect to western or native culture... makes them confused -experience low self worth, powerless, depression, and alienated from cultural values -mental health professionals can help with framework (4 parts listed in article in ch 3)

American Indian family structure & Obligations

-cousins are all referred to as brother and sister -primary relationship is not the parents, but grandparents -Families make no distinctions between natural and inducted by marriage family members once one marries into an Indian family (no term for in laws) -relationship, not blood, determines family role -individual tribe determines roles and family obligations. -Two-Spirit is the contemporary name for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender Native Americans

Asian American/Pacific Islanders

-cultural norms, particularly the more traditional ones, tend to have quite strict guidelines about acceptable behavior for, and social distance between, men and women -a female (male) client may feel particularly anxious about sharing very personal information with a male (female) counselor

American Indian Demographics

-defining "Indian": by genetic definition—having a certain percentage of Indian blood as established by the Federal Register of the United States; by community recognition—being recognized as Indian by other Indians is paramount, because federal and state governments do not recognize all tribes; by enrollment in a recognized tribe; and by self-declaration, the method used by the Census Bureau. -2.5 million people identified themselves being American Indian, with another 1.6 million reporting they were Indian and of another race -562 federally recognized tribes

understanding gender and related constructs

-early as age 2, children begin to associate certain behaviors with gender -By age 4, children understand that there are certain jobs, toys, and play associated with boys or with girls -At age 6, most children can identify "what boys do" versus "what girls do" -Cisgender describes people who feel that the sex they were assigned at birth is in alignment with their identified gender -transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) describes people whose gender identities and expressions do not fit into societal norms of sex assignment (male, female) and the gender binary (man, woman)

THE MISSIONARY SYSTEM OF ASSIMILATION

-europeans tried to "christianize" the natives -underlying assumption was that Native Americans would fit better with the immigrants' schemes for the New World if they practiced a "real" religion and gave up their savage religious customs -through missionary schools, Indian children lost their languages, their tribal customs and beliefs, and came home strangers to their parents, clans, and tribal communities (still found on reservations) -missionary schools proved to be insufficient as a means of assimilation and annihilation of the tenacious Native American cultures.

NA Harmony

-everything has purpose -number 4 and 7 represent harmony. The number four represents the spirit of each of the directions—east, south, west, and north—usually depicted in a circle. The number seven represents the same four directions as well as the upper world (Sky), lower world (Earth), and center (often referring to the heart, or sacred fire) to symbolize universal harmony and balance (visualized as a sphere)

NA Medicine

-everything is alive -healing and worship are one in the same -medicine, as a Native concept, implies the very essence of our being, or the life force that exists in all creatures on Mother Earth

American Indian therapy issues

-family therapy model "Indian way," consists of extended families and often entire tribal groups working together to resolve problems -When Indian clients enter a clinician's office, they will more likely look for behavioral indications of who the therapist is rather than for a particular diploma on the wall. -must be aware of impact of genocide, understand the differences between the dominant culture and that of American Indian clients, and consider each individual client and family's level of assimilation

counseling people who are TGNC

-genderqueer is an increasingly used term, because it may be more inclusive for some individuals who transgress boundaries of gender identity entirely and may not identify with gender pronouns associated with men, women, and so on (may use they/them pronouns) -intersex are grouped into discussions about people who are TGNC. People who are intersex are those who have variations of reproductive or sexual anatomy that do not fit into the socially constructed definitions of male (XX chromosomes) and female (XY chromosomes) and do not identify with TGNC people -People who are TGNC also experience employment discrimination and no access to health care, as well as high rates of homelessness, poverty, and education discrimination

LIFE AFTER CONTACT BETWEEN NATIVE AMERICANS AND EUROPEANS

-in textbook, Natives are referred to as immigrants -To the indigenous cultural groups who lived in the New World, these settlers were immigrants to begin with, and later, interlopers and usurpers -persistent pressure from the European immigrants on the Native Americans to give up their land -Once the homelands were usurped by the Europeans, pressure was exerted on Native Americans to conform to the immigrants' European customs -By the 1800s, the press of European immigrants had become massive in scale and was reaching the Great Plains west of the Mississippi River. Pushed into the domains of neighboring tribes, which resulted in bloody conflict between tribes, attacked by Old World diseases such as smallpox, exposed to the insidious corruption of alcohol abuse, ravaged by starvation and malnutrition, the Native American population of the New World was decimated; Native Americans numbered some 600,000 in the 1840s, and the population dropped again to about 250,000 by 1850 -European "civilization" resulted directly in more Native American deaths than the actual warfare between the immigrants and the North American tribes

tribal resources (page 409)

-land is most important environmental and spiritual resource -Federally recognized reservations total approximately 55 million acres; however, 11 million acres (20%) within reservation boundaries are owned by non-Indians -44 million acres in range and grazing; 5.3 million acres of commercial forest; 2.5 million acres of crop area; 4% of U.S. oil and gas reserves; 40% of U.S. uranium deposits; 30% of western coal reserves; and $2 billion in trust royalty payments

NATIVE AMERICANS TODAY: ROSE P.'S STORY

-lives in shame and feels oppressed (frustrations of being Native American) -That raised fist is what comes to mind first when I think about being a Native American in America today. I have been scorned and squashed down because my culture, my traditions, and my identity are different from mainstream America's -teachers and bosses look at her with disgust, only pick people with blonde hair -government made promises (jobs, security) to her parents, but didn't follow through -did not grow up enriched in Native culture as a result.

Latino(a)/Chicano(a) american

-machismo, which can be equated with masculine values and behavior that are the epitome of idealized manhood based on level of social status -marianismo, a term derived from Catholicism that translates to "Virgin Mary-ism," describes the gender role expression of Latinas

counseling men

-men often exhibit difficulty seeking help for a wide variety of issues, from everyday stressors to more significant mental health concerns -society sends mixed messages for how men should behave -mothers expose young daughters to a wider range of emotions than they do with boys -peer-group interactions cement boys' unhealthy emotional development by promoting structured group activities that foster toughness, teamwork, stoicism, and competition -shame or stigma around seeking help as a man -boys become men through oppositional behaviors, learning to be independent, tough, and emotionally reserved -masculinity is defined by how behaviors and attitudes are not feminine -counseling through a transgenerational focus; the idea that a greater understanding of individual men can be gained through revisiting their relationships with their fathers, grandfathers, and other men in their family tree

ableism

-refers to social attitudes, rehabilitation and counseling practices, and policies that favor individuals who have or are perceived as having full physical and mental health abilities.

eagle feather

-sacred -feathers are used for a variety of purposes, including ceremonial healing and purification -The Eagle feather represents duality in existence -everything exists because of one another

understanding sexism

-sexism is a system of oppression based on sex, gender identity, and gender expression -male privilege refers to unearned rights and societal benefits afforded to men solely on the basis of their sex assignment -women frequently receive negative information about being female, and many women begin to believe these negative messages. -internalized sexism: internalization of negative beliefs, which is manifestation of Male privilege -gender stereotypes -teachers treat boys and girls differently (leads to classroom gender inequality) -in other countries, sexism may be experienced differently -women who are cis-gender and women who are TGNC experience around the world may share significant similarities (e.g., devaluing of women, being forced into sex work for survival), but also may have some distinct differences as well (e.g., relative ease of social and/or medical transition for U.S. women who are TGNC)

NA cultural preservation

-very important -programs in schools to preserve culture -This cultural appreciation impulse lies in distinct contrast to the previously accepted mainstream notion of only one or two gen-erations ago that "civilizing" Indians was essential. That "civilizing" was done through man-dated, largely Christian, government-supported Indian boarding schools, whose primary objective was to strip Native youth of any cultural Indian foundation Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 (which settled some sovereignty and jurisdiction issues), the Indian Education Act of 1972 (which provides funding to help educators learn how to better serve Native American and Alaska Native students), the Indian Religious Freedom Act of 1978 (which protects the practice of Native American religions), and similar legislation in many states. Overall, Native communities across the United States and Canada are seeking to transcend experiences of trauma and loss by embracing cultural practices informed by evidence

counseling girls and women

-women are more than twice as likely as men to experience an anxiety disorder in their lifetime -women are more likely to be diagnosed with depression each year -women and girls make up 85-90% of those diagnosed with anorexia nervosa -young women's primary sexual role is often culturally defined as bearing the burden of rejecting or accepting men's advances -Internalized prejudices resulting from oppression and sexual double standards within cultural, societal, and religious beliefs can provide societal barriers to women's development over the life span -prejudices may also have detrimental effects on a female's self-concept

world war ii and women's return "Home"

-women working in factories, extension of more than just at home duties -women were brought into the workforce and then returned "home" to resume their domestic duties at the end of the war, when men came back to the United States, yet women did work before the war

Native Hawaiian Families

-year 2000 census collected data on Native Hawaiians for the first time -"Hawaiian" as "any descendant of the aboriginal peoples inhabiting the Hawaiian Islands which exercised sovereignty and subsisted in the Hawaiian Islands in 1778, and which peoples thereafter have continued to reside in Hawai'i" -874,000 or 0.3% of Americans claim Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (NH/PI) as their primary racial/ethnic category -majority of NH/PIs have at least a high school diploma (79%), but only 17% have baccalaureate degrees -almost 50% of NH/ PIs own their own homes, 18% lived below the poverty line in 1999 - US census does not accurately describe Native Hawaiians as a separate ethnic group from the broader Pacific Island category -79% of Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders live in families -families, or n 'ohana, are fundamental to Native Hawaiians because, as many Hawaiians learn from an early age, "'ohana is the center of all things Hawaiian"

Saad Nagi

4 main factors pathology refers to the individual's diagnosis, disease, injury, condition, or illness impairments refers to the individual's dysfunction or structural abnormalities in a specific body system (e.g., neurologic, cardiovascular, or respiratory) functional limitations refers to the individual's ability to perform daily or life activities, such as walking, reading, or speaking disability refers to the individual's difficulty in doing basic activities, such as work, household management, hobbies, leisure/recreation, and social interactions

gender and CoUnseling Considerations

American Counseling Association Multicultural and Social Justice Counseling Competences (4 steps) -(1)awareness of your own assumptions, values, and biases regarding gender, (2) acquiring the knowledge that counselors need in order to work with issues of gender and sexism is important, (3) developing the skills to work with gender and sexism in counseling is an outgrowth of self-reflection and knowledge, (4) are multiple mental health impacts on both women and men due to sexism, so counselors should be able to take action in identifying and reducing sexism both inside and outside of their counseling practice -factors to consider that may lead to more effective counseling processes and outcomes: client-counselor matching, exploration of racial and cultural differences, and communication styles

Arab Americans

Arab culture emphasizes the importance of behaving in ways that reflect well on others -preference for boys still exists in much of Arab-American culture, because of the belief that men will contribute to the family

Polytrauma

Polytrauma is defined as two or more permanent injuries to the body that result in physical, cognitive, psychological, or psychosocial impairment and functional disability (e.g., traumatic brain injury, hearing loss and/or visual impairment, major loss of limb, bone fractures, and burns

to consider for the returning veteran

The veteran will need to change his or her outlook from the "we" mentality of being in the military and part of a bigger group, back to an "I" mentality in order to plan for and achieve individual goals. • The cultural background of the service member is an important consideration. Just because the service member fought for the United States does not mean that he or she is American. • The service member's individual strengths and limitations are important to identify in order to assist him or her in overcoming barriers.

NA Spirituality and Traditional Beliefs

There is a single higher power known as Creator, Great Creator, Great Spirit, or Great One, among other names (this being is sometimes referred to in gender form, but does not necessarily exist as one particular gender or another). There are also lesser beings known as spirit beings or spirit helpers. • Plants and animals, like humans, are part of the spirit world. The spirit world exists side by side with, and intermingles with, the physical world. Moreover, the spirit existed in the spirit world before it came into a physical body and will exist after the body dies. • Human beings are made up of a spirit, mind, and body. The mind, body, and spirit are all interconnected; therefore, illness affects the mind and spirit, as well as the body. • Wellness is harmony in body, mind, and spirit; unwellness is disharmony in mind, body, and spirit. • Natural unwellness is caused by the violation of a sacred social or natural law of Creation (e.g., participating in a sacred ceremony while under the influence of alcohol, drugs, or having had sex within four days of the ceremony). • Unnatural unwellness is caused by conjuring (witchcraft) from those with destructive intentions. • Each of us is responsible for our own wellness by keeping ourselves attuned to self, rela-tions, environment, and universe

People naturally know when they are old. Most adults over age 65 years face a steady decline in physical and mental well-being. Older people are similar in their habits, beliefs, and ideas. As people age, they are less able to adjust to changes in the world around them. 5. Older people tend to become more irritable, critical, and demanding as they age. 6. Most older adults (men and women) have little or no interest in sex or sexual activity. 7. Older adults typically are lonely and would like to live with their adult children. 8. Older adults ultimately become a financial burden on their adult children or on society.

all false

Blood Quantum

also known as degree of Indian blood or certifi-cate of Indian blood (CIB card) refers to the percentage of ancestry that can be traced to people from a specific tribe or nation Most tribes require one-quarter blood quantum for membership

counseling NA clients

assessing the client's (a) values (traditional, marginal, bicultural, assimilated, pantraditional); (b) geographic origin/ residence (reservation, rural, urban); and (c) tribal affiliation (tribal structure, customs, beliefs). -client communication could go as: 1. greeting, 2. hospitality, 3. silence 4. space. 5. eye contact, 6. intention, 7. collaboration

1920 Civilian Rehabilitation Act

granted funds to states to implement programs that addressed the needs of ordinary citizens with disabilities

gerontrological counselor

is a counselor who provides counseling services to elderly clients and their families faced with changing life-styles as they grow older

NA income and poverty

recent average median income for Native Americans has been reported at $35,192, compared to $50,502 for the entire nation Native Americans have a reported poverty level of 30%, compared to the 16% total of the U.S. population living in poverty. Native Americans have the lowest monthly expenses for their households with a median of $879

adultism

refers to discrimination against young people (youths) and children. In a very broad sense, adultism occurs when adults form beliefs about youths and children and behave toward them in ways that generally do not show respect for who they are.

extraindividual intervention strategies,

such as effective medical and rehabilitative care, caregiver support, adaptive/ assistive devices, social service programs, and structural or architectural modifications

intraindividual intervention strategies

such as lifestyle and behavior changes, psychological attributes, coping strategies, and activity accommodations that help the person maintain independence for as long as possible

1918 Soldier's Rehabilitation Act

the U.S. government establish a formal program of training and counseling (i.e., vocational reha-bilitation) for U.S. veterans

ageism

the assumption that chronological age is the main determinant of human characteristics and that one age is better than another. In this context, ageism generally refers to a form of discrimination against those age groups with higher vulnerability and less access to resources and power (i.e., the chronologically youngest and oldest of a population).

successful aging

the avoidance of disease and disability, the maintenance of cognitive and physical function, and sustained engagement with life

disability-affirmitive counseling

views individuals with disabilities as having value and worth, rather than as being deviant or patho-logical. all individuals have diverse disability statuses. Furthermore, disability intersects with these diverse client characteristics to create advantageous and disadvantageous circumstances and privileges in much the same way that gender and race intersect

elementary and secondary education act of 1965

which authorized federal monies to states to educate "deprived" children, including children with disabilities

U.S. Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1986

which protects workers over age 40 years of age, has done seemingly little to reduce age discrimination at work.

education for all handicapped children act of 1975

with the goal of helping children with disabilities receive a free and appropriate public education in the least restrictive environment, as well as providing early intervention programs for children with disabilities from birth to age 3 years and special-education preschool programs for children with disabilities who are ages 3 to 5 years