Counseling - Psychology Final Exam

Behavioral Therapy

- Based on classical/operant conditioning - To change behavior patterns - Relaxation training - Systematic Desensitization - Reinforcement - Modeling - Focuses on behavior more than the heart - Thought patterns are not adequately addressed

Client Centered Therapy

- Based on the premise that innate goodness dwells within each person - Problems arise because this goodness becomes stifled in a person's life - Therapists job is to draw out this stifled goodness; when it is freed, the problems will then subside - Anti-Biblical (innate goodness) - Humanistic

Psychoanalysis

- Based on the premise that problems lie below a person's level of consciousness - Psychoanalyst's job is to bring out problems out of repression and face them - Lay on a couch - Free association - Analyze dreams - Psychic determinism - Transference

Biblical Counseling

- Counseling is a relationship between two people - Counselor possesses knowledge, abilities, and skills which facilitate a person with needs to bring about resolution to an issue which he/she faces - Rests on the premise that God's word is sufficient to meet people's non-organic needs

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy

- Problems stem from inappropriately framing life circumstances - Objective is to realign people's thinking, belief systems, behavior, and/or lie constructs toward the end of achieving psychological health - Help clients establish cognitive, behavior, and/or affective objectives - Identify potential cognitive distortions that work agaisnt established objectives - Replace maladaptive thinking and behavior with ones that are more useful to accomplishing therapeutic aims - Participate in homework exercises in between therapy sessions - *CLOSEST TO BIBLICAL PRINCIPLES*

Client Centered Therapy Techniques

- Unconditional positive regard - Give no advice - Reflect feelings of the client back to him/her

B

. Statistics show that _________ of homeless adults living in shelters experience mental illness. A. 15% B. 26% C. 35% D. 60%

A

A potential danger of being on unmonitored antipsychotic medications for long time frames is that it can potentially lead to ______. A. tardive dyskinesia (tremors). B. uncontrollable pain. C. hallucinations D. unexplained agressiveness

C

A school counselor leads a support group for children whose parents have AIDS. The counselor focuses on defining AIDS, discussing treatment and side effects of treatment, and how the children can develop coping mechanisms. This best exemplifies ________. A. biomedical therapy. B. play therapy. C. psycho-educational treatment. D. rational-emotive therapy (RET).

C

According to the American Psychological Association (APA), three factors work together to produce successful treatment. Which of the following is not one of the three factors? A. client's characteristics, values, preferences, and culture B. clinical expertise of the psychologist or therapist C. having a psychologist or therapist of the same sex D. use of evidence-based treatment that is deemed appropriate for client's issue

B

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), ________ of adults received treatment for a mental health issue. A. 5% B. 13% C. 21% D. 50%

C

According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, ________ of U.S. adults experience mental illness. A. 13% B. 15% C. 19% D. 25%

A

Addiction is often viewed by AA as a(an) ________ disease. A. chronic B. fleeting C. imaginary D. simple

A

Albert Ellis is associated with ______ therapy. A. Rational-Emotive B. Psychoanalytic C. Psychotropic D. Behavioral

C

Anti-anxiety agents work by ________. A. altering levels of neurotransmitters. B. blocking the neurotransmitter dopamine. C. depressing central nervous system activity. D. improving the ability to focus on tasks.

B

Antipsychotic drugs, such as Haldol, are used to treat all of the following except ________. A. auditory hallucinations. B. sleep episodes. C. paranoia. D. visual hallucinations

C

Antipsychotic medicines were first introduced in ________. A. 1850. B. 1933. C. 1954. D. 1960

B

Aversive conditioning is a ________. A. classical conditioning therapeutic technique in which a client learns a new response to a stimulus that has previously elicited an undesirable behavior. B. counterconditioning technique that pairs an unpleasant stimulant with an undesirable behavior. C. form of psychotherapy that aims to change cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors. D. therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors

C

Behavior therapy focuses on ____. A. changing thoughts to correspond to behaviors. B. helping clients achieve self-actualization. C. changing maladaptive patterns of responding. D. altering errors of thinking.

A

Breach of confidentiality is a greater risk in ________ therapy. A. group B. humanistic C. individual D. play

C

Carl Rogers called his therapeutic orientation client-centered therapy because he thought the term "patient" ________. A. suggested the person could not be helped. B. suggested the person seeking help needed medicine. C. suggested the person seeking help was sick and looking for a cure. D. was too negative.

A

Carl Rogers was the major developer of ________ therapy. A. Humanistic B. Existential C. Behavior D. Psychodynamic

B

Client-centered, psychoanalysis, and cognitive therapies all have what in common? A. behavior cures. B. talking cures. C. repression cures. D. sleeping cures.

C

Cultural competence is a therapist's understanding of, and attention to, ________. A. issues related to being a female therapist treating a male client. B. issues related to whether the client is considered normal or deviant. C. race, culture, and ethnicity in providing treatment. D. treating everyone the same regardless of cultural background.

C

Deinstitutionalization refers to the ________. A. decriminalization of patients. B. medicalization of patients. C. process of closing large asylums. D. treatment of those on parole and probation.

Psychologist

Doctoral degree

D

Dr. Banner wants his clients to learn to articulate thoughts that keep them from achieving their goals. Therefore, Dr. Banner increases their self-awareness by focusing on their conscious thoughts. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation is he using? A. a lobotomy B. resistance therapy C. free association D. humanistic therapy

A

Dr. Bronson treats anxiety disorders with Xanax, which exemplifies ________ therapy. A. biomedical B. cognitive C. humanistic D. RET

D

Dr. Duncan is a therapist who works with men accused of domestic violence. Although it is difficult, she does her best to be non-judgmental during therapy sessions. Which aspect of client-centered therapy is this? A. active listening B. client focus C. transference D. unconditional positive regard

B

Dr. Xavier encourages his client to relax and say whatever comes to mind at the moment. Dr. Xavier is using ________ to treat his client. A. cognitive therapy B. free association C. rational emotive therapy D. transference

D

During the therapist's first meeting with the client, called ________, the therapist gathers specific information to address the client's immediate needs. A. admission B. analysis C. counseling D. intake

C

ECT stands for ________. A. easy classical treatment B. economy, cognition, tokens C. electroconvulsive therapy D. extra conditioning therapy

D

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) is used successfully in order to treat ______. A. schizophrenia. B. ADHD. C. somatoform disorder. D. depression.

D

Electroconvulsive therapy is most effective in alleviating symptoms for people with ________. A. a slight mood disorder who do not believe in traditional biomedical approaches. B. ADHD who also suffer from anxiety. C. auditory hallucinations associated with schizophrenia. D. severe depression who have not responded to traditional drug therapy

D

Elena is attending mandatory therapy sessions. Her doctor just wants her to talk about her childhood. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this best exemplify? A. behavior therapy B. cognitive therapy C. humanistic therapy D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

B

Exposure therapy is a ________ technique. A. classical conditioning B. counterconditioning C. free association D. psychodynamic

B

For Burt, who has claustrophobia, a small dark room creates a small amount of fear, a stairwell creates a bit more fear, and an elevator creates the most fear. Burt's therapist induces deep relaxation and asks him to imagine a small dark room. Gradually, they will work up to having Burt imagine being in an elevator. What aspect of exposure therapy is this? A. dream analysis B. stimulus hierarchy C. virtual hierarchy D. virtual reality exposure

C

Gene is talking with her wife, Mary. Mary starts crying, and Gene immediately assumes that Mary wants a divorce. What kind of cognitive distortion is this? A. all-or-nothing thinking B. emotional crumbling C. jumping to conclusions D. overgeneralization

C

Harlow is eight years old. She sees Dr. Gardener every Friday at 11:00 a.m. Their sessions involve Dr. Gardener watching Harlow interact with stuffed animals and other toys. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. cognitive-behavioral therapy B. ECT C. play therapy D. RET

B

How is behavior therapy different than psychoanalysis? A. Behavior therapy involves free association and dream analysis, while psychoanalysis focuses on the use of classical conditioning to change patterns of thinking. B. In behavior therapy, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while psychoanalysis involves digging deeply into one's unconscious. C. In psychoanalysis, a therapist employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors, while behavior therapy involves digging deeply into one's unconscious. D. Psychoanalysis involves using free association to work through repressed desires, while behavior therapy focuses on how undesirable behaviors are predicted unconsciously, in our dreams.

D

How long does psychoanalysis typically take? A. months B. one week of intensive sessions C. weeks D. years

A

Humanistic therapy is also called ________ therapy. A. client-centered B. cognitive-behavioral C. ECT D. personality-focused

D

In medieval times, abnormal behaviors were viewed as a sign that a person was ________. A. a prophet B. about to die C. in need of counseling D. possessed by demons

C

In order to overcome an eating disorder, Sevilla's therapist works to change her cognitive distortions and self-defeating behaviors by helping her learn to identify such behaviors. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. aversion therapy B. classical conditioning C. cognitive-behavioral therapy D. free association

C

In the free association technique of psychoanalysis, the ________. A. client engages in self-reflection prior to the session to decide what to discuss. B. client keeps a dream diary to guide therapy sessions. C. client says whatever comes to mind at the moment. D. therapist hypnotizes the client.

D

Jarl makes several minor mistakes during his conversational French class. Instead of thinking, "everyone makes mistakes sometimes," he thinks, "I am so stupid." What kind of cognitive distortion is this? A. all-or-nothing thinking B. beating a dead horse C. jumping to conclusions D. overgeneralization

B

Jim wants to stop biting his nails, so he rubs a strong bitter paste under his nails to make his nails taste bad. What technique is Jim using to stop biting his nails? A. aversion therapy B. aversive conditioning C. experience conditioning D. exposure therapy

C

Lana is late for dinner with her parents. They don't care, but she thinks this is a catastrophe—an inaccurate view of the situation that leads her to feel bad about herself. In this example, what best represents the cognitive distortion? A. Lana being late for dinner with her parents B. Lana feeling bad about herself C. Lana thinking that being late for dinner is a catastrophe D. Lana's parents not caring that she is late for dinner

D

Lexi cannot control her impulses to pull out her hair. Her friend Paul suggests that she see a therapist and Lexi agrees. She gets a referral from her primary care physician for a therapist and begins seeing Dr. Clark four times a month. What kind of treatment does this describe? A. classical conditioning B. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) C. involuntary D. voluntary

A

Marlena tells her therapist that she often feels helpless and unable to accomplish her goals. Her therapist responds by acknowledging her feelings, restating what she has told him, and clarifying the feelings behind what Marlena is expressing. What aspect of client-centered therapy is this? A. active listening B. indirect empathy C. personal growth D. unconditional positive regard

C

Mood stabilizers, such as lithium, are used to treat ________. A. anxiety disorders. B. depression. C. bipolar disorder. D. ADHD

D

On the advice of her therapist, Thora decides to treat her fear of heights by exposing herself to heights using a stimulus hierarchy. Which form of therapy is she using? A. aversion therapy B. free association C. play therapy D. systematic desensitization

D

Patients at Manderly Psychiatric Center are rewarded with chips when they engage in positive behaviors such as socializing with other patients. They can later exchange the chips for privileges, like extra TV time. This is an example of ________. A. classical conditioning B. humanism C. RET D. token economy

B

Paxil, Prozac, and Zoloft are examples of ________. A. anti-anxiety agents. B. antidepressants. C. antipsychotics. D. mood stabilizers.

A

Psychoanalysis is to ____ as cognitive-behavioral therapy is to ______. A. dream analysis ; homework assignments. B. homework assignments ; dream analysis C. medication ; free association D. free association ; medication

A

Rafael is in therapy, and one of his goals is to overcome his pessimistic attitude. His therapist helps him eliminate thought patterns that lead to distress. For example, he helps Rafael learn to not overgeneralize his likelihood of failing his sociology class based on doing poorly on his first exam. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this exemplify? A. cognitive therapy B. non-directive therapy C. play therapy D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

A

Regarding behavior therapy, which of the following is least true? A. It focuses on changing the client's thoughts and feelings. B. It can apply operant conditioning. C. It can apply classical conditioning. D. It can apply counterconditioning.

A

Regarding behavior therapy, which of the following statements is least true? A. Aversive conditioning uses principles of operant conditioning to help people extinguish undesirable behaviors. B. Gradual exposure can help people overcome specific phobias, social phobias, and post- traumatic stress disorder. C. Behavior therapy is also referred to as behavior modification. D. In systematic desensitization, the goal is to use relaxation as an incompatible response to fear in order to weaken the bonds between the frightening stimuli and the fear response.

C

Regarding traditional psychoanalysis, which of the following statements is least true? A. A major technique in psychoanalysis is dream analysis. B. Freud believed that the ability to understand transference is essential to a client's success in psychoanalysis. C. Freud's felt that the ego would never try to block or repress unacceptable urges or painful conflicts during free association. D. Patients are instructed to lay down on a couch.

B

Renzo's therapist helps him learn to overcome his fear of dogs through several stages of relaxation techniques. What kind of psychotherapeutic orientation does this best exemplify? A. aversive conditioning B. behavior therapy C. client-centered therapy D. psychodynamic psychotherapy

C

Repeated drug use and/or alcohol use after a period of improvement from substance abuse is called ________. A. addiction B. comorbidity C. relapse D. reversion

B

Ritalin is to ____ as Prozac is to ______. A. depression ; ADHD B. ADHD ; depression C. schizophrenia ; panic disorder D. panic disorder ; schizophrenia

SMI

Severe Mental Illness

Psychiatrist

Similar to psychologist, but writes prescriptions

C

Stavros is arrested for drunk driving. His prison sentence includes attending therapy sessions to treat alcohol addiction. He doesn't want to attend these sessions, but his sentence will be extended if he doesn't attend them. What kind of treatment does this describe? A. free association B. humanistic C. involuntary D. voluntary

A

Susan admires her boss, Helga. One day Helga forgets her briefcase and Susan loses all admiration for Helga. Susan thinks that a boss is either always perfect or not worthy of admiration. What kind of cognitive distortion is this? A. all-or-nothing thinking B. collapsing boundaries C. jumping to conclusions D. overgeneralization

Transference

Take what's going on inside and then take it out onto the therapist

D

The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) suggests ____ regarding the amount of mental illness in the criminal justice system? A. Criminals are likely to fake mental illness to avoid trial. B. Criminals plead insanity to get away with index crimes such as murder. C. Criminals with mental illnesses stay in prison in order to receive treatment. D. People with mental illnesses are overrepresented in probation and parole populations.

A

The amount of time spent in therapy depends on the needs of the client and the ________. A. client's personal goals. B. client's personality as determined during intake. C. client's willingness to follow the recommendations of the therapist. D. therapist-client relationship.

A

The idea behind ________ therapy is that how you think determines how you feel and act. A. cognitive B. cognitive-behavioral C. behavior D. client-centered

B

The major classes of psychiatric drugs are ________ (e.g., Valium and Xanax), ________ (e.g., Zoloft and Prozac), and ________ (e.g. Thorazine and Haldol). A. antipsychotic, anxiety, depression B. anxiety, depression, antipsychotic C. depression, anxiety, antipsychotic D. antipsychotic, depression, anxiety

A

The primary therapeutic orientation used in couples counseling is ________. A. cognitive-behavioral therapy. B. electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). C. strategic family therapy. D. structural family therapy.

D

The use of ________ can result in decreased appetite, difficulty sleeping, stomachache, and headache. A. anti-anxiety agents B. antipsychotics C. atypical antipsychotics D. stimulants

Counselor

Two year Master's degree

A

What does research show regarding race and ethnic differences in those who receive mental health services? A. Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than White, middle- class Americans. B. Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services more frequently than White, middle- class Americans. C. Ethnic minorities tend to utilize mental health services to the same extent as White, middle- class Americans. D. Ethnically Asian minorities tend to utilize mental health services less frequently than ethnically Black minorities.

B

What is the emphasis in humanistic therapy? A. client's early infancy B. client's present and future C. client's recent past D. client's unconscious desires

B

What is the goal of humanistic therapy? A. helping clients change undesirable behaviors B. helping people become more self-aware and accepting of themselves C. learning a new response to a stimulus D. treating a client's fear or anxiety

C

What kind of family therapy involves the therapist guiding the therapy session and developing treatment plans for each family member's specific problem? A. comorbid B. relative C. strategic D. structural

A

What most often happens to patients after undergoing electroshock therapy? A. depression lifts B. subsequent months of uncontrollable crying C. life-long twitching D. development of schizophrenia

D

What principle underlies cognitive-behavioral therapy? A. behavior affects social interaction B. emotions affect thoughts C. social interaction affects emotions D. thoughts affect behavior

A

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Carl Rogers believed most of our psychological problems are the result of repressed impulses and trauma experienced in childhood, and he believed psychoanalysis would help uncover long-buried feelings. A. The name "Carl Rogers" should be changed to the name "Sigmund Freud." B. The word "childhood" should be changed to the word "infancy." C. The word "psychoanalysis" should be changed to the word "humanism." D. The word "repressed" should be changed to the word "conscious."

D

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? Evidence-based practice in psychology is the integration of the best available research with clinical expertise in the context of therapist characteristics, culture, and preferences. A. The word "clinical" should be changed to the word "theoretical." B. The word "preferences" should be changed to the word "references." C. The word "psychology" should be changed to the word "therapy." D. The word "therapist" should be changed to the word "client."

C

What should be changed to make the following sentence true? In aversion therapy, a therapist seeks to treat clients' fears or anxiety by presenting them with the object or situation that causes their problem, with the idea that they will eventually get used to it. A. The phrase "or anxiety" should be eliminated. B. The phrase "or situation" should be eliminated. C. The word "aversion" should be changed to the word "exposure." D. The word "problem" should be changed to the word "anxiety."

B

When an individual has two or more diagnoses (which often includes a substance related diagnosis and another psychiatric diagnosis) this is known as ________. A. bipolar disorder. B. comorbid disorder C. codependency. D. bi-morbid disorder.

C

When people have problems, they A. always see a professional counselor for help. B. never see a pastor or other clergy member for help. C. may see a variety of individuals in order to obtain help. D. never seek help.

A

Which group is play therapy often used to treat? A. children B. elderly C. men D. women

C

Which institutional setting replaced asylums in caring for the mentally ill? A. churches B. prisons C. psychiatric hospitals D. schools

A

Which kind of therapy involves a therapeutic orientation that employs principles of learning to help clients change undesirable behaviors? A. behavior B. biomedical C. cognitive D. exposure

B

Which mental disorder is least likely to be treated in children 8-15 years old? A. attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) B. dementia disorder C. conduct disorder D. mood disorder

D

Which of the following best describes the effects of deinstitutionalization? Deinstitutionalization has been ____. A. a resounding success, since almost all mental patients have now been happily reintegrated into the community. B. an unequivocal failure, since mental patients have not been helped at all. C. predominantly a failure, since most psychiatric patients continue living in asylums. D. a mix of success and failure, since many people have become homeless.

C

Which of the following best exemplifies a benefit of group therapy? A. Clients in group therapy don't need additional biomedical therapy. B. In every case it is more effective than individual therapy. C. It can decrease a client's shame and isolation about a problem. D. There is less transference during group therapy

A

Which of the following explains why most psychiatric hospitals emphasize short-term care? A. Due to the very high cost of psychiatric hospitalization, insurance coverage often limits the length of time one can be hospitalized. B. Modern treatments are extremely effective in a short amount of time. C. Most patients aren't mentally ill; they are homeless and need short-term shelter. D. Patients often leave before their doctor releases them.

B

Which of the following involves more than talking as part of patient-cures? A. psychoanalysis B. ECT C. RET D. cognitive therapy

B

Which of the following is a drug that can be used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)? A. Adderall B. Clozaril C. Lithium D. Xanax

A

Which of the following is least true regarding client-centered therapy? A. Therapists are directive, B. Advice from therapists should not be given. C. The model is humanistic D. Therapists use active listening (reflecting clients' feelings)

A

Which of the following is least true regarding group therapy? A. Group therapy is usually less economical than individual therapy. B. Confidentiality can be a potential problem. C. Personality clashes and arguments among group members can arise. D. Groups can either be structured or unstructured.

A

Which of the following is most true regarding the use of psychotropic medications? A. Medicines work uniquely for each person. B. Behaviors are not impacted by mental health medication. C. Medicine should be viewed as a cure for all mental health illnesses. D. Doctors should only view medicines only as a last resort.

D

Which of the following statements about psychoanalysis is least true? A. It involves dream analysis. B. It involves free association. C. It was developed by Sigmund Freud. D. It was the dominant form of therapy in the 19th century

D

Which of the following was not listed in the textbook as a barrier to mental health treatment? A. Fears about treatment B. Language C. Transportation D. Being a member of the ethnic majority

B

Which principle underlies cognitive therapy? A. Behavior can be conditioned. B. How you think determines how you feel. C. Thoughts cannot be changed. D. Unconscious thoughts influence behavior.

C

Which principle underlies the effectiveness of systematic desensitization? A. Once you are conditioned to relax, you will never feel stress again. B. Some people are genetically predisposed to tension. C. You can't be nervous and relaxed at the same time. D. You can't enjoy life if you are surrounded by things that induce anxiety.

A

Which term refers to the fact that the therapist cannot disclose private communications to any third party unless mandated or permitted by law to do so? A. confidentiality B. disclosure C. discretion D. privilege

C

Which therapeutic process involves the use of toys? A. ECT B. free association C. play therapy D. Rogerian psychotherapy

B

Which treatment modality involves 5-10 people with the same issue or concern meeting together with a trained clinician? A. couple therapy B. group therapy C. strategic family therapy D. structural family therapy

D

Which type of therapy focuses on helping relatives to focus on changing disruptive patterns of communication and improving the ways in which members relate to each other? A. Group therapy B. Marital therapy C. Couples therapy D. Family therapy

B

Who developed client-centered therapy? A. Abraham Maslow B. Carl Rogers C. Dorothea Dix D. Philippe Pinel

D

Who developed psychoanalysis? A. Carl Jung B. Carl Rogers C. Dorothea Dix D. Sigmund Freud

B

Who led the reform efforts for mental health care in the United States? A. Carl Rogers B. Dorothea Dix C. Philippe Pinel D. Sigmund Freud

B

________ can increase the risk of obesity and diabetes as well as elevate cholesterol levels; they can also cause constipation, dry mouth, blurred vision, drowsiness, and dizziness. A. Antidepressants B. Atypical antipsychotics C. Mood stabilizers D. Stimulants

B

________ have over 85% of the l,669 federally designated mental health professional shortage areas. A. Nursing homes B. Rural areas C. Schools D. Urban areas

A

________ were the first institutions created for the specific purpose of housing people with psychological disorders. A. Asylums B. Churches C. Clinics D. Hospitals