Course 15 Set B Volume 1 Chapter 6

What makes certain types of discrimination lawful?

Certain types of discrimination are lawful when they: - do not deny people a right - merely recognize differences among people - help compensate for physical/mental limitations - Are needed for good order and discipline - Differentiate job applicants based on knowledge, skill or ability (rather than race, color, creed, etc.)

1.Ask your Wingman

Have the courage to ask the question, "Are you thinking of killing yourself?" while remaining calm.

Wingman Concept incorporates the 3 skills of:

1.Ask, 2.Care, and 3.Escort (ACE)

Identify the four dimensions of wellness

1.Emotional, 2.Spiritual, 3.Social, 4.Physical

Suicide Prevention

A community-based approach, that includes family, friends, and many different professional and social service providers, committed to reducing suicide by creating a safety net that provides protection and adds support for those in trouble by addressing the entire iceberg of afflictions to individuals, families, and their communities.

Prejudice

A judgment against or an opinion contrary to anything without just grounds or sufficient knowledge.

What are some possible negative impacts of substance abuse intervention on work center effectiveness?

Absences for subordinate and supervisor for issue-related appointments - Increased duty pressures on coworkers - Feelings of "being watched" by coworkers may increase stress or tension - Lack of understanding from other subordinates

What signs of substance abuse have you heard about or observed in your work center?

Absenteeism - Temporary departures from the job - Mood changes - Red or bleary eyes - Paranoia - Tremors - Denial - Smell of alcohol

How would you define unlawful personal discrimination?

Action(s) taken by an individual to deprive a person or group of a right because of color, national origin, race, religion, or sex. Such discrimination can occur overtly, covertly, intentionally or unintentionally

How would you define unlawful systemic discrimination?

Actions by an institution (or system) that through its policies or procedures, deprive a person or group of a right because of (that person's or group's) color, national origin, race, religion, or sex. Such Discrimination can occur overtly, intentionally, or unintentionally.

When should a supervisor refer a subordinate to ADAPT?

After an alcohol-related incident -Whenever substance abuse is suspected -When alcohol abuse is witnessed

How would you summarize the wingman concept/philosophy?

Airmen taking responsibility for each other by being alert to others in distress and intervening when they need help - Airmen seeking help from their Wingman when needed - Have the confidence and willingness to approach others who appear to need help - Staying with them through a crisis until you can ensure a safe hand-off to a supervisor or other competent individual.

Why do people commit suicide?

Although no one knows for sure, theory suggests it is because they believe they: - Are a burden to others - Do not contribute to the group - Are a liability to the group's well-being or safety - Have no sense of belonging or connection to others or to the unit - Have lost a meaningful relationship

Complaint

An allegation of unlawful discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, or sex.

Racism

Any attitude or action of a person or institutional structure that subordinates a person or group because of race.

Alcohol Abuse

Any substandard behavior or performance in which the consumption of alcohol is a primary contributing factor." This can include, but is not limited to driving under the influence, and domestic disturbances, aberrant behavior, altercations, or underage drinking.

What are your responsibilities as a supervisor/leader as it relates to equal opportunity and treatment?

Are able to present complaints in an atmosphere not conducive to retaliation. - Are encouraged to discuss problems and complaints. - Know the various channels and procedures for filing complaints or otherwise seeking outside assistance. - Know that unlawful discrimination is illegal and will not be tolerated. - Implement preventive measures to promote EOT in the work center - Take action to address allegations of discrimination

Sexism

Attitudes and beliefs that one sex is superior to another.

What are some examples of unlawful systemic discrimination?

Base chapel prohibits use of its facilities by all religious groups except Jewish, Protestant, and Catholic. - Squadron policy prohibiting women from operate heavy equipment.

How do you restore trust and unit cohesion?

Be alert to the harmful effects that sexual assault can have on individuals and on your unit, and act accordingly - Communicate with your unit to stop rumors, blaming, and taking sides - Take care of victims and get them the help they need - Think ahead, anticipate problems, and provide solutions - Support your subordinate supervisors - Make sure the alleged perpetrators are treated fairly as well

What are some Do's when dealing with actual or potential suicide situations

Be direct and matter-of-fact. Listen openly without judgment. Accept their feelings. Show interest and support. Get help. Stay with them. Remove potential means of self-harm.

Why should NCOs scrutinize policies and procedures before implementing and/or enforcing them?

Because you represent "the system" and as such, you must ensure the system does not discriminate either intentionally or unintentionally. - In addition, others may perceive an NCO as practicing discrimination via association with the institution if the NCO fails to scrutinize and correct unlawful policies or procedures.

2.Care for your Wingman

Calmly control the situation. Do not use force; be safe while actively listening to show understanding and to produce relief. Remove all means of self-injury.

How might identifying substance abuse affect work center performance?

Brings issues out into the open - Ensures everyone knows that supervisors are serious about the issues - Increases awareness in the duty section - Makes substance abuse symptoms more widely known - Establishes firm standards of behavior - Encourages people to seek help if they need it - Ensures mission is not impeded

How might NCOs become guilty of unlawful systemic discrimination?

By helping to establish, implement, and enforce policies, procedures, rules, and laws that unlawfully discriminate

How have you seen human relations incidents impact work centers throughout your career?

Communication suffers -Workers can't concentrate on their jobs - Tasks fail to be accomplished - Time usually spent completing tasks is now spent dealing with these issues - Interpersonal relations are strained - Quality of life suffers - Morale suffers

How would you explain the complaint process when dealing with unlawful discrimination and/or harassment?

Complaint - An allegation of unlawful discrimination based on race, color, national origin, religion, or sex.; Formal Complaint - Allegation of unlawful discrimination or sexual harassment that is submitted in writing on AF Form 1587-1 to the authority designated for receipt of such complaints.; Informal Complaint - Allegation of unlawful discrimination or sexual harassment, made either orally or in writing on an AF Form 1587-1, that is not submitted as a formal complaint.

How would you explain the confidentiality and privacy rules as it relates to suicide?

Confidential communication is defined as communication not intended to be disclosed to third persons other than those to whom disclosure is in furtherance of the rendition of professional services to the patient or those reasonably necessary for such transmission of the communication. - Communications between a patient and a psychotherapist or an assistant to a psychotherapist made for the purpose of facilitating diagnosis or treatment of the patient's mental or emotional condition are Confidential Communications and shall be protected from unauthorized disclosure. However, Confidential Communications will be disclosed to persons or agencies with a proper and legitimate need for the information and who are authorized by law or regulation to receive it, unless the evidentiary privilege applies.

What are common barriers to seeking out help by at-risk personnel?

Denying the problem exists - Avoiding the problem altogether - Fear that accessing help will result in a negative career impact - Fear that the chain of command will be contacted (i.e., breach of privacy and confidentiality)

Concerning human relations issues, what must be your primary focus as a supervisor and leader?

Detecting adverse morale trends and devoting total effort to resolving the causes of a problem before it becomes a major issue - Providing feedback to commanders, immediate supervisors, officers, and staff concerning trends or problem areas - Establishing and maintaining rapport and communication with subordinates to remain attuned to their needs - Developing your individual subordinates into a cohesive team - Ensuring enlisted members are treated fairly by all agencies and activities, both on and off base - AFI 36-2618, para 4.1.2.3.2, tells NCOs to help subordinates resolve problems and see referral agencies when necessary - DO NOT IGNORE the situation - Investigate the circumstances- Devote total effort to resolving the problem - Appropriately address the issue with work center personnel to dispel rumors and maintain mission focus - Refer to MEO if necessary

How might delaying, or failing to document behavior associated with substance abuse affect the work center?

Deterioration of behavior continues - Increased risk for more severe behavior - Demoralization of other Airmen who are aware of the behavior - Undermines good order and discipline - Negative behaviors may be imitated by peers

Why is an NCO/leader's communication necessary during intervention for suspected substance abuse?

Ensures subordinate knows what behaviors have been observed - Allows no room for confusion or deception - Opens path to clearly discuss issues that may be contributing to questionable behaviors - To effectively find the root source of substandard performance - Conveys to subordinates that the supervisor is really attempting to assist with beating the substance abuse

Stereotype

Exaggerated belief about a category of people. It rationalizes a person's conduct toward that category.

List some advanced warning signs of suicide.

Expresses an intention of harming self or others - Behaves in a manner which would lead you to conclude that there was imminent risk of This harm - Decreased or impaired emotional status - Thoughts of suicide - a suicide plan - Access to the method of suicide described - Stating they intend to complete the plan

How would you summarize the factors of task demands?

Factors related to one's job such as: - Job Design (autonomy, task variety, degree of automation) -Working conditions (physical layout, temperature, noise, safety conditions, overcrowded rooms, location with frequent interruptions)

What would be common reactions to actual or potential suicide situations?

Fear (- Helplessness: "I can't do anything to help" - Hopelessness: "Nothing I do matters") Anxiety (- Over-protectiveness: Reduce autonomy - Under-protectiveness: Casual avoidance) Anger (- Lack of compassion: Inability to care - Criticism: Blaming)

What are some observable behaviors that may help to identify substance abuse issues affecting your subordinates?

Frequently deals with financial shortages - Avoids friends and colleagues - Blames others for his or her own problems and shortcomings - Has complaints leveled concerning domestic disturbances or problems at home - Demonstrates a decline in personal appearance - Complains of vague illnesses

Combat Stress

Happens when there is a change in mental function or behavior because of combat.

When do you report a sexual assault to your commander?

If an individual comes to you to report a sexual assault and you are in that person's chain of command, you are a mandatory reporter and the victim will lose the ability to make a restricted report.

What are some Dont's when dealing with actual or potential suicide situations

Ignore what you see or hear, Debate what is ―right or ―wrong, Criticize or condemn them, Act shocked or repulsed, or avoid them, Keep secrets, Leave them alone, Assume they'll be okay

What is the positive impact of substance abuse intervention on work center effectiveness?

Improved morale - Dependable workers - Better communication - Decreased mission interruptions - Healthy subordinates

Suicide Risk Factors

Includes, but is not exclusively limited to, such factors as relationship difficulties, substance abuse, legal, financial, medical, mental health, and occupational problems, along with depression, social isolation, and previous suicide threats/gestures, which may increase the probability of self-harm. • Male E1-E4s between the ages of 21 and 25 are at the highest risk for suicide • Members receiving care from multiple clinics/agencies are at risk for poor hand-off care • Airmen appear most at risk to commit suicide between Friday and Sunday • On average, 1 out of every 3 Airmen (includes military and civilian employees of all ranks) is having a major life problem right now, but are not currently getting help for it.

How can leaders effectively educate subordinates about substance abuse issues?

Incorporate personal, or at least relevant, examples of substance abuse incidents into safety briefings - Describe and detail expenses incurred from a substance abuse incident - Ensure new personnel receive thorough briefings upon arrival to the unit - Post visual aids in the work center explaining Air Force policy on substance abuse - Conduct periodic discussions on harmful effects of substance abuse impacting the work center environment.

Personal Discrimination

Individual actions taken to deprive a person or group of a right because of color, national origin, race, religion, or sex. Such discrimination can occur overtly, covertly, intentionally, or unintentionally.

What are your guidelines for immediate response?

Keep in mind that first response has great impact on the victim's ability to move forward and through the trauma. Negative responses can be devastating to victims and result in further psychological harm. - Attend to the victim's immediate needs. If the victim comes to you right after an assault, for example, she or he may need medical assistance. - Contact the SARC. Get professional help immediately. - Listen with sensitivity and support the victim. Sometimes she or he just needs to talk. Do not judge.

How can NCOs/leaders/supervisors help themselves and others seek help to prevent suicide?

Know that open communication, support systems, and easy access to referral agencies may help the person see another option - Know and promote protective factors, recognize warning signs of suicide and be willing to take appropriate action to be good a Wingman - Must instill and support a culture that believes asking for help is a strength NOT a weakness, and you must expose and eliminate the myths surrounding the implications of seeing mental health providers

How would you summarize the factors of organizational leadership?

Leaders who create a culture that is characterized by - tension, fear, and anxiety - unrealistic pressures to perform - excessively tight controls (micro-management) - Routine firing of individuals who "don't measure up"

What are some ways the Air Force practices lawful discrimination?

Male and female bathrooms - Different types of uniforms - Different dress and appearance standards - Different Rank - Enlistment requirements (height, weight, ASVAB scores, credit score, financial history, etc.) - Job qualification standards - Handicapped parking spaces, doors, and bathrooms

3.Escort your Wingman

Never leave your friend alone. Escort them to your chain of command, chaplain, mental health professional, or primary care provider, or call the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline. Remember, only a commander can direct a military member to mental health.

What are your responsibilities in the intervention process as it relates to substance abuse?

Observe and listen to subordinates' problems and assist with appropriate referrals - Document all incidents of deteriorating work performance, unexcused absences, or tardiness, unacceptable conduct, and any steps already taken to help members resolve these problems. - Report all substance abuse or suspected substance abuse incidents - Provide pertinent information to the ADAPT office on patient's duty performance, on and off duty behavior, drinking patterns or other incidents - Report all slips and relapses so the treatment team can assist the member to get back on track before an incident occurs

How would you summarize the factors of organizational structure?

Organization with many levels of supervision and control - Number and type of rules and regulations - Level where decisions are made

Potential Sources of Stress

Organizational and Individual

Why do people react differently to various stressors?

People perceive things as more or less stressful based on personal experience, values, temperaments, etc. - Some people believe they can control a situation, where others feel the outcome is out of their control

How might trust and unit cohesion break down while a sexual assault is being investigated?

People start to take sides - Victim cannot trust anyone - Rumors develop - Other people feel that they cannot trust anyone - Schedules are interrupted and getting the work done is more difficult - Subtle or not so subtle harassment or intimidation or retaliation

This type of wellness requires one to focus on five specific components: Cardio respiratory Endurance, Muscular endurance, Muscular strength, Body composition, and Flexibility

Physical

4-Dimensions of Wellness

Physical Health, Emotional Health, Spiritual Health, Social Health

How would you summarize the factors of interpersonal demands?

Pressures created by other individuals such as: - Lack of social support from coworkers - Poor interpersonal relationships

How would you summarize the factors of role demands?

Pressures placed on people as a function of their particular role in the organization and includes: - Role conflict: Inability to reconcile or satisfy two conflicting expectations - Role overload: not enough time to complete all assigned tasks - Role ambiguity: Unsure of role and/or expectations

Why should you document behavior associated with substance abuse after the first incident?

Prevents further occurrences - Allows for early intervention - Demonstrates enforcement of standards - Better to document early and not need it than to wait and wish you had - It's hard to finally document a first incident when subsequent incidents have occurred (backdating, pencil-whipping)

As an NCO/leader, what are effective methods to communicate your observations concerning substance abuse issues with a suspected abuser?

Private counseling or feedback session - Firm questions, yet sensitive to subordinate's situation and needs - Inquiring with a nonjudgmental, open-minded attitude - Sincerity and genuine concern in actions - Using observed behaviors and other facts as the basis for discussion

What are the primary objectives of the Air Force ADAPT Program?

Promote readiness and health and wellness through the prevention and treatment of substance abuse - Minimize the negative consequences of substance abuse to the individual, family, and organization - Provide comprehensive education and treatment to individuals who experience problems attributed to substance abuse - Return identified substance abusers to unrestricted duty status or to assist them in their TRANSITION to civilian life, as appropriate

What might be some far-reaching effects of substance abuse prevention?

Promotes responsible behavioral patterns - Environment of open communication - Less time spent on administrative actions - Less physical and mental health-related expenses - Less lost duty time

Why is documentation so important for leaders, especially in this arena?

Provides necessary information to justify getting Medical or other support your subordinate may need - Helps make counseling sessions constructive and productive - Used for administrative and punitive proceedings

Human Relations Climate

The prevailing perceptions of individuals concerning interpersonal relationships within their working, living, and social environment.

What are some responsibilities of leaders in the aftermath of a critical incident such as suicide?

Providing support and preventing further harm - Collaborate with the Critical Incident Stress Management (CISM) team and base helping agencies to address the needs of survivors - Demonstrate concern for unit members' well-being - Ensure that the basic needs of survivors are met (i.e., shelter, food, safety, and security) - Let people talk about their experience ("emotional first aid") - Minimize exposure to environmental stressors (e.g., heat, cold, noise, disturbing visual scenes) - Be attentive to the needs of family members - Provide factual information; prevent the spread of rumors - Continuously evaluate the environment for additional threats; ensure that needs are continued to be me - Foster unit cohesion - Foster resilience and recovery through social support mechanisms (e.g., friends, family, and religious organizations)

1.Emotional

Relationship and financial problems, family crisis, grief and loss, experiencing failure, illness or injury, difficulty adjusting to a new life changes, Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), career problems, and low self-esteem.

According to trend data, what are the most prevalent problems associated with suicide?

Relationship problems (70%) - Legal problems (44%) - Financial problems (29%) - Deployed in previous year (21%) - Receiving psychological services (25%)

What are some examples of how enlisted leaders can practice and advocate the de-glamorization of substance abuse?

Responsible drinking at social outings -When sponsoring a social event, ensure nonalcoholic drinks are also available - Share consequences of risky behavior - Be Responsible for your guests by not serving intoxicating drinks after a specific time - Don't promote alcohol-drinking contests - Don't promote drinking at all

What are the five methods used by the Air Force to identify substance abuse?

Self-identification - Commander referrals - Medical identification - substance-related incidents - Drug testing

What is Sexual Harassment ?

Sexual Harassment a form of sex discrimination that involves unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when:

Why must you be concerned with sexual harassment in your organization?

Sexual harassment is a high concern to the Air Force because it creates environments that: - Are intimidating, offensive, and hostile - Affects the well-being and personal security of Air Force people - Negatively impacts the mission

Why is it important for Air Force members to know how the Air Force defines substance abuse?

So they can keep their behaviors within standards - To be aware of substandard behavior in others - So they can enforce the standards in their duty sections or squadrons

Sexual harassment is a form of sex discrimination that involves unwelcome sexual advances, requests for sexual favors, and other verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature when three specific things occur. List and describe those three things.

Submission to such conduct is made, either explicitly or implicitly, a term or condition of a person's job, pay, or career (quid pro quo harassment); - Submission to or rejection of such conduct by a person is used as basis for career or employment decisions affecting that person (quid pro quo harassment); - Such conduct has the purpose or effect of unreasonably interfering with an individual's performance, or creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive working environment.

How would you describe the Air Force's approach to preventing substance abuse?

Substance abuse prevention is a collaborative effort shared among various agencies to include the mental health (ADAPT), drug demand reduction, and health promotions and includes: - Education - Counseling - Referral, and - Follow-up

The Air Force's approach to preventing substance abuse focuses on:

Substance abuse prevention, which is a collaborative effort shared among various agencies to include the mental health (ADAPT), drug demand reduction, and health promotions and includes Education, Counseling, Referral, & Follow-up

What factors might a commander consider when deciding whether to let someone continue service?

Successful completion of ADAPT - Severity of impact from behaviors - Member's acceptance of responsibility and need for change - Duty performance, recent and historical - Self-identification versus caught through random testing - Repetition of behaviors or incidents

What is Systemic Discrimination?

The action by an institution (or system) that, through its policies or procedures, deprives a person or group of a right because of color, national origin, race, religion, or sex. Such discrimination can occur overtly, covertly, intentionally, or unintentionally.

From your reading, how would you define stress?

The body's reaction to an external demand (stressor) - the physical, mental, and emotional response to a situation - an individual's response to a perceived stressor - Eustress is positive stress - Distress is negative stress

How would define intervention as it relates to substance abuse?

The process of helping the member recognize at the earliest possible moment that he or she needs treatment for self-destructive drinking or drug abuse. This professionally structured event includes significant others in the member's life.

Human Relations

The relationship arising from organizational and interpersonal relations.

Equal Opportunity

The right of all persons to participate in, and benefit from, programs and activities for which they are qualified. These programs and activities shall be free from social, personal, or institutional barriers that prevent people from rising to the highest level of responsibility possible. Persons shall be evaluated on individual merit, fitness, and capability, regardless of race, color, sex, national origin, or religion.

With unrestricted and restricted reporting, the victim is entitled to medical treatment and counseling. What are the important differences between the two?

There is no official investigation under restricted reporting. - Restricted reporting is confidential, unless there is an imminent threat to the victim or another person. - Only active duty military personnel are eligible for restricted reporting. - Some victims want to pursue unrestricted reporting immediately so that the crime is investigated and the perpetrator held accountable. Others, though, do not.

Why do so few victims report sexual assault?

They are embarrassed. - They are afraid that people will talk about them. - They are worried about their careers. - They are worried about their reputations. - They are afraid people will not believe them. - They think it is better for their unit if they do not report.

2.Spiritual

This dimension of wellness determines one's ability to find comfort, meaning, and hope when faced with these difficult and often tragic circumstances allowing them to return to a state of psychological well-being.

How does sexual, suggestive, or demeaning language and behaviors influence the climate of a work center or a unit?

This kind of behavior is demeaning to all Airmen. - it Encourages more of the same kind of behavior - Left unchecked, it could escalate along the continuum of harm.

3.Social

This type of wellness requires a support network consisting of family, friends, and coworkers offers tremendous benefits for your health and wellness especially when dealing with difficult situations.

What are some examples of unlawful personal discrimination?

Treating members of one particular religious group better or worse than members of a different religious group - Providing less support (e.g. on-the-job-training) to individuals of a particular group, and thus "setting them up for failure" by limiting their ability to progress in training - Placing targeted group members in jobs that do not provide progression, recognition, or increased levels of responsibility. - Purposely withholding critical information from a targeted individual, resulting in the individual looking bad in the eyes of others, especially superiors

Unlawful discrimination

Unlawful discrimination includes discrimination based on color, national origin, race, religion, or sex that is not otherwise authorized by law or regulation.

What are some verbal, nonverbal, and physical behaviors associated with sexual harassment?

Verbal - Sexual compliments, pressure for dates, ridicule with harsh sexual message, etc.; Nonverbal - Leering, ogling, or sexually suggestive cartoons, notes, drawings, pictures, calendars, etc.; Physical - Touches and brushes, hugging, patting, "footsies," etc.

PTSD

an anxiety disorder that may occur in an individual following exposure to a traumatic event

What are the general goals for post-suicide intervention?

help friends and colleagues understand and begin the grieving Process - to help maintain mission readiness, full functioning and morale - identify/refer individuals who are at Increased risk for distress

As a leader, how can you support a climate that helps prevent sexual assault?

model appropriate behavior myself- will not make sexist or derogatory jokes or comments. - let my subordinate supervisors know that I do not tolerate sexist or otherwise harmful language or behavior, and expect them to uphold this expectation as well. - commend people when they take action to uphold this climate. -When I see or hear inappropriate behavior intervene as it is happening. - remove the offending person from the situation. - take those who behave inappropriately aside afterward and talk about it. - encourage bystanders to act. - focus on facilitators as well as potential perpetrators.

Operational Stress

occurs when there are changes in mental functioning or behavior due to military operations other than war.

How does the Air Force define substance abuse? (already did this above but re-mentioning due to more detail coming up about substance abuse.)

the use of any illicit drug, the misuse of any prescribed medication, or the abuse of alcohol - any substandard behavior or performance in which the consumption of alcohol is a primary contributing factor - any pattern of unconventional misuse of any substance for nonmedical purposes that produces a known health risk or constitutes a danger to self or others

Why do you think the Air Force makes this distinction between those that exhibit substandard behavior that occurs while drinking is labeled alcohol abuse, when many people would just consider that acting drunk or making fools of themselves?

to Increase awareness of how a member's drinking habits are viewed - Make members aware of the impact of their behaviors - to ensure members know that inappropriate behavior isn't excused because they were drunk - to encompass a broader range of offenses to ensure intervention occurs before alcohol use get worse

Knowing the Bold Face indicators, Wingmen should always:

• Assess the desire for self-harm. • Assess the means for self-harm. Does this person have a plan? Are there guns or weapons in the home? • Assess the status of the Four Dimensions of Wellness. • Stay with the fellow Wingman until a positive handoff is completed. Don't leave the member alone until the Airman has been handed off to supervisor, 1st Sgt, company commander and/or helping agency. • Look out for your fellow Airmen. • Show sincere concern and actively listen. • Appropriately intervene. • Don't allow your fellow Wingman to engage in self-destructive behavior.

The five methods used by the Air Force to identify substance abuse are:

• Self-identification • Commander referrals • Medical identification • Substance-related incidents • Drug-testing

Three common reactions to suicide prevention:

• Fear (Helplessness: "I can't do anything to help"; Hopelessness: "Nothing I do matters"); • Anxiety (Over-protectiveness: Reduce autonomy; Under-protectiveness: Casual avoidance); • Anger (Lack of compassion: Inability to care; Criticism: Blaming)

Stress Management Strategies

• Individual Approaches • Time Management • Physical Exercise • Relaxation Training • Social Support

Individual Factors of Stress:

• Physiological Symptoms • Psychological Symptoms • Behavioral Symptoms

As an NCO/leader, effective methods to communicate your observations concerning substance abuse issues with a suspected abuser are:

• Private counseling or feedback session • Firm questions, yet sensitive to subordinate's situation and needs • Inquiring with a nonjudgmental, open-minded attitude • Sincerity and genuine concern in actions • Using observed behaviors and other facts as the basis for discussion

Warning signs or symptoms of PTSD

• Reliving the event • Avoiding situations that remind you of the event • Feeling numb • Hyperarousal

The effects of substance abuse are far reaching. Substance abuse prevention promotes:

• Responsible behavioral patterns • Environment of open communication • Less time spent on administrative actions • A decrease in physical and mental health related expenses • A reduction in lost duty time

Organizational Approaches to Stress Management

• Selection and Placement • Goal Setting • Job Redesign • Organizational Communication • Wellness Programs

Organizational stress factors prevalent in your organization are:

• Task demands • Role demands • Interpersonal demands • Organizational structure • Organizational leadership

Substance Abuse

• The use of any illicit drug, the misuse of any prescribed medication, or the abuse of alcohol • Any substandard behavior or performance in which the consumption of alcohol is a primary contributing factor • Any pattern of unconventional misuse of any substance for nonmedical purposes that produces a known health risk or constitutes a danger to self or others