Course Point Pathophysiology- Chapter 25

A client asks why he has not had major heart damage since his cardiac catheterization revealed he has 98% blockage of the right coronary artery. The nurse's best response is:

"You have small channels between some of your arteries, so you can get blood from a patent artery to one severely blocked."

A client is having blood work done. What percentage of red blood cells represents the formed elements of the blood?

40-45%

A client is admitted to the cardiac unit with a diagnosis of pericarditis. The nurse is teaching the client about the anatomical location of the infection. The nurse evaluates the effectiveness of the teaching when the client correctly identifies which of the following as the location of the pericardium?

A membranous sac that encloses the heart

A nurse is reviewing an echocardiogram for a client with a congenital defect in the papillary muscles of the heart. Based on this result, which assessment should the nurse complete?

Auscultate for a murmur caused by the backward expulsion of blood through the atrioventricular valves.

A client's echocardiogram identified a narrowed valve that has resulted in a decreased blood flow between the left atria and left ventricle. The nurse would interpret this as the:

Bicuspid valve

Select the correct sequence of blood return to the heart.

Capillaries, venules, veins, right atrium

The heart controls the direction of blood flow. What is the role of the aortic valve?

Controls the direction of blood flow from the left side of the heart to the systemic circulation

The school nurse is doing a health class on the functional organization of the circulatory system. What is the function of the capillaries in the circulatory system?

Exchange gases, nutrients, and wastes

Release of which humoral factors will result in vasodilation?

Histamine

Which enzyme has a powerful vasodilator effect on arterioles and increases capillary permeability?

Histamine

Which structure within the myocardium contains gap junctions that allow impulses to travel rapidly so the heart can contract as a single unit?

Intercalated disks

A nursing instructor is explaining arterial circulation to a group of nursing students. What is the most appropriate information for the nurse to provide concerning arterial pressure gradient in the arterial side of systemic circulation?

It contains one-sixth of the total blood volume.

Which of the following is true regarding pulmonary circulation?

It is a low-pressure system that allows for improved gas exchange.

Which of the following blood flow patterns reduces friction, allowing the blood layers to slide smoothly over one another?

Laminar

The physician states that a client has adequate collateral circulation. The nurse interprets this as:

Long-term compensatory regulation of blood flow

A nurse is assessing a female client and notes that her left arm is swollen from the shoulder down to the fingers, with non-pitting edema. The right arm is normal. The client had a left-sided mastectomy 1 year ago. What does the nurse suspect is the problem?

Lymphedema

Which related circulatory complication can result from surgical treatment for metastatic breast cancer?

Lymphedema in the affected arm

Which factor is the primary factor of local control of blood flow?

Nutritional needs of the tissue involved

The heart is a four-chambered pump. What is the function of the right ventricle?

Pumps blood to the lungs

A client has had an acute myocardial infarction (MI). The brother of the client has a history of angina. The client asks how he will know if his brother's pain is angina or if the brother is actually having an MI. Which statement is correct?

Rest and intake of nitroglycerin relieve chest pain with angina; they do not relieve chest pain with an MI.

The nurse identifies the blood vessel layer that constricts to regulate and control diameter as:

Tunica media

Which blood vessel layer is made primarily of muscle?

Tunica media

The cardiac cycle describes the pumping action of the heart. Which statement is correct about systole?

Ventricles contract and blood is ejected from the heart.

There are three main atrial pressure waves that occur during the cardiac cycle. What are the three main atrial pressure waves? Select all that apply.

cva

Which sequence is the correct pathway for blood flow through the heart?

right atrium - tricuspid valve - right ventricle - pulmonary artery - lungs - pulmonary vein - left atrium - mitral valve - left ventricle - aorta

The electrical activity of the heart is recorded on the ECG. What does the T wave on the ECG represent?

Repolarization of the ventricles

The nurse is reviewing the circulatory system. Which statements are correct about the functional organization of the circulatory system? Select all that apply.

The arterial system distributes oxygenated blood to the tissues. The venous system collects deoxygenated blood from the tissues.

During an assessment of a client with ankle swelling, the nurse observes jugular venous pulsations 5 cm above the sternal angle when the head of his bed is elevated 45 degrees. What is the correct interpretation of this finding?

The client has increased pressure related to right-sided heart failure.

If a client experiences sympathetic nervous stimulation of the heart, the nurse will observe which changes in manifestations?

Increased heart rate and increased contractility

A client has prominent jugular veins. What type of medical problem is associated with prominent jugular veins?

Right-sided heart failure