Courseware

All of the following statements accurately describe the corpus spongiosum except

It ends abruptly some distance behind the glans penis.

Which of the following is a good description of the function of the stomach sphincters?

The cardiac sphincter is where a bolus enters the stomach from the esophagus. The pyloric sphincter is where chyme exits the stomach into the duodenum.

The esophagus extends from the _____ to the cardiac sphincter, where it joins the stomach.

Laryngopharynx

All of the following statements accurately describe the testes except

They are accessory glands.

Which of the following statements accurately compares the corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum of the penis?

They are both composed of sponge-like erectile tissue that fills with blood during sexual arousal.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the vas deferens?

They are located between the peritoneal membrane and the lateral wall of the pelvis.

If you were explaining the anatomy and functions of the testes to your lab partner, you would likely say all of the following except

They are male accessory glands that produce semen.

How many days does it take the blastocyst to divide into two groups of cells?

15

It takes about _____ days for the fertilized egg to reach the uterus and by that time, it has become a collection of hundreds of cells, called a _____.

5, blastocyst

At how many weeks of pregnancy does the embryo become a fetus?

9

If you wanted to explain the function of bacteria in the large intestine to someone who did not understand it, you might include all of the following except

Bacteria absorb water in the colon.

All of the following digestive processes occur in the colon except

Bacteria secrete bile, which is absorbed.

As the baby moves toward the birth canal, the _____ dilates.

Cervix

During birth, smooth muscle contractions do all of the following except

Dissolve the placenta into the uterus.

The pancreas produces pancreatic juice that flows into a smaller accessory duct and a larger pancreatic duct. What is the name of the smaller duct?

Duct of Santorini

In addition to being the primary male reproductive organs, the testes are also _____ glands.

Endocrine

On its way to the stomach, the esophagus passes through an opening in the diaphragm called the

Esophageal hiatus.

What are rugae?

Folds in the stomach wall

Two types of arteries supply blood to the stomach. The _____ supply/supplies the greater curvature of the stomach, whereas the _____ supply/supplies the lesser curvature.

Gastroepiploic artery, gastric arteries

Which of the following describes how bile enters the duodenum?

Hepatocytes in the liver secrete bile, which flows into the right and left hepatic ducts and then into the common hepatic duct. If the bile is not yet needed for digestion, it flows up the cystic duct and is stored in the gall bladder.

If you were explaining the process of spermatogenesis to your lab partner, you would likely include all of the following steps except

Immature sperm cells mature in the testes.

Where does fertilization of the oocyte occur?

In the ampulla of the uterine tube

Peristaltic waves are _____ that move the bolus down the esophagus and into the stomach.

Involuntary muscle contractions

All of the following statements accurately describe the epididymis except

It attaches to the prostatic urethra.

All of the following statments accurately describe neurulation except

It occurs at week 9 of the pregnancy.

All of the following statements accurately describe the process of conception except

Many sperm fertilize the oocyte.

The uterine tubes are supported by part of the broad ligament called the

Mesosalpinx

The taenia coli are bands of _____ running along the outside of the colon.

Muscle

Where is the insertion point of the masseter muscle?

On the mandible

Which of the following best describes how the structures of the oral cavity work?

Once food enters the oral cavity, the teeth chew it and saliva partially digests it. During swallowing, the bolus is moved into the esophagus by the epiglottis, which folds down to block the trachea.

The male accessory glands include the

Prostate

The falciform ligament separates the _____ and _____ lobes of the liver.

Right, left

Which of the following statements accurately describes saliva?

Saliva contains enzymes and proteins that initiate chemical digestion of food.

Between menarche and menopause, one _____ is released into the uterine tube. If it is fertilized, it will complete _____.

Secondary oocyte, meiosis II

Semen is a mixture of

Seminal fluid and sperm

The accessory glands produce

Seminal fluid.

At the base of the prostate, the vas deferens narrow and join the base of the _____ to form the _____.

Seminal vesicles, ejaculatory ducts

Inside the _____, abnormal blood cells are consumed by macrophages, and lymphocytes carry out immune responses.

Spleen

Which structure connects the uterus to the vagina?

The cervix

All of the following are layers of the uterine body except

The infundibulum.

All of the following are layers of the stomach wall except

The innermost serosa

Where is the boundary between the upper and lower digestive tracts?

The junction of the stomach and small intestine

Which of the following statements accurately compares the labia majora and labia minora?

The labia majora are covered with pubic hair, whereas the labia minora lack pubic hair.

Which of the following distinguishes the different pancreatic ducts?

The larger pancreatic duct is also known as the duct of Wirsung, while the smaller accessory duct is also known as the duct of Santorini.

All of the following accurately compare how lymph drains from the left and right sides of the face and scalp except

The left and right jugular lymphatic trunks carry lymph from both sides of the head and neck into the thoracic duct.

All of the following are phases of the uterine cycle except

The luteal phase.

All of the following statements accurately describe the bulbourethral glands and their secretions except

They are chestnut-sized glands located immediately below and around the internal opening of the urethra.

The _____ arteries branch from the _____ arteries and supply the uterus.

Uterine, internal iliac

Estrogen and progesterone are produced by the

ovaries

Which part of the sperm cell contains its genetic information, or chromosomes?

the head

If you were explaining the blood supply to the male genitalia to someone who does not understand it, you might say any of the following except

The constriction of veins and dilation of arteries in the penis cause the erectile tissue to swell, producing an erection

All of the following are parts of sperm cells except

The corona radiata.

Which of the following accurately compares the corpora cavernosa and the corpus spongiosum?

The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum both consist of erectile tissue. The corpus spongiosum includes the glans, and the urethra runs through it.

All of the following are accessory glands of the male reproductive system except

The testes.

Which of the following accurately describes the action of the temporalis muscle?

It elevates and retracts the mandible.

Bile is produced in the _____ and stored in the _____.

Liver, gall bladder

The ovaries produce all of the following except

Oxytocin

The vessels and nerves that supply the testes pass through tubes of _____ called the spermatic cords

Fascia

The mammary glands contain _____ that secrete milk into _____ that terminate in the nipples.

Lobules, ducts

Which hormone stimulates the follicle in the ovary to release an oocyte while the uterine lining is thickening?

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

If your instructor asked you to explain the role lymph nodes play in the lymphatic system, which of the following would you likely say?

Lymph nodes filter lymph before it reenters the bloodstream.

Which of the following is a type of salivary gland?

Parotid

All of the following are accessory organs of the digestive system except

The appendix.

What is the site of implantation for the blastocyst?

The endometrium

If you were describing the process of mechanical digestion to your lab partner, which of the following statements would you most likely make?

The teeth break down food into small pieces and the tongue manipulates it into a bolus.

What day of the female reproductive cycle does ovulation normally occur?

14

How many chromosomes do immature sperm cells have once spermatogenesis concludes?

23

Sperm and eggs have _____ chromosomes, and zygotes have _____ chromosomes.

23, 46

Women of childbearing age go through a cycle about every _____ days that makes it possible to become pregnant.

28

Which of the following statements accurately distinguishes a bolus from chyme?

A bolus is food that has been chewed and swallowed, whereas chyme is the mixture of food and digestive secretions created in the stomach.

All of the following are layers of the ejaculatory duct wall except

A fibromuscular coat.

What is a bolus?

A small mass of food, formed by chewing, that is swallowed

When the male and female sex cells unite, they form

A zygote.

All of the following are chambers of lymph nodes except

Afferent vessels.

Which of the following accurately compares T cells and B cells?

After maturing, both T cells and B cells enter the bloodstream, then colonize lymphatic tissues like the spleen and lymph nodes.

If you were explaining the absorption structures to someone who did not understand them, you might include all of the following except

All absorption of nutrients takes place in the small intestine.

As soon as the genetic information on the chromosomes from the two parents merges into one nucleus in the zygote, it divides and becomes

An embryo

Since the urethra passes directly through the prostate, what physiological problems do you think might be caused by an enlarged prostate?

An enlarged prostate can impede urination and sexual function.

Which of the following statements accurately describes what happens during the ovarian cycle?

An ovarian follicle develops and LH stimulates the follicle to release a secondary oocyte.

Which gland or lobe of a gland stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone?

Anterior pituitary

Which gland or lobe of a gland stimulates the testes to produce androgens?

Anterior pituitary

During sexual arousal _____ in the penis dilate and _____ constrict, which cause the erectile tissue to swell and produce an erection.

Arteries, veins

From the cecum to the rectum, the regions of the colon are the

Ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon.

The penis contains spongy, erectile tissue that fills with _____, causing it to stiffen during sexual arousal.

Blood

Which of the following supplies the gall bladder with oxygenated blood?

Branches of the cystic artery

All of the following are core functions of the vagina except

Carrying urine outside the body.

The vagina extends from the _____ of the uterus to the _____.

Cervix, vestibule

What is chyme and where is it created?

Chyme is the mixture of food and digestive secretions that is created in the stomach.

All of the following are types of salivary glands except

Circumvallate

Taste buds are found in the _____ and _____.

Circumvallate papillae, fungiform papillae

The spongy urethra passes through the _____ to the tip of the glans penis.

Corpus spongiosum

What carries ovulated oocytes from the ovaries into the uterine tubes?

Currents set up by the movements of cilia covering the fimbriae

Nutrients absorbed from chyme are passed into the wall of the

Duodenum.

All of the following statements accurately describe ovarian follicles except

Each ovary has one central follicle.

Which of the following accurately lists the structures semen passes through on its way from the vas deferens to the external urethral orifice?

Ejaculatory duct, prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra

The vas deferens carries semen from the _____ to the _____.

Epididymis, ejaculatory duct

Which of the following lists the correct order of the male reproductive ducts sperm passes through on its way from the testes to the urethra?

Epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts

All of the following hormones control the process of lactation except

Estrogen

Which of these structures relaxes voluntarily as part of defecation?

External anal sphincter

Chyme can be described as any of the following except

Food broken down into a small mass by structures in the oral cavity.

All of the following statements accurately describe how digestive secretions aid in digestion in the small intestine except

Gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid and enzymes that digest food into chyme in the small intestine.

All of the following hormones play a role in pregnancy except

Human growth hormone (hGH).

How does the pathway of bile to the duodenum differ from the pathway of pancreatic juice?

If bile is not immediately needed for digestion, it may flow to the gall bladder via the cystic duct, instead of to the duodenum. Pancreatic juice flows only to the duodenum.

Where does food enter the stomach?

In the cardiac sphincter

Where does absorption of nutrients begin?

In the duodenum

Where do sperm cells mature?

In the epididymis

Where is indigestible waste compacted?

In the large intestine

Where is most of the water absorbed during digestion?

In the large intestine

Where does mechanical and chemical digestion begin?

In the mouth

Why is the hepatic portal system important?

It allows nutrients and wastes to be processed in the liver instead of entering the circulation directly.

All of the following statements accurately describe the structure of the vagina except

It consists of numerous follicles that are embedded in its cortex.

All of the following statements accurately describe the spongy urethra except

It contains the verumontanum

Which of the following statements accurately describes the ampulla of the uterine tube?

It curves over the ovary.

Which of the following accurately describes the action of the masseter muscle?

It elevates and protracts the mandible.

Which of the following describes the greater curvature of the stomach?

It is supplied by the gastroepiploic artery.

What does saliva do to food in the oral cavity?

It partially digests it.

All of the following are true of the thymus except

It produces hormones that regulate the development of B cells.

What is the anterior pituitary's role in the production of male sex hormones?

It stimulates the testes to produce androgens.

_____ begins as interstitial fluid between cells and filters into lymphatic _____, flowing into larger vessels and trunks, and eventually returning to venous blood.

Lymph, capillaries

Many primary oocytes complete _____ to become secondary oocytes, each containing _____ chromosomes.

Meiosis I, 23

Primary spermatocytes divide by _____ to produce _____ that have _____ chromosomes.

Meiosis, secondary spermatocytes, 23

Spermatogonia divide by _____ to produce _____.

Mitosis, primary spermatocytes

Which of the following statements accurately compares the small and large intestines?

Most nutrient absorption takes place in the small intestine, whereas most water reabsorption takes place in the large intestine.

Which of the following accurately lists the four tissue layers of the alimentary canal, from innermost to outermost?

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa

All of the following statements accurately describe the external anatomy of the testes except

Numerous lobules and seminiferous tubules form the fibrous covering of the testes.

How would you summarize the last few steps of the digestive process?

Nutrients are absorbed in the small intestine. Water is absorbed in the large intestine. Waste is eliminated through the rectum and anal canal.

Where is the insertion point of the temporalis muscle?

On the coronoid process of the mandible

Which of the following statements is true regarding the sex chromosomes carried by oocytes and sperm cells?

Oocytes can only carry X chromosomes.

If you were explaining the function of oogonia in oogenesis to a classmate, which of the following would you say?

Oogonia are stem cells that go through mitosis during fetal development. Some of them develop into 46-chromosome primary oocytes.

The cortex of the embryonic ovary contains numerous stem cells called _____ that divide by _____.

Oogonia, mitosis

Which of the following accurately lists the order of the structures through which food passes as it moves through the digestive system, starting with the entry of food into the mouth through to elimination?

Oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anal canal

All of the following statements accurately describe one of the categories of reproductive system organs except

Organs that produce fertilized eggs.

Which of the following secrete estrogen and progesterone, as well as produce oocytes?

Ovaries

Which of the following best explains how the male sexual response works?

Peristalsis pushes sperm up through the vas deferens. The sperm mixes with secretions from accessory glands, forming semen, which is ejaculated through the urethra.

The events that occur after an embryo implants in the uterus are called

Pregnancy

All of these types of teeth cut and tear food except

Premolars

At the onset of female puberty, tens of thousands of _____ each form part of a _____ follicle in the ovaries.

Primary oocytes, primordial

All of the following are parts of the male urethra except

Seminiferous

Sperm develop in the _____ of the testes.

Seminiferous tubules

All of the following structures pass through the spermatic cords except

Seminiferous tubules.

Which of the following accurately lists the three coats of the uterine tubes, from exterior to interior?

Serous, muscular, mucous

What propels an oocyte down the length of the uterine tube to the uterus?

Smooth muscle contractions in the uterine tube

The mammary glands are modified _____ glands that secrete milk.

Sweat

The temporalis muscle originates from the

Temporal fossa and temporal fascia.

Which of the following is a male sex hormone?

Testosterone

If you were explaining the alimentary canal to your lab partner, which of the following points would you likely make?

The alimentary canal is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.

The hepatic portal system drains nutrient-rich blood from

The alimentary canal.

Which of the following accurately compares the function of the lactation hormones?

The anterior pituitary releases prolactin, which stimulates milk production. The posterior pituitary releases oxytocin, which stimulates milk release.

Which division of the nervous system controls peristalsis?

The autonomic nervous system

The vestibule encompasses all of the following except

The clitoris.

What is the shortest part of the urethra?

The membranous urethra

Which of the four layers of the alimentary canal produces the contractions of peristalsis?

The muscularis

If you were showing a friend a cross-section of a tooth, you could use all of the following to explain it except

The neck of the tooth sits in the alveolar process of the jaw bone

Which of the following best describes what happens to nutrients in the chyme as it travels through the small intestine?

The nutrients are further broken down by secretions from organs. Then they are taken up by intestinal lining cells and digested further by intracellular enzymes.

What structure connects the ovaries to the uterus?

The ovarian ligament

Which structures unite at the hepatopancreatic ampulla, or ampulla of Vater?

The pancreatic duct and the common bile duct

Which of the following distinguishes the different types of salivary glands?

The parotid ducts pass saliva from the parotid glands into the oral cavity. The submandibular ducts pass saliva from the submandibular and sublingual glands.

Which of the following best describes the relationship between the pelvic ligaments and the female reproductive organs?

The pelvic ligaments support the uterus, ovaries, and vagina.

Which part of the urethra carries only urine, and never sperm, at least for part of the way?

The prostatic urethra

Which of the following accurately lists the accessory glands of the male reproductive system?

The seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral glands

Which of the following describes the longest portion of the alimentary canal?

The small intestine is where absorption of nutrients occurs.

Which portion of the urethra is located entirely inside the penis?

The spongy urethra

Which of the following statements accurately describes the origin points of the masseter muscle?

The superficial portion originates from the maxillary process of the zygomatic bone and the inferior border of the zygomatic arch, whereas the deep portion originates from the zygomatic arch.

All of the following statements accurately describe the ejaculatory ducts except

They consist of numerous lobules and seminiferous tubules.

What is the function of rugae?

They help the stomach expand when necessary.

All of these are true of villi except

They propel chyme through the pyloric sphincter.

Which of the following statements accurately describes the secretions produced by the seminal vesicles?

They secrete fluid that contains sugars, prostaglandins, and other substances.

If your friend asked you to explain why lymph nodes are clustered in areas where the head and limbs meet the torso and near the intestines, which of the following would you likely say?

This distribution defends the torso from pathogens entering from the extremities or from ingested food.

All of the following are lymph trunks except

Thoracic

What is the main function of the secretions produced by the prostate?

To help the sperm survive in the female reproductive tract

What is the purpose of the reproductive system?

To produce offspring that carries genetic information from a male and a female

The secretions produced by the seminal vesicles make up about _____ of the semen.

Two-thirds

An early embryo's internal and external genitalia are _____. If the embryo has an X and a Y chromosome, _____ is produced, triggering _____ development.

Undifferentiated, testosterone, male

After leaving the ovary, an unfertilized egg enters the

Uterine tube.

Which of the following accurately traces the path sperm take on their way to the unfertilized oocyte?

Vagina, cervix, uterus, uterine tube

The female external genitalia is also known as the

Vulva

All of the following statements accurately describe the clitoris except

When the female is sexually aroused, it engorges with blood and swells around the vaginal opening.

During swallowing, the epiglottis prevents choking by folding down to close off the _____ and _____.

Larynx, trachea

All of the following statements accurately describe meiosis except

It produces two diploid cells that are identical clones of the parent.

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cervix?

It secretes a clear, viscous alkaline mucus that changes at different times during the menstrual cycle.

All of the following structures are female external genitalia except

The vagina.

Once a fertilized oocyte reaches the uterus, where does it embed?

In the uterine wall

Which of the following accurately lists the three divisions of the uterine tube, from the ovary to the uterus?

Infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus

What is the function of the sponge-like tissue that makes up the corpora cavernosa?

It fills with blood during sexual arousal and causes the penis to become erect.

Which of the following accurately describes the functions of testosterone?

It governs the early development of the male reproductive system and development of the male secondary sexual features.

All of the following statements accurately describe gastric juice except

It initiates chemical digestion of food.

All of the following statements accurately describe the internal pudendal artery except

It is larger in the female than in the male.

All of the following hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary gland except

Oxytocin

Which hormone regulates the contractions that push the baby out of the mother's body?

Oxytocin

The secretions produced by the male accessory glands include all of the following except

Sperm

Which structures are part of the male reproductive duct system?

The vas deferens

Which of the following statements accurately compares sperm, seminal fluid, and semen?

Sperm are the male gametes produced by the testes, seminal fluid comprises the secretions of the accessory glands, and semen is a mixture of seminal fluid and sperm.

During sexual response, peristalsis pushes _____ up through the vas deferens, and it mixes with secretions from the accessory glands to form _____, which is ejaculated through the urethra.

Sperm, semen

_____ mature into sperm cells in the _____.

Spermatids, epididymis

Sperm production begins with stem cells called

Spermatogonia

If you were explaining the function of spermatogonia to a classmate, which of these would you say?

Spermatogonia are stem cells that develop into immature sperm in the seminiferous tubules. They divide by meiosis to produce primary spermatocytes.

How does the pituitary gland relate to the female sex hormones?

The anterior pituitary stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen.

How would you describe the duct system that delivers sperm?

The duct system that delivers sperm extends up through the spermatic cords and over the bladder, descending behind it to join the ejaculatory ducts. The vas deferens is part of this duct system.

All of the following digestive structures produce secretions that aid in chemical digestion except

The esophagus.

What is the importance of the uterine tube in ovulation?

The uterine tube transports an ovulated oocyte out of the ovary. If the oocyte is fertilized, it implants in the uterus.

Which of the following accurately compares the thoracic duct and the right lymphatic duct?

The thoracic duct drains a much larger portion of the body than does the right lymphatic duct.

If you wanted to explain the extrinsic tongue muscles to someone who did not understand them, you would say all of the following except

Extrinsic muscles allow the tongue to change its shape, such as by curling into a loop or flattening.

What is the role of the tongue in chewing and swallowing?

The tongue manipulates the chewed food into a small mass and moves it into the oropharynx.

Where does most nutrient absorption occur?

In the small intestine

Which of the following statements describes the role of the amnion?

It fills with fluid and cushions the developing embryo.

All of the following statements are true regarding peristalsis except

It involves waves of voluntary smooth muscle contractions.

Which of the following statements accurately describes human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)?

It spikes at the beginning of the pregnancy, and it is the basis for most pregnancy tests.

Which of the following statements is true regarding one of the secretions that contribute to digestion?

Pancreatic juice contains enzymes and ions that aid digestion in the small intestine.

How does peristalsis differ in different parts of the alimentary canal?

Peristalsis can involve bigger waves in the esophagus and smaller waves in the intestines.

What signals the beginning of labor?

Smooth muscle contractions of the uterus

All of the following statements are true regarding the blastocyst cells except

Some of the embryonic cells will develop into part of the placenta.

If you were explaining the flow of bile from the liver to the gall bladder and small intestine, you might say all of the following except

The common bile duct carries bile from the liver to the cystic duct and common hepatic duct.

What involuntary movement prevents the bolus from entering the trachea?

The epiglottis folds down and covers the trachea.

How does the fetus receive the nutrients needed for growth and development?

The fetus receives nutrients that diffuse from maternal blood into fetal blood vessels in the placenta.

If you were telling a friend how the liver works, you might say all of the following except

The liver's primary digestive function is to store bile, which emulsifies fats.

Which of the following is one of the outer layers that surrounds the oocyte and the zygote?

The zona pellucida

If you wanted to explain the mastication muscles to someone who did not understand them, you would say all of the following except

There are both superficial and deep temporalis muscles.

Which of the following is a similarity between peristalsis and haustral churning?

They both move chyme through the colon.