CPAR

SPANISH COLONIAL PERIOD (1521

1898) - Portuguese explorer, Ferdinand Magellan came to the Philippines and introduced Christianity and Catholicism. Several architectures emerged like the Catholic Church formed like a Latin cross. During this era, churches were built with Baroque features and details and some of these churches are still found in different regions in the country nowadays. Plazas were also built including the Bahay na Bato/Bahay na Tisa which became the residences of the people. Sculptures focused on saint figures, church wall details, and the caroza used mainly as a stand of Santos and Santas during processions. Entertainment was in the form of music and dance. During Holy Week, people would do the Pabasa where they sing about the passion of Christ.

AMERICAN OCCUPATION (1898-1946)

Americans took over after winning against the Spanish colonizers. During this period, most architectures were modernized and cities and major developments. The comedic theater show, Vaudeville became known. Manila and Baguio were developed and designed by Daniel Burnham who was commissioned to do the job. Paintings of Fernando Amorsolowhich reflects the Filipino culture emerged during this period. Guillermo Tolentino made the sculpture of the Oblation in 1935 and the Bonifacio Monument was also appreciated.

Contrast

Areas of contrast are where a viewer's eyes are usually first drawn. Artists will combine elements to stress the differences between those elements.

Balance

Artists combine elements to add a feeling of equilibrium or stability to a work of art. Symmetry and asymmetry are manifestations of balance.

Hybridity

As reported, artists use ______ in their work through the blending of new or unusual materials with traditional mediums. The incorporation of these materials, such as recycled or industrial materials, plays an important role in the meaning of the artwork.

Oscar Villamiel

He was born in Caloocan City, Manila, as the source reveals and is a multimedia artist known for his large-scale installations consisting of objects found in local communities. Accordingly, his art career may have started later in life, but his installations have enthralled audiences for the past decade. He initially worked as a set designer for television, a leather bag craftsman and a successful t-shirt company entrepreneur before holding his first solo exhibition in 2006. It was reported that he once filled a room with thousands of bullhorns in his show Mga Damong Ligaw ('Wild Weeds') in 2014, at the Light and Space Contemporary in Fairview, Manila. This bullhorn installation was made to look like a terrain of weeds when viewed at a certain angle. Authors say that his work reflects the current socio-political situation in the country, highlighting elements of poverty, consumerism, and religion. His massive installation Payatas, which features thousands of doll heads, was chosen to represent the Philippines in the Singapore Biennale exhibition in 2013. It took him two-and-a-half years to finish this work.

PRE-COLONIAL (900-1565)

Indigenous Filipinos had their own art, literature, and architectures even before the colonizers came. This also includes their cultures and rituals. There are two literary forms - oral and written. Oral are chants, stories and songs while cave drawings and writings were the written forms. They produced visual arts- paintings and sculptures manifested in pots, figures and jewelries. The prime architecture of this era was the cave.

ISLAMIC PERIOD (1202)

Sayyid Abbubakar came to Sulu and spread the Arabic religion mostly in Mindanao which was embraced by the Maguindanaoan, Tausog, Yakan, Samal, and Badjao. The Quran serves as their Bible and literature. They pray in their church called the Mosque which is one of their prime architecture. Their sculpture is called Ukkil/Okir which focuses on sculpting, molding, pottery, weaving and patterns.

VISUAL ARTS

The _____, according to the-buchiblo.com, are art forms such as painting, drawing, printmaking, sculpture, ceramics, photography, video, filmmaking, design, crafts, and architecture. It maintains that many artistic disciplines such as performing arts, conceptual art, textile arts also involve aspects of visual arts as well as arts of other types. The following discussions are taken from the above-mentioned site. Early modernist painters associated and did religious and secular paintings like what the painter Damian Domingo did. Likewise, as explained, the art of Juan Luna and Felix Hidalgo showed a trend for political statements. Artists such as Fernando Amorsolo used post- modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature, and harmony.

Cordilleras

The ______ is a great manifestation of how our people love its culture and the arts. The six provinces of Abra, Apayao, Benguet, Ifugao, Kalinga and Mountain Province comprised the Cordillera region, which, according to itsmorefuninthephilippines.co.uk, is the country's only land-locked region which is fascinating from a cultural point of view thanks to several fascinating burial sites and to the presence of tribes maintaining their traditional ways of life.

Bariw Weaving

The banig is the main product of the municipality and the importance of banig (_______) weaving as a major means of livelihood of the Libertadnons in Antique is celebrated during the Banigan Festival held from March 14 to 16.

JAPANESE OCCUPATION (1946-1969)

The darkest period of Philippine History Happened during this era. Most of the arts that were made were destroyed by the Japanese but Modern Art was slowly getting into the art world. The triumvirate of Victorio Edades, Carlos Francisco and Galo Hernandez pioneered modern art.

Shape

The element of art that is two-dimensional, flat, or limited to height and width. Usually a shape is enclosed.

Variety

The principle of art concerned with diversity or contrast is that of ______. ______ is brought about by using different colors, sizes and shapes in a work of art. It is the partner of unity. Artists seek the balance between the two.

Leeroy New

Initially trained as a sculptor, according to theculturetrip.com, ______'s work blends theater, fashion, film, production design, and public art and that he graduated from the prestigious Philippine High School for the Arts, before continuing his Fine Arts degree at the University of the Philippines. He has received artist residences in Singapore and Australia and was awarded the 13 Artists Award by the Cultural Center of the Philippines in 2014. His large-scale public art uses common objects and materials found in everyday environments. It was also revealed that in the sand dunes of Paoay, Ilocos Norte, ____ collaborated with the local government to convert discarded water tanks and cement fountains into a post-apocalyptic park filled with sculptures and that his most recent grant from the Burning Man Global Arts foundation was used to transform the most polluted waterway in Manila, the Pasig River, with floating installations - challenging views on the environment. As a response to the issue of art and art practitioners' (in)visibility in the Philippines, according to leeroynew.com, he decided early on that cultivating a language for large scale public art was the challenge he had to take on and that through his persistence, despite the initially limited support and resources, what resulted were immersive installations that use a variety of found objects directly sourced from the immediate material culture of his current environment.

Hagabi

It is a very long wooden bench carved from a single piece of wood, and according to life's a celebration.blog, a symbol of wealth and social prestige among the Ifugaos. Creating the "______" involves a ritual in which a hosting of a public feast where priests traditionally called the "Mumbaki" perform a ceremony called "mamaldang" to determine if the omens for the creation of the hagabi bench are favorable. It was revealed that the ritual begins with the search for the right tree (usually a narra), the journey of the woodcarvers to the forest to select, cut and carve the tree, and the villagers taking turns in transporting the carved "hagabi" bench out of the forest through mountain trails. It was further explained that this activity takes several days and ends with more days of eating, drinking of rice wine and dancing.

Text

It is said that contemporary artists utilize text in their art to push past the concept that text is only meant to be read. The additional meaning from the text, as said, adds another level of depth that cannot be created by shape and color alone.

PERFORMING ARTS

It is said that the performances we see today are mere products of the cultures that have influenced the country through the years. Accordingly, The Philippines has managed to glean the most interesting cultural traits from her various invaders and colonizers evident in our music, dance, fashion, painting, sculpture, and architecture. It is generally assumed that dance and music as a medium of artistic expression are the most popular among Filipinos.

70s to CONTEMPORARY (1970-PRESENT)

Multimedia, mixed media and transmedia were introduced and figurative and non-figurative arts were developed. Modern architectures in the form of malls, real-estates, condos, hotels, resorts, commercial buildings and many more were built.

CARAGA Region

One of the inhabitants of the region are the Manobos, whose name, according to thingsasian.com, may come from "Mansuba" from man (person or people) and suba (river), meaning river people. The first Manobo settlers, as read from the site, lived in northern Mindanao and that at present Manobo tribes can be found at the hillsides and river valleys of the northeastern part of Cotabato. It is further revealed that a Manobo community is mostly male dominated where the man is considered as the head of the family and makes the family decisions. Accordingly, only a Royal, a Datu can practice polygamy, only with the consent of the first wife and her parents. The first wife will remain the head wife. The Datu or Chief must also have proven his bravery and leadership in battle as a bagani. This position can be passed on to a Datu's children, as long as they have the necessary qualifications. Village members are expected to help in any way from their kinship group or persons related by marriage, this relationship is named upakat or reciprocity. The Manobo are both strong in mind and spirit, their cultural identity is firmly rooted in the land and its nature. It is maintained through storytelling, language, family and the passing on of traditional skills and arts.

Taebang

One of the valuable arts and masterpiece of the Manobos is the "_____," as read from the Facebook page of Datu Ferdausi Saniel Cerna, a National Commission of Indigenous Peoples Regional Director, who says that the _______ is the Manobo tribe's headdress. The _______, according to him, is given to a legitimate Datu only upon ritual or conferment to him as such. The garment is worn as a sign of authority given to the Datu by his community and not for any show nor any commercial purposes. For the Manobos, the headdress is sacred and that nobody could touch it without the express consent of the owner. He likewise revealed that this should not touch the ground and at all times be in the possession of the owner as he performs his tasks as a Datu.

FOLK LITERATURE

Philippine folk literature is the traditional oral literature of the Filipino people and refers to a wide range of material due to the ethnic mix of the Philippines. Accordingly, each unique ethnic group has its own stories and myths to tell.

Benedicto Reyes Cabrera

Popularly known as BenCab, this National Artist for Visual Arts is widely hailed as a master of contemporary Philippine art. According to bencabmuseum.org, he has exhibited widely in the Philippines and in Asia, Europe, and the United States as a painter and printmaker and has won several major art awards in a career spanning four decades. In 1992, he received the Gawad CCP Para sa Sining (Cultural Center of the Philippines Award for the Arts). It was also reported that he was conferred the order of National Artist for Visual Arts by President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo in Malacañan Palace. Further information reveals that he is considered the preeminent Filipino painter of his generation and that according to artnet.com, his works are primarily figurative and often depicts women and occasionally men wrapped in swirling, bundled fabrics and capes.

WOOD CARVING

Reports say that indigenous ________ is one of the most notable traditional arts in the Philippines, with some crafts in various ethnic groups date back prior to Hispanic arrival with perhaps the oldest surviving today are fragments of a wooden boat- the balangay unearthed in Butuan City, dating to 320 AD. To continue, many societies utilize a variety of woods into making wood crafts such as sacred bulul figures - divine wooden statues, known in various groups through different generic names, abound throughout the Philippines from the northern Luzon to southern Mindanao. It is also said that the art of okir on wood is another fine craft attributed to various ethnic groups in Mindanao and the Sulu archipelago.

Whang-Od Oggay

This 102 years old artist, who is also known as Whang-od or Maria Oggay, according to mymodernmet.com, is helping keep an ancient tradition alive in the Kalinga province. She is said to be the country's oldest mambabatok - a traditional Kalinga tattoo. Her day starts with crafting a mixture of ink from pine soot and water in preparation to apply hand-tapped tattoos on the bodies of people from around the world who come to see her making a 15-hour drive north of Manila to the mountain village of Buscalan, which is only accessible by hiking a mile from the nearest dirt road through a forest and rice terraces. It is reported that ______ inks multiple tattoos a day using a few tools—a thorn from a pomelo tree, a foot-long bamboo stick, coal, and water. Accordingly, the handmade ink is tapped deep into the skin using the thorn and bamboo to push it in which results in permanent motifs that range from lines to simple shapes to tribal prints to animals, each carrying meanings such as strength, beauty, and fertility.

Harmony

This is achieved when the elements of an artwork come together in a unified way. Certain elements are repeated yet still look and feel similar. Not monotony and not chaos, harmony is that perfectly honed combination of both.

Time

This is incorporated into an artwork when the meaning of the work is dependent on the passing of time. It is said that artists today manipulate how moments of time are experienced through the viewing of their artwork.

Pattern

This is the uniform repetition of an element of art or combination of elements. Anything can be turned into a pattern through repetition. Proportion - Within the realm of the elements and principles of art, ______ is the relationship of elements in an artwork to the whole and to one another.

Rhythm

This principle of art describes the movement in or of an artwork. ______ is created by the variety and repetition of elements in a work of art that come together to create a visual tempo or beat.

Performance

This refers to artwork created by or presented to an audience. ______ as an element can also include the processes used by the artist to create the work. Accordingly, this takes place when the process used to create the artwork is more important than the finished work itself.

POST WAR (1946-1972)

Various arts such as abstract, public painting, modern and conservative arts were introduced and malls, real estates,and other advanced architecture were made.

Perspective

______ (such as localized, forced, or anamorphic) in contemporary art refers to when an artist works with the real space surrounding the artwork itself. This is said to play a role in the way the viewer looks at the artwork or even the way the work is perceived.

Movement

______ is used to create the look and feeling of action in an artwork. It guides the viewer's eye throughout a piece. A sense of movement can be varied lines, repetition of elements, and gestural mark-making among many more.

Appropriation

______ is when an artist creates a new work of art by taking pre-existing images from other sources. The artists would then modify and/or incorporate these images with new ones.

Destruction

______ refers to when an artist uses methods to show damage in or to their artwork. Many times, according to the source, this destruction is documented as a process, which, in return, becomes the work itself.

Kundiman

a form of a love song was used as a way to please or court a lady. Traditional folk dances such as the Tinikling, Cariñosa, Pandanggo sa Ilaw and a lot more were introduced.

Color

a three-pronged element of art: hue, value and intensity. Hue is the color itself. Value is the hue's lightness or darkness and changes when white or black is added to it. Intensity is the aspect of brightness and purity of a color. High intensity colors are bold and bright. Low intensity colors are faint and duller.

Kawayan de Guia

this Baguio-born artist is son to legendary filmmaker Kidlat Tahimik and German artist Katrin de Guia, and was mentored by famous Baguio artists BenCab and Santiago Bose. As pertains to his art, it is said that it contemplates the Philippines' changing urban culture. He illogically arranges texts and icons to compose a painting, depicting the human form in new ways. His work draws from popular culture, the media and mass consumerism. He also creates sculptures and massive art installations - such as his Bomba series - and blings out discarded Jukeboxes.

Golden Tara

also known as the Icon of a Storied Past (the pre-colonial times of Butuan), is a gold figurine of a "Tara" or escort goddess from the Buddhist Pantheon. It is said to be found by a Manobo native along the Wawa River in Central Agusan in 1917. Accordingly, the Golden Tara gold image is cast in 21-karat gold, weighs nearly 4 pounds and measures around 8 inches in height and that the image is a Goddess of the Buddhist Pantheon in the Mahayana group. It is said to be related to the concept of a female Boddhisattve and at the same time the counterpart of the Hindu Goddess Sakti as a Tara of wife of a Buddhist God. The source further said that the Golden Tara is believed to be an Indic influence on our gold producing culture during the Sri-Visayan Empire (700 - 1377 A.D.) and the Madjapahit Empire in Java (1292 - 1478 A.D.).

Line

are marks made on a surface. They start at a point and move along, creating space as they go. Lines can be two- or three-dimensional, describing form or the form itself, implied, or abstract. Creating a series of parallel lines to indicate form is a technique known as hatching. Cross Hatching indicates more than one set of these lines laid over top of each other at angles to model and indicate tone.

SCULPTURE

as defined, is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions and is one of the plastic arts. It is indicated that durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modeling (the addition of material, as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood and other materials but, since Modernism, there has been an almost complete freedom of materials and process. A wide variety of materials, accordingly, may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modeling, or molded or cast. As noted, Philippine sculpture is the most familiar art form among Filipinos. It is a fact that from the transitional carving of anitos, to Christ and down to the saints,Filipinos find it rather not difficult as they are already familiar with.

STONE CARVING

as read from the site, is a priced art form in the Philippines, even prior to the arrival of Western colonizers, as seen in the stone likha and larauanor tao-tao crafts of the natives which represent either an ancestor or a deity who aids the spirit of a loved one to go into the afterlife properly. It was reported that ancient carved burial urns have been found in many areas, notably in the Cotabato region. The Limestone tombs of Kamhantik are elaborate tombs in Quezon province, believed to initially possess rock covers signifying that they were sarcophagi. These tombs are believed to have been originally roofed, as evidenced by holes marked onto them, where beams have been placed. Stone grave marks are also notable, with the people of Tawi-Tawi, and other groups using the carved marks with okir motif to aid the dead.In many areas, sides of mountains are carved to form burial caves, especially in the highlands of northern Luzon. The Kabayan Mummy Burial Caves is a prime example. Marble carvings are also famous, especially in its epicenter in Romblon. A notable stone carving on a church is the facade of Miagao Church in Iloilo.

Folk narratives

can either be in prose: the myth, the alamat (legend), and the kuwentong bayan (folktale), or in verse, as in the case of the folk epic.

Hudhud

consists of narrative chants traditionally performed by the Ifugao community practiced during the rice sowing season, at harvest time and at funeral wakes and rituals. It is thought to have originated before the seventh century and comprises more than 200 chants, each divided into 40 episodes. The same source further said that the language of the stories abounds in figurative expressions and repetitions and employs metonymy, metaphor and onomatopoeia, rendering transcription very difficult, the reason why there are very few written expressions of this tradition. The chant tells about ancestral heroes, customary law, religious beliefs and traditional practices, and reflects the importance of rice cultivation. The narrators, mainly elderly women, hold a key position in the community, both as historians and preachers. The Hudhud epic is chanted alternately by the first narrator and a choir, employing a single melody for all the verses. transmit their knowledge and to raise awareness among young people.

Texture

defines the way an art object or an element in a composition feels or looks as if it would feel if touched. According to the source mentioned earlier, the elements of art are important for several reasons. Without the elements, one cannot create a piece of art. Knowing the elements of art enables us to: Describe what an artist has done; Analyze what is going on in a particular piece; and Communicate our thoughts and findings using a common language.

Folk speech

includes the bugtong (riddle) and the salawikain (proverbs).

Ambahan

is a Visayan verse of unrhymed seven-syllable couplet whose two lines could be interchanged and still make sense. It is used in "balak," a poetic debate between a man and a woman on the subject of love, accompanied by musical instruments. It is also said that the more literary form of verse of the ambahan was the siday or kandu, which took at least six hours to sing and is full of heavy metaphors and talk about heroic exploits of ancestors or exaltations to living heroes. Moreover, the same site revealed that the kandu was the basis of the Visayan folk epics that we enjoy today some of which are Labaw Donggon, Kabungar and Bubung Ginbuna, and Datung Sumanga and Bugbung Humasanun, which weaved supernatural phenomena with heroic exploits, giving us a glimpse of Visayan life through the lens of the people who lived in it.

Ronald Ventura

is a contemporary artist from Manila, with a Bachelor's degree of Fine Arts in Painting from the University of Santo Tomas. He is said to have initially taught in the same school after graduating but found his true calling as a visual artist after his first solo exhibition at the Drawing Room in Makati in 2000. Ventura's work, as explained, is known to consist of multiple layers, using imagery that focuses on the human form. His paintings are a dramatic union of comic sketches, reality, and graffiti. In the blog about the author published in artnet.com, Ronald Ventura is said to portray in his works scenes of chaotic disarray which he culls from science fiction, Western history, Asian mythology, Catholicism, and popular comic book characters. Asked about his working method, the artist is said to say that he will paint and update a painting until he is satisfied. A painter, he said, is like a film director who is shooting a scene who, at certain points, will feel like he needs more extras or more light.

Art

is a highly diverse range of human activities engaged in creating visual, auditory, or performed artifacts— artworks—that express the author's imaginative or technical skill, and are intended to be appreciated for their beauty or emotional power. It is a form of communication. Accordingly, it means whatever the artist intends it to mean, and this meaning is shaped by the materials, techniques, and forms it makes use of, as well as the ideas and feelings it creates in its viewers . ______ is an act of expressing feelings, thoughts, and observations.

Ernest Concepcion

is a studio artist whose work experiments with intense emotion, deconstructing images in his paintings, sculptures, and installations. He creates art like recording a music album, where each painting is from a series of nine. Concepcion describes it as producing an old favorite, a classic, sleeper hit and one piece he doesn't really like but keeps coming back to.

IVORY CARVING

is an art practiced in the Philippines for more than a thousand years, with the oldest known ivory artifact known is the Butuan Ivory Seal, dated 9th-12th century. Furthermore, the religious carvings of ivory, or garing as locally known, became widespread after the direct importation of ivory into the Philippines from mainland Asia, where carvings focused on Christian icons, such as Madonna with Child, the Christ Child, and the Sorrowful Mother. It was also said that many of the ivory carvings from the Philippines have gold and silver designs.

Patricia Perez Eustaquio

is an artist who works in various mediums, experimenting with different materials through installation, drawing, and painting. The frames from her painting are cut, resulting in canvases that evoke images of wilted flowers and carcasses. Her sculptures are fashioned from fabric, covering objects with resin-treated silk or crochet. The object is then removed, to allow the fabric to retain its position, folds and drapes. Her work examines the ideas of perception and memory.

ARCHITECTURE

is an artistic expression that reflects how we present ourselves over the world's scene, and, as other expressive mediums,it changes with styles, advancements and social transformations. It is said that the architecture of the Philippines reflects the historical and cultural traditions in the country. Most prominent historic structures in the archipelago are influenced by Austronesian, Chinese, Spanish, and American architectures. It was also revealed that for 2,000 years the mountainous province of Ifugao has been carefully cultivated with terraced fields where the structures' original builders used stone and mud walls to carefully carve and construct terraces that could hold flooded pond fields for the cultivation of rice. They also established, accordingly, a system to water these plots by harvesting water from mountaintop forests - engineering feats done by hand as was the farming itself.

Visayas

is an island group in central Philippines and consists of seven large and several hundred smaller islands clustered around the Visayan, Samar, and Camotes seas. The seven main islands are Bohol, Cebu, Leyte, Masbate, Negros, Panay, and Samar. These islands and their smaller neighbors make up the central group of the Philippine archipelago.

Space

is the element of art through which both positive and negative areas are defined or a sense of depth is achieved in a work of art.

Folk songs

that can be sub-classified into those that tell a story (folk ballads) are a relative rarity in Philippine folk literature. These form the bulk of the Philippines' rich heritage of folk songs.

Form

the element of art that renders a three-dimensional form in two dimensions. It is said that in a lot of ways it is the heart of an art object — the form itself. It can enclose a volume and includes height, width and depth. A cube, a sphere, a cylinder and a pyramid are all different forms. Forms can also be formless — abstracted and free-flowing.