CPSY Exam 1
37
*A baby born before ____________ weeks is considered to be preterm.* 39 37 40 38
infant growth restriction.
*A condition in which infants grow at a slower rate than is typical is called:* interrupted infant growth. infant growth delay. infant growth restriction. infant growth limitation.
infants may have underlying representational competencies that they are unable to express through their performance on the tasks.
*A criticism of traditional Piagetian tasks is that:* infants may be able to perform successfully on the tasks without having the underlying representational competencies. the procedures are so complex that other researchers are unable to reproduce Piaget's methods. infants may have underlying representational competencies that they are unable to express through their performance on the tasks. the tasks are only reliable when infants from certain cultural groups are tested.
children acquire language through the experiences they have.
*A development psychologist who believes that "nurture" primarily accounts for language acquisition would say that:* every child has an innate ability to learn language. children are born ready to learn language. children acquire language through the experiences they have. children have a language acquisition device as noted by Chomsky.
germinal period.
*The first 8 to 10 days after conception is called the:* germinal period. embryonic period. menstrual period. conceptual period.
epigenesis
*An early example of the interaction between biology and the environment is:* epigenesis. differentiation and reintegration. heterochrony. cleavage.
contexts
*Families, peers, schools, and communities are ________________ of children's development ethnographies domains contexts descriptions
every child has an innate ability to learn language.
*A development psychologist who believes that primarily "nature" accounts for language acquisition would say that:* children learn to talk through imitation. children acquire language through the experiences they have. every child has an innate ability to learn language. children learn language because they receive reinforcement for using certain words.
families
*A major context of children's development is:* genetics health families age
less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces.
*A newborn is considered to have low birth weight if he or she weighs:* less than 7 pounds, 3 ounces. 25% less than other babies of the same gestational age. less than 5 pounds, 8 ounces. 10% less than other babies of the same gestational age.
evolutionary theory
*A psychologist argues, "Historically, the survival of the species depended on males' hunting skills and females' food gathering skills. These activities required different spatial skills, thus explaining the origin of current gender differences in spatial abilities." What theoretical approach is this psychologist describing?* dynamic systems theory ecological systems theory evolutionary theory critical theory
a negative correlation between scores on the two parts of the exam.
*A psychology instructor analyzing exam scores notices that the better her students performed on the lecture-based questions, the more poorly they performed on the textbook-based questions. She has discovered:* a zero correlation between scores on the two parts of the exam. definite evidence that the students who read the textbook do not attend the lectures while those attending them do not read the text. a negative correlation between scores on the two parts of the exam. a positive correlation between scores on the two parts of the exam.
mothers who fed their babies more often than advised had babies who cried less than those who followed the advised feeding schedule.
*A study of mothers and infants in Cambridge, England, demonstrated that:* mothers who fed their babies more often than advised had babies who cried less than those who followed the advised feeding schedule. babies who were fed every 4 hours cried less than those who were fed more often. it is best for babies to wait at least 4 hours in between feedings. mothers found it helpful to be advised on how often to feed their infants.
true dialogue
*A(n) _____ is a communication in which each person's utterances take into account the utterances of others.* inner speech true dialogue collective monologue language acquisition
secure base.
*According to Bowlby's attachment theory, the mother serves as a:* secure base. model. vehicle for needs reduction. source of conflict.
are separated from their caregivers for an extended period of time in the absence of a new attachment figure.
*According to Bowlby, a state of detachment is formed when children:* form attachments to other children only. are allowed to form multiple attachments. are separated from their caregivers for an extended period of time in the absence of a new attachment figure. are first separated from their caregivers in the absence of a new attachment figure.
is like a specialized organ for language learning.
*According to Chomsky, a language acquisition device:* develops out of the child's general cognitive structures. cannot account for how children living in different places learn different languages. is formed from a process of conditioning and imitation. is like a specialized organ for language learning.
All of the answers are correct.
*According to Piaget, the final stage of sensorimotor development is associated with:* All of the answers are correct. the use of mental symbols. the imitation of actions observed in the past. the emergence of pretend play.
actively search for the hidden objects.
*According to Piaget, we can infer that infants understand that objects continue to exist when out of sight if they:* show no sign of worry when the objects disappear. are at least 6 months of age. can perform secondary circular reactions involving those objects. actively search for the hidden objects.
balance on two legs and begin to walk.
*According to Thelen (1995), changes in body proportions by about 12 months of age make it easier for a child to:* balance on two legs and begin to walk. play with his or her toes. bend over and pick up objects and return to a standing position without losing balance. reach for objects while in a squatting posture.
substage 2 (??)
*After accidentally dropping his spoon on the floor, Rilo looks over his high chair tray and purposefully drops his bowl and then his cup. What substage of the sensorimotor period is Rilo MOST likely in?* substage 4 substage 2 substage 5 substage 3
higher intelligence test scores.
*Alan Sroufe and his colleagues have reported that when children who are judged to be securely attached at 12 months of age are assessed at ages 10 and 15 years, they show all of the following characteristics when compared to other children EXCEPT:* more self-confidence. more openness in expressing their feelings. higher intelligence test scores. higher social skills.
identify school children who could use special education instruction
*Alfred Binet developed the first intelligence test to:* identify school children who could use special education instruction predict the likelihood that individual children would be productive members of society rank all citizens according to mental worth inform the assignment of duties to army recruits
10
*Alyssa picks up a raisin with her thumb and forefinger using the pincer grasp. Alyssa is MOST likely ____________ months old.* 6 4 12 10
65
*American middle-class children display behavior classified as "securely attached" in the "strange situation" about what percent of the time?* 95 12 25 65
it promotes independence in the infant.
*American mothers argue that sleeping alone is important for an infant because:* the infant gets more sleep. the baby needs to learn to be interdependent. it teaches sensitivity to the needs of others. it promotes independence in the infant.
etic approach.
*An approach that emphasizes the universal aspects of human behavior and development is known as:* differential emotions theory. etic approach. emic approach. ontogenetic adaptation.
small objects are grasped with finger and thumb instead of the whole hand.
*An example of differentiation in primary circular reactions is when:* sucking becomes coordinated with swallowing. sucking occurs immediately after birth. reaching becomes coordinated with grasping. small objects are grasped with finger and thumb instead of the whole hand.
The infant is likely to choose the "nice" puppet.
*An infant observes a puppet show in which one puppet helps another complete a task, while another puppet interferes with the doing of the task. Which puppet is the infant likely to choose to play with?* The infant is likely to choose the "nice" puppet. Infants' puppet selection is related to their gender, with boys selecting the "naughty" puppet and girls selecting the "nice" puppet. The infant is likely to show no clear preference for either puppet. The infant is likely to choose the "naughty" puppet.
ossification
*Another term for the hardening of bones due to accumulation of mineral deposits is:* ossification. restriction. osmosis. accretion.
30 percent
*Approximately what percentage of births in the U.S. today are performed by cesarean section?* 30 percent 20 percent 50 percent 10 percent
7 to 7.5 pounds.
*At birth, the average baby born in the United States weighs:* 8 to 9 pounds. 7 to 7.5 pounds. 9.5 to 10 pounds. 5.5 to 6 pounds.
cerebral cortex
*At birth, which area of the central nervous system is the LEAST mature?* cerebellum spinal cord cerebral cortex brain stem
substage 5
*At which substage of Piaget's sensorimotor period would you expect to first see children engaging in trial-and-error experiments on the world around them?* substage 3 substage 4 substage 6 substage 5
sending and receiving messages within the central nervous system.
*Axons, dendrites, and synapses perform the function of:* sending and receiving messages within the central nervous system. voluntary motor control, primarily. myelination. neurotransmitters.
unable to distinguish between her face and that of another woman.
*Babies who were prevented from hearing their mothers' voices immediately after birth were:* more sensitive to their mothers' body odor than babies who had heard their mothers' voices immediately after birth. particularly adept at identifying her by visual information alone. unable to distinguish between her face and that of another woman. extremely distressed and unable to be comforted.
babbling
*Baby Claire is in her crib when her mother hears her vocalize "babababababa." What is Claire doing?* fast mapping scaffolding cooing babbling
more attentive compared to a different condition where the object appeared behind the window.
*Baillargeon and her colleagues found that when 2-month-old infants were shown an event in which an object appeared to pass behind an open window without becoming visible the infants were:* less attentive compared to a different condition where the object appeared behind the window. equally attentive in this condition compared to a different condition where the object appeared behind the window. more attentive compared to a different condition where the object appeared behind the window. not surprised, even though this was an impossible event.
children can learn new words when they occur in a close relationship with a familiar action.
*Bartlett and Carey demonstrated children's developing vocabularies in the course of normal conversation by inventing the color "chromium." The findings of this study suggest:* children acquire language because adults explicitly reward their efforts. children learn by imitation. direct teaching of new vocabulary words is most effective. children can learn new words when they occur in a close relationship with a familiar action.
all of these
*Because of their concern about the possible adverse effects of pain medication on the newborn, many women are turning to alternative methods of controlling the pain of labor. These methods include:* having someone be at the mother's side during labor to provide comfort and emotional support. all of these teaching the mother relaxation techniques for labor and delivery. teaching the mother what to expect during labor and delivery.
engaging in representational thought.
*Being able to think about the relations between objects without actually acting on them physically is, according to Piaget, evidence that children are:* performing tertiary circular reactions. coordinating secondary circular reactions. engaging in representational thought. making interesting sights last.
role of the environment in shaping development
*By studying the Wild Boy of Aveyron, Itard hoped to learn something about the: behavior of the mentally ill causes of mental retardation behavior of animals in their natural habitats role of the environment in shaping development
the sequence of physical, intellectual, social, and emotional changes that children undergo
*Child development can be defined as* a psychological rather than a physical process the preprogrammed unfolding of the body's genetic blueprint the process of physical growth that commences at birth and continues until adulthood the sequence of physical, intellectual, social, and emotional changes that children undergo
interdependence and sensitivity to others
*Co-sleeping is a common practice across the world. It fits well with which of the following culturally valued long-term goal(s) for development?* interdependence and sensitivity to others motoric stimulation and myths about appropriate nutrition independence and self-reliance nursing on schedule
slower
*Compared to the first year of life, children's physical growth rate during the second year is:* a little faster. about twice as fast. slower. about the sam
are times during which particular experiences must occur for development to proceed normally.
*Critical periods in development:* have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development. occur in some animals but not in humans. are thought to regulate bonding in human infants. are times during which particular experiences must occur for development to proceed normally.
contexts
*Families, peers, schools, and communities, are ____________ of children's development.* domains ethnographies descriptions contexts
are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally
*Critical periods in development:* occur in some animals but not in humans are thought to regulate bonding in human infants are times during which particular events must occur for development to proceed normally have been observed in humans during psychological development but not during physical development
composed of material and symbolic tools
*Culture is ____________.* stable over time passed on through biological processes limited to humans composed of material and symbolic tools
a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes
*Curtis would like to purchase a mobile to hang in his son's nursery. At which of the following mobiles would his newborn baby MOST enjoy looking?* a mobile with soft pastel flowers a mobile with bright colorful flowers a mobile with fuzzy brown teddy bears a mobile with black and white patterned abstract shapes
Wernicke's aphasia.
*Damage to a specific part of the brain that leads to an inability to comprehend language is known as:* Wernicke's aphasia. Broca's aphasia. hemispheric aphasia. Williams syndrome.
all of the answers are correct
*Developmental psychologists are interested in* describing genera developmental trajectories individual differences in development the ways in which genetic heredity and environment interact to contribute to development all of the answers are correct
cognitive, social, physical, and emotional
*Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:* cognitive, physical, moral, and social cognitive, social, physical, and emotional moral, social, emotional, and physical social, physical, emotional, and language
cognitive, social, physical, and emotional.
*Developmentalists recognize four major domains of development, including:* cognitive, social, physical, and emotional. cognitive, physical, moral, and social. social, physical, emotional, and language. moral, social, emotional, and physical.
temperament.
*Dimensions such as reactivity, affect, and self-regulation help define an infant's:* physiological well-being. cognitive style. temperament. psychological health.
process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at a particular time periods
*Discontinuous development is a view that regards development as a:* process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at a particular time periods cumulative process of adding on more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with process that is influenced solely by genetic factors process that is influenced solely by environmental factors and culture
process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at particular time periods.
*Discontinuous development is a view that regards development as a:* process in which new ways of understanding and responding to the world emerge at particular time periods. process that is influenced solely by genetic factors. process that is influenced solely by environmental factors and culture. cumulative process of adding on more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with.
reduce the perception of pain.
*During childbirth, analgesics:* reduce the perception of pain. put the mother to sleep during the delivery. reduce all feeling in the lower part of the body. serve as muscle relaxants.
proximodistal
*During gestation, the arm forming earlier than the hand illustrates which pattern of development?* preformationist epigenetic proximodistal cephalocaudal
13; 10
*During the first year of life, MOST healthy babies add about ____________ pounds and ____________ inches.* 23; 10 18; 15 13; 10 13; 15
motor movements of the hands become more finely coordinated.
*During the second year of life:* voluntary control of elimination is mastered by most children. motor movements of the hands become more finely coordinated. visually guided reaching develops. children's rate of growth increases compared to that of the first year.
triple in weight and grow approximately 10 inches.
*During their first year of life, MOST healthy babies:* triple in weight and grow approximately 10 inches. have a head that accounts for 70 percent of their total length by age 1. achieve adult-like body proportions. double in height and weight.
coordination of varied sources of information.
*Dynamic systems explanations of conceptual development emphasize the role of infants':* performance abilities. remarkable early conceptual competencies. coordination of varied sources of information. observational learning skills
some hearing, taste, smell, and visual abilities.
*Early infant sensory capacities include:* well-developed hearing, a sense of smell, and acute visual abilities. some hearing, taste, smell, and visual abilities. acute vision but limited hearing. a well-developed sense of smell but limited ability to differentiate between tastes.
depend on children's newly-acquired abilities to recognize, talk about, and think about themselves in relation to other people.
*Emotions such as embarrassment, pride, and shame are called "self-conscious emotions" because they:* are shown less frequently than the primary emotions of happiness and sadness in late infancy. depend on children's newly-acquired abilities to see other persons as stable aspects of the social environment. depend on children's newly-acquired abilities to recognize, talk about, and think about themselves in relation to other people. are less important than the primary emotions of happiness and sadness.
new forms of the zygote emerge from the interactions of the preceding form and its current environment.
*Epigenesis is the process by which:* new forms of the zygote emerge from the interactions of the preceding form and its current environment. new forms of the zygote appear as a result of meiosis. the multicellular mass becomes implanted in the uterus. the zygote divides into four cells.
a continuous increase in ability to remember events.
*Evidence from Rovee-Collier's research suggests that memory development is BEST described as:* a continuous decline in ability to remember events. a continuous increase in ability to remember events. initial increases followed by a decline that coincides with the onset of language. an unpredictable pattern that depends on children's individual experiences.
tend to have low birth weight
*Fetuses that are exposed to methamphetamine in utero:* are born addicted to methamphetamine are seemingly unaffected by this potential teratogen tend to have low birth weight are often born with heart defects.
the expectations of American parents.
*For many American babies, a marked shift toward the adult night/day cycle occurs in the first few weeks after birth. This is probably a result of:* learning to feed only during the day. the expectations of American parents. the development of the peripheral nervous system. maturation of the CNS.
not be too concerned that Harry is banging on the table as this is a good start on some of the skills that must become more coordinated for Harry to effectively feed himself
*Frank's son, Harry, is 10 months old. Frank is trying to teach Harry to feed himself and has become frustrated because Harry does not want to do anything other than bang the spoon on the table. What should Frank do?* stop having Harry use a spoon, as his manual dexterity will not improve enough for him to feed himself effectively until age 2 not be too concerned that Harry is banging on the table as this is a good start on some of the skills that must become more coordinated for Harry to effectively feed himself have Harry practice bringing the spoon to his mouth without spilling focus on teaching Harry the correct way to grasp the spoon
acquired in roughly the same sequence by children learning English as a first language.
*Grammatical morphemes are:* not understood by children until they are about age 5. acquired in a different sequence by slow and fast learners. not intuitively grasped by children. acquired in roughly the same sequence by children learning English as a first language.
create meaning by showing the relations between words.
*Grammatical morphemes:* are innate structures inherent in language. create meaning by showing the relations between words. show that children do not understand the difference between verbs and nouns. measure the complexity of children's utterances.
can perceive change.
*Habituation and dishabituation in an infant are important because they show that the infant:* is too young to learn. can perceive change. is overwhelmed by his world. is able to think about what she is doing.
object permanence.
*Hilda has begun searching for objects when they are hidden. This is an example of:* the A-not-B error. the beginnings of symbolic representation. object permanence. primary circular reactions.
They should not be too concerned because this pattern of behavior is characteristic of her age group, according to Piaget.
*Hilda, age 14 months, will search for an object when she sees it being moved but will stop searching if she does not see the object being hidden. How should her parents respond?* They should consult their pediatrician because this is an indication that Hilda has not acquired object permanence, which she should have done this by 12 months of age. They should consult their pediatrician because Hilda should have mastered this skill before she turned one year of age. They should give Hilda more practice at finding objects without her seeing their hiding spot be changed because she should have mastered this skill by now. They should not be too concerned because this pattern of behavior is characteristic of her age group, according to Piaget.
it led scientists to study how the transforming roles of children influenced their growth
*How did the Industrial revolution influence the discipline of developmental science?* it led the majority of scientists to be interested in proving how genetic factors drive development it led scientists to study how the transforming roles of children influenced their growth it led the majority of scientists to encourage parents to send their children to work for 12 hours each day it led scientists to examine the role that growing up on farms played in human development
They become fussy and avert their gaze.
*How do typically developing babies react when their mothers stop responding to them in a normally responsive manner?* They immediately fall asleep. They become fussy and avert their gaze. They show no evidence of noticing their mothers' unusual behavior. They make deliberate attempts to reengage their mothers by smiling and cooing.
She will require multiple trials and experience multiple errors while solving the problem of getting the stick through the playpen bars.
*How would you expect a child in the tertiary circular reactions stage of Piaget's substages to pull a stick through the bars of her playpen?* She will require multiple trials and experience multiple errors while solving the problem of getting the stick through the playpen bars. Because she learned to tilt the stick in her first attempt at pulling it through the bars, she will do this again on her second and subsequent attempts. She will quickly give up if she has difficulty pulling the stick through the bars of the playpen. She will quickly grasp the concepts involved in pulling the stick through the playpen bars and systematically apply this concept in future attempts to pull the stick through the playpen bars.
social referencing.
*In checking the reactions of their caretakers to help them interpret unusual events, infants are engaging in:* social referencing. self-recognition. attachment. imitation.
attending to their own bodies.
*In considering Piaget's description of primary circular reactions, the word primary indicates that babies are:* attending to their own bodies. engaging in repetitive actions. exhibiting their first responses to the world. attending to objects intended for their age group.
All of the answers are correct.
*In the first two years of life, infants develop increased abilities to:* All of the answers are correct. attend to complex stimuli. process information. focus their attention.
implantation
*In the process of ____________, the multicellular mass becomes attached to the uterus.* implantation differentiation regeneration gestation
moral education
*In the wake of the Industrial revolution, public schools were established and 10 hour workdays recommended to provide children in the labor force with a(n): academic education physical education technical education moral education
moral education.
*In the wake of the industrial revolution, public schools were established and 10-hour workdays recommended to provide children in the labor force with a(n):* moral education. academic education. physical education. technical education.
The monkeys would run to the surrogate mother when frightened by a strange object, then use the mother as a base from which to explore.
*In their studies of infant monkeys, how could Harlow and his colleagues tell when monkeys were attached to their surrogate mothers?* The monkeys would only take milk from the mother to which they were attached. The monkeys would prefer to look at the surrogate mother that had fed them. Their later social interactions with other monkeys were normal if they had been raised by a surrogate to which they had become attached. The monkeys would run to the surrogate mother when frightened by a strange object, then use the mother as a base from which to explore.
As infants grow, their sleeping and waking periods lengthen.
*Infant sleeping patterns can BEST be described in which of the following ways?* Infants sleep better alone, in their own beds. As infants grow, their sleeping and waking periods lengthen. They are the same across all cultures. Infants start to sleep more as they grow older.
human infants have a unique capacity to perceive properties of human speech.
*Infants' sucking rate increased when they heard a phoneme change from /pa/ to /ba/. This is evidence that:* infants have some hearing capacity. all of these infants can perceive differences in the phonemes of their native language only. human infants have a unique capacity to perceive properties of human speech.
childhood has always been viewed as a distinct period of development
*Investigations of historical beliefs about childhood reveal that:* the ways that people think about childhood have remained consistent over time there have been many views about childhood over time childhood has always been viewed as a distinct period of development until modern times, children were viewed as innately good
been isolated from society
*Itard believed that Victor behaved the way he did because he had:* been retarded since birth been malnourished from an early age been isolated from society a serious physical illness
the social environment shapes children's development
*Itard worked with Victor to test what theory?* the social environment shapes children's development The French monarchy did not adequately educate peasants Victor was retarded since birth Victor suffered from autism
emerges and is transformed across stages of development
*James Mark Baldwin made an important theoretical contribution to developmental science by arguing that, to understand abilities in the adult, one first needs to see how an ability:* emerges and is transformed across stages of development is shaped by learning experiences is encoded in the genes is determined by cultural expectations
cognitive development
*Jamie is fascinated by children's ability to solve more complex problems as they get older. Her interest falls in the domain of* physical development cognitive development social development emotional development
cognitive development.
*Jamie is fascinated by children's ability to solve more complex problems as they get older. Her interest falls in the domain of:* cognitive development. physical development. social development. emotional development
from an individualistic culture.
*Jane's baby just smiled at her for the first time. Jane is thrilled, responds to her infant's expression, and encourages her infant to smile more. Jane is likely:* from a collectivistic culture. to take an etic approach. to adhere to the differential emotions theory. from an individualistic culture.
protodeclarative.
*Julie, a baby, points to a cat and says "kitty." This is an example of:* overextension. protoimperative. underextension. protodeclarative.
develop these skills earlier than American children, but are not advanced in motor skills which have not been taught.
*Kipsigi babies in Kenya, who are given training by parents in sitting, standing, and walking:* reach these milestones at later ages than American children do. reach these motor milestones at the same ages as American children who have not received training. are advanced in these skills, and also in other motor skills which have not been taught. develop these skills earlier than American children, but are not advanced in motor skills which have not been taught.
"nature" as a driving force of development
*Michael believes that his daughter is smart enough to do well in school without getting much help from her teachers. His view is consistent with the idea of:* "nurture" as a driving force of development "nature" as a driving force of development the plasticity of development the discontinuous nature of development
24 hours
*Mitotic division of the zygote begins within how many hours after conception?* 8 hours 2 hours 24 hours 72 hours
critical or sensitive periods
*Mrs. Phelps has just read in a parenting magazine that if she does not begin reading to her daughter during her daughter's first year of life, Leanne will not learn to read well after beginning school. This parenting advice reflects the influence of which developmental concept? critical or sensitive periods the biological maturation framework representative sampling the constructivist framework
in the process of ossification.
*Newborns' bones are:* in the process of ossification. completely ossified. soft for the first three months and then harden completely. completely hard, but are not yet completely ossified.
a community of deaf children was formed, and they developed their own language.
*Nicaraguan sign language developed because:* deaf children were struggling to learn American Sign Language (ASL). a community of deaf children was formed, and they developed their own language. a group of teachers created a sign system to map onto Spanish. children were taught to lip-read and finger-spell.
sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant.
*Nursing involves coordination of:* sucking, breathing, and swallowing by the infant. infants' sucking behaviors with the behaviors of their caregivers. the rooting and sucking reflexes alone. infants' mothers' behaviors, with little contribution from the infants.
controlling malaria during pregnancy.
*One measure that has the potential to reduce rates of infant growth restriction in Malawi is:* regulating alcohol consumption while breastfeeding. regulating alcohol consumption during pregnancy. controlling malaria during pregnancy. delaying ossification during early development.
phonemes
*One of the MOST striking discoveries about the hearing of very young infants (Eimas, 1985) is that they are particularly sensitive to the sound category known as:* their mother's voice. the purr of a cat. phonemes. baby talk register.
sequence
*One of the first developmentalists to stress the importance of systematic observation was Wilhelm Preyer. In his view, careful observation was necessary to establish the __________________ of behavior and hence, to see how behavioral patterns arose frequency importance sequence goals
folic acid, calcium, and iron
*Pregnant women are encouraged to increase their intake of which foods?* salty, sweet, and fatty foods folic acid, calcium, and iron Vitamin C and calcium iron and Vitamin C
the recognition and sharing of emotional states between caregivers and infants.
*Primary intersubjectivity is defined as:* the adaptation of an emotion in response to external stimulation. the recognition and sharing of emotional states between caregivers and infants. the repetition of actions that are pleasurable in and of themselves. a shared attention of infant and caregiver to a physical object in the environment.
sharing feelings as a result of organized face-to-face interactions.
*Primary intersubjectivity refers to:* sharing feelings as a result of organized face-to-face interactions. a baby's use of the cry signal starting at birth. a baby's use of cooing before the secondary stage of the sound repertoire, babbling. social referencing.
stages.
*Qualitatively new patterns of behavior during development, such as the change from crawling to walking, are often referred to as:* breakthroughs. passages. stages. differences.
stages
*Qualitatively new patterns of behavior during development, such as the change from crawling to walking, are often referred to as:* stages breakthroughs passages differences
some aspects of language develop independently of general cognitive functioning.
*Research on children with Williams syndrome who developed near-normal speech patterns in spite of mental retardation suggests:* there is a close link between general cognitive ability and language functioning. language functioning is entirely innate. some aspects of language develop independently of general cognitive functioning. language functioning is the basis of normal cognitive functioning.
pay more attention to one stimulus than to the other.
*Researchers assume that infants can tell the difference between two stimuli if they:* pay more attention to one stimulus than to the other. refuse to look at either stimulus. look at only one stimulus. spend equal amounts of time looking at both stimuli.
measuring changes in activity in response to each odor.
*Researchers measure newborns' responses to odors by:* measuring changes in activity in response to each odor. observing their vocalizations in response to each odor. teaching them to perform behaviors that are rewarded by presentation of an odor. pairing each odor with a visual stimulus, then measuring responses to the visual stimuli.
how babies react to people who fail to respond to them in normally synchronous ways.
*Researchers use the "still-face" method to explore:* how babies react to people who fail to respond to them in normally synchronous ways. whether newborns can identify their mothers when shown a set of pictures of adult women. how long babies will look at a stimulus before becoming bored. the impact of infant facial expression on mothers' motivation to interact with them.
a particular experience (or lack of it) has a more pronounced effect on development
*Sensitive periods are times in an organism's development when: a particular experience (or lack of it) has a more pronounced effect on development certain events must occur for development to proceed normally great emotional growth occurs a particular experience has an "all or nothing" effect on development
a particular experience has a more pronounced effect on the organism than at other times.
*Sensitive periods in development refer to times when:* particular events must occur for development to proceed normally. development slows to a near halt. development proceeds at a faster pace. a particular experience has a more pronounced effect on the organism than at other times.
particular experiences has a more pronounced effect on the organism than at other times
*Sensitive periods in development refer to times when:* particular experiences has a more pronounced effect on the organism than at other times particular events must occur for development to proceed normally development proceeds at a faster pace development slows to a near halt
the prenatal period of development.
*Sex differences in growth rate are first observed during:* the prenatal period of development. middle childhood. adolescence. the first year of life.
relax because these spots are nature's way of allowing the skull to accommodate brain growth.
*Shanti notices that her week-old infant has several "soft spots" on his skull. When she calls her pediatrician, she is MOST likely told to:* relax because these spots will allow for positional skull flattening as her baby ages. bring the baby in for immediate medical attention as such spots are indications of serious developmental concerns. relax because these spots are nature's way of allowing the skull to accommodate brain growth. purchase a helmet-like device to help protect her baby's skull while the bones harden.
qualitative
*Stages of development involve changes that are:* slow small qualitative quantitative
most likely develops earlier than 8 months of age.
*Studies by Baillargeon and her colleagues using violation-of-expectation techniques have provided some evidence that infants' knowledge of objects:* is most likely the result of specific cultural practices by parents. most likely develops earlier than 8 weeks of age. most likely develops earlier than 8 months of age. is highly unstable until their first birthday.
the effects of negative experience can be undone with instruction
*Studies of the Wild Boy of Aveyron suggest that:* Interaction with humans is critical for optimal development critical periods in development do not exist natural experiments should not be used to study development the effects of negative experience can be undone with instruction
accelerated when infants have prior success with reaching and grasping.
*Successful coordination of reaching and grasping is:* accelerated when infants have prior success with reaching and grasping. achieved at about the same time as babies begin to crawl. an involuntary developmental achievement. accelerated when infants can see their own arms and hands.
explicit instruction
*Symbolic communication is an essential component of which social process of cultural inheritance?* imitation social enhancement social facilitation explicit instruction
all of the answers are correct
*Technological advances have contributed to developmental research in what way(s)?* Video cameras allow for detailed analyses of human behavior brain imaging provides insight into the neural activity underlying behavior computers enable researchers to apply complex analytic strategies to data all of the answers are correct
All of these
*Technological advances have contributed to developmental research in what way(s)?* Video cameras allow for detailed analyses of human behavior. All of these Computers enable researchers to apply complex analytic strategies to data. Brain imaging provides insight into the neural activity underlying behavior.
present at birth.
*Temperamental characteristics such as activity level or intensity of reaction to a situation are thought to be:* established during the first month of life. present at birth. established by 2 years of age. established by 1 year of age.
before she gets pregnant.
*The BEST time for a woman to ensure that her diet contains sufficient folic acid is:* the first few weeks of pregnancy. before she gets pregnant. the last three months of pregnancy. before beginning to breastfeed.
learned to communicate simple needs, but never mastered speech
*The Wild Boy of Aveyron:* Eventually learned to speak fluent French Displayed strong sexual and aggressive instincts learned to communicate simple needs, but never mastered speech never progressed beyond walking on all fours and making animal like sounds
embryonic
*The ____________ period lasts for approximately 6 weeks after implantation.* chromosomal germinal embryonic fetal
6 to 8 months
*The ability to make phonemic distinctions begins to narrow to just those distinctions that are present in one's native language at about what age?* 3 to 4 months 6 to 8 months 12 months birth
100 billion.
*The approximate number of neurons in the brain at birth is:* unknown. 100 billion. 1 billion. 10 billion.
morpheme
*The basic unit of meaning in language is called a:* morpheme. phoneme. noun. word.
The complexity of networks between neurons increases.
*The brain of an adult is approximately four times larger than that of a newborn. What accounts for this tremendous growth?* Nutritional benefits of breast milk and formula cause an increase in the production of neurons. The chemical reaction that occurs when myelin begins to dissolve triggers new nerve cells to develop. The complexity of networks between neurons increases. New neurons form in response to experiences occurring in the first five years of life.
brainstem, spinal cord, cerebral cortex.
*The central nervous system is divided into three major sections, including:* brainstem, spinal cord, cerebral cortex. cerebral cortex, neurons, brain stem. brainstem, spinal cord, dendrites. axon, dendrites, synapses.
capture errors.
*The continued use of a once-successful solution whenever possible can result in:* object permanence. capture errors. violations of expectation. conduct errors.
experience-expectant
*The development of neural connections under genetic control that occur in any normal environment is called a(n) ____________ process.* experience-dependent cultural experience-expectant evolutionary
a basic sign of normal neurological development.
*The early presence and disappearance of developmental reflexes such as grasping and the Moro reflex are:* a basic sign of normal neurological development. part of a baby's elementary survival kit. clearly understood by psychologists. of no interest to psychologists.
made rapid progress at first but never learned to speak or interact with others normally
*The effect of Itard's work with Victor was that Victor:* made rapid progress and was later found to be developing normally made rapid progress at first but never learned to speak or interact with others normally never learned to communicate made rapid progress but could not develop affection for other people
made rapid progress at first but never learned to speak or interact with others normally.
*The effect of Itard's work with Victor, the Wild Boy of Aveyron, was that Victor:* made rapid progress and was later found to be developing normally. never learned to communicate. made rapid progress but could not develop affection for other people. made rapid progress at first but never learned to speak or interact with others normally.
left hemisphere of the brain is genetically wired to support normal language processing.
*The existence of Broca's area and Wernicke's area in the brain suggests that the:* right hemisphere of the brain is genetically wired to support normal language processing. brain is fully developed at birth. left hemisphere of the brain is genetically wired to support normal language processing. brain processes information in a distributed way, such that specific functions are not associated with specific areas.
innate adaptive responses.
*The facial expressions that newborns make in response to tastes and smells are:* unique to each individual child. learned by observing other people around them. the same, regardless of the stimuli. innate adaptive responses.
creative.
*The figurative use of words provides evidence that language is:* innate. imitative. independent of thought. creative.
may reflect limitations of infants' memories.
*The finding that infants are able to successfully find hidden objects when allowed to search for them immediately suggests that the A-not-B error:* may be a result of limited representational abilities. does not actually exist. may reflect limitations of infants' memories. may be due to motor perseveration.
labels for objects.
*The first words that infants raised in English-speaking settings use are generally:* their names. commands for actions. verbs for actions. labels for objects.
All of the answers are correct.
*The function of some early reflexes are:* to serve as building blocks for later development. All of the answers are correct. the baby's biological survival. not clearly understood.
measure infants' sensory capacities.
*The habituation/dishabituation technique is used primarily to:* measure infants' rate of physical growth. predict infants' later aptitude for learning. teach infants early sensory-motor skills. measure infants' sensory capacities.
darwin
*The individual whose writings spurred interest in the study of human development as part of human evolution was itard darwin preyer piaget
nurture
*The influences of the social and cultural environment on the individual* nature ontogeny developmental discontinuity nurture
neuronal networks.
*The interconnections between dendrites and axons form complex webs called:* myelin sheaths. white matter. synapses. neuronal networks.
determined by the size of the mother's uterus.
*The length of a baby at birth is:* related to his/her genotype. related to his/her phenotype. determined by the size of the mother's uterus. predictive of his/her height as an adult.
a delay in the onset of crawling
*The movement to eradicate SIDS in North America and other areas has led to which of the following unintended consequences?* a delay in the onset of crawling an increase in obesity among infants an increase in insecure attachments a delay in the development of speech
of concern to some women, leading them to explore alternative methods of controlling pain during labor.
*The negative effects on the fetus of drugs used to alleviate pain during childbirth are:* thought to be minimal and of no cause for concern. greatest for analgesics to reduce pain and least for sedatives to reduce anxiety. primarily from the influence on the mother's oxygen intake. of concern to some women, leading them to explore alternative methods of controlling pain during labor.
vision.
*The occipital lobe is specialized for:* hearing and speech. complex thought. spatial perception. vision.
ectoderm
*The outer layer of cells in early embryonic development is called the ____________. This layer gives rise to the outer surface of the skin, the nails, part of the teeth, the lens of the eye, and the nervous system.* mesoderm ectoderm chorion endoderm
cerebral cortex.
*The outermost layer of the brain is called the:* cerebral cortex. hippocampus. brain stem. cerebellum.
germinal, embryonic, fetal
*The periods of prenatal development occur in which order?* embryonic, germinal, fetal germinal, fetal, embryonic germinal, embryonic, fetal fetal, embryonic, germinal
SIDS.
*The phrase "Back to Sleep" was adopted as part of a campaign by pediatric health organizations to reduce the risk of:* colic. PKU. irritable bowel syndrome. SIDS.
barrier and filter.
*The placenta acts as a(n):* ectoderm. barrier and filter. amnion and chorion. fluid cushion for the developing organism.
joint effort on the part of both adults and children to understand each other's utterances.
*The process of identifying what words mean depends primarily on:* adults' interpretation of children's attempts to speak. joint effort on the part of both adults and children to understand each other's utterances. direct instructional strategies on the part of adults. the child's ability to figure out what a speaker is talking about.
speeding the transmission of neural impulses or signals.
*The process of myelination, in which myelin covers nerve cells, assists in:* speeding the transmission of neural impulses or signals. the assimilation of new experiences. increasing the surface area of the brain. generalizability.
are familiar with some grammar rules but often misapply them.
*The reason children's sentences such as "I runned home" are informative in understanding children's language acquisition is that they suggest children:* do not understand anything about grammar. can learn from simple imitation. can be taught grammar directly. are familiar with some grammar rules but often misapply them.
lead to a state of alertness immediately following birth.
*The stress hormones experienced by a baby during a normal vaginal birth:* decrease blood flow to vital organs. are responsible for newborns' typically flaccid muscle tone. cause breathing difficulties in the newborn. lead to a state of alertness immediately following birth.
brain stem.
*The structure of the brain that controls such elementary reactions as blinking and sucking, as well as vital functions like breathing and sleeping, is called the:* cerebellum. brain stem. frontal lobe. hippocampus.
umbilical cord.
*The structure that transports nutrient-rich blood from the placenta to the embryo is called the:* mesoderm. umbilical cord. amnion. chorion.
how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors.
*The systems theory approach focuses on:* how complex behaviors result from the interaction of multiple factors. the "hardware" and "software" of intellectual functioning. how genetic factors contribute to development. how cultural context shapes development.
nature versus nurture
*The varying explanations of language acquisition correspond to which central issue of developmental psychology?* validity versus reliability nature versus nurture cultural context versus constructivist perspectives continuity versus discontinuity
stare at events that they consider to be surprising.
*The violations-of-expectations procedure relies on infants' tendencies to:* engage in social referencing when they experience an event that puzzles them. stare at events that they consider to be surprising. become startled when they experience unexpected events. manually explore unusual visual stimuli.
easy, difficult, and slow to warm up.
*Thomas and Chess and their colleagues classified babies' temperaments as:* easy, difficult, and slow to warm up. trusting, wary, and suspicious. happy, irritable, and unresponsive. responsive, unresponsive, and depressed.
repeat behaviors that have positive outcomes.
*Through operant conditioning, infants learn to:* ignore repeatedly presented stimuli. repeat behaviors that have positive outcomes. anticipate aversive events. match their actions to those of a model.
developmental plasticity
*Uncommitted areas of the brain provide infants with the capacity to develop brain circuits that grow and change depending upon the experiences infants encounter as they develop. These un- committed areas permit ____________, and depend heavily on experience-dependent processes.* synaptic pruning hormonal regulation developmental plasticity evolutionary stability
experience-dependent processes.
*Uncommitted areas of the brain provide infants with the capacity to develop brain circuits that grow and change depending upon the experiences infants encounter as they develop. These uncommitted areas permit developmental plasticity, and depend heavily on:* cultural influences. experience-expectant processes. experience-dependent processes. evolutionary influences.
show that children have some grasp of grammatical rules.
*Utterances such as, "Sarah eated fast":* are rarely if ever made by children. show that children have some grasp of grammatical rules. provide evidence that children rarely confuse grammatical forms. are usually learned by imitation.
did not differ in age of independent walking from infants for whom cradle boards were not used.
*Wayne and Margaret Dennis found that traditionally raised Hopi infants who had been strapped to cradle boards:* were significantly delayed in all aspects of motor development. learned to walk independently later than infants for whom cradle boards were not used. did not differ in age of independent walking from infants for whom cradle boards were not used. learned to walk independently earlier than infants for whom cradle boards had not been used.
During phases of rapid brain growth, brain structures are particularly sensitive to infants' experiences.
*What have studies of Romanian orphans told us about the importance of early experience for brain development?* The experiences of all periods of development contribute equally to developmental outcome. During phases of rapid brain growth, brain structures are particularly sensitive to infants' experiences. The later in development an experience occurs, the more important are its effects. The earlier an experience occurs, the more influential it is for later development.
an increase in heart rate and blood pressure
*What impact does an infant's cry have on adults?* a great physiological impact on parents but no impact on childless adults no real impact if parents choose not to react an increase in heart rate and blood pressure no physical impact but a great psychological impact
cochlear implant
*What is a device that transforms sounds into electric pulses that directly stimulate the auditory nerve, bypassing the malfunctioning inner ear that ordinarily processes sound?* cochlear implant mapping implant secondary intersubjectivity semantic implant
"You held a baby bunny! Was the bunny soft?"
*What is the likely next line in the following conversation between a middle-class U.S. mother and her preschool child in an attempt to correct erroneous grammar? Mother: "What did you do at school today?" Child: "Holded baby bunny." Mother:* "What did the bitty baby bun-bun feel like?" "You held the baby bunny. You should say 'held,' not 'holded'." "You held a baby bunny! Was the bunny soft?" "You holded a baby bunny?"
1 year
*What is the recommended length of time for mothers to breastfeed their infants?* 4 weeks 6 months 1 year 3 years
Babies trust their own instinct.
*What is the typical result when a baby's own assessment of risk conflicts with the caregivers' social signals?* Babies attempt to elicit responses from another caregiver. Babies trust their own instinct. Babies listen to their caregivers. Babies freeze unnaturally and do nothing.
substitute another sound.
*When a child between the ages of 2 and 3 years old cannot produce a particular sound, she will typically:* refuse to use words that include the sound. misunderstand words that include the sound when she hears them. substitute another sound. become frustrated and angry.
number of morphemes per utterance.
*When calculating the complexity with which children speak, researchers often calculate the "mean length of utterance," which is the average:* number of morphemes per utterance. number of words per utterance. number of syllables per utterance. time taken to complete utterances.
between 7 and 9 months of age
*When does attachment generally form in humans?* between 1 and 2 months of age between 7 and 9 months of age between 2 and 4 months of age between 4 and 6 months of age
between 9 and 12 months of age
*When does secondary intersubjectivity generally emerge?* between 5 and 6 months of age between 7 and 9 months of age between 9 and 12 months of age between 2 and 3 months of age
understood that the question was functioning as a request.
*When her father asks, "Did you remember to wash your hands?" 2-year-old Tamika runs to the kitchen sink and begins to wash her hands. This example suggests that Tamika:* understood that the question was functioning as a request. heard the word "wash" and remembered that she had not yet washed her hands. does not yet realize the health benefits of washing her hands before having a meal. misunderstood her father's attempt to start a conversation with her.
have more elements in the upper half than the bottom half.
*When looking at images of faces, newborns prefer images that:* have more elements in the upper half than the bottom half. have jumbled features over those with normal configurations. depict a stranger over those that depict someone more familiar. are stationary to those that move in front of them.
reliable.
*When observations made by two or more researchers on the same occasion or by one researcher on two different occasions are in agreement, we say that the observations are:* objective. reliable. valid. replicable.
remain visually focused on their caregiver.
*When pouting, infants typically:* are unable to be comforted. turn away from their caregiver. close their eyes in distress. remain visually focused on their caregiver.
repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake.
*When they perform primary circular reactions, infants:* repeat pleasurable actions for their own sake. perform actions in order to receive reinforcement from adults. perform reflexes elicited by environmental events. avoid performing actions that lead to unpleasant consequences.
reliability.
*When two observers simultaneously observing the same infant agree on their descriptions of how upset she becomes when a pacifier is taken from her, this is an example of:* replicability. reliability. validity. an experiment.
cultural views and values.
*Whether communities embrace co-sleeping can primarily be attributed to differences in:* access to research on safe sleeping arrangements. levels of education of community members. financial resources. cultural views and values.
cultural views and values.
*Whether communities embrace co-sleeping can primarily be attributed to differences in:* levels of education of community members. cultural views and values. access to research on safe sleeping arrangements. financial resources.
stepping over a fallen toy
*Which of the following behaviors is MOST likely to be associated with gross motor development?* watching a spider crawl across the ceiling picking up Cheerios using a spoon stepping over a fallen toy
All of the answers are correct.
*Which of the following characteristics is typical of children with fetal alcohol syndrome?* underdeveloped brain cognitive impairments malformations of the face All of the answers are correct.
tertiary
*Which of the following circular reactions are characterized by the use of systematically varied action sequences?* primary tertiary secondary coordinated
prenatal, infancy, middle childhood, adolescence
*Which of the following correctly describes the sequence of the periods of development?* prenatal, infancy, middle childhood, adolescence adolescence, prenatal, early childhood, infancy infancy, early childhood, prenatal, adolescence early childhood, middle childhood, adolescence, prenatal
Each neuron branches out to create thousands of connections with other neurons.
*Which of the following developments occur in the brain toward the end of infancy?* Each neuron branches out to create thousands of connections with other neurons. Areas of the prefrontal cortex undergo significant reductions in myelination. Specialization and independence of brain areas become evident. The pace of the brain's growth becomes more and more rapid.
a fully developed visual acuity
*Which of the following is NOT one of a young infant's sensory capacities?* the ability to distinguish among phonemes slightly blurred vision a fully developed visual acuity the ability to differentiate tastes
The effects of environmental influences depend on their timing.
*Which of the following is a general principle of prenatal development?* It proceeds evenly, with all systems developing at basically the same rate. It proceeds without interference from the environment. It proceeds in an unpredictable order. The effects of environmental influences depend on their timing.
"no"
*Which of the following is a relational word that appears early in children's vocabularies?* "Mommy" "doggie" "no" "juice"
Psychologists generally do not agree on the ages at which children first represent the world conceptually.
*Which of the following is a true statement about cognitive changes during the first year of life?* Psychologists generally do not agree on the ages at which children first represent the world conceptually. Psychologists generally agree that Piaget's reliance on actions as the measure for how much infants understand is valid. Psychologists generally agree on the ages when children first represent the world conceptually. Psychologists generally do not agree that development in the frontal cortex influences a child's ability to understand the world around him.
Our individual differences are the result of the influence of both nature and nurture.
*Which of the following is a true statement about individual differences in development?* They are innate and stable. Our individual differences are the result of the influence of both nature and nurture. Our individual differences are the result of the influence of our environment. Our nature is the strongest influence on our individual differences.
our individual differences are the result of the influence of both nature and nurture
*Which of the following is a true statement about individual differences in development?* they are innate and stable our nature is the strongest influence on our individual differences our individual differences are the result of the influence of both nature and nurture our individual differences are the result of the influence on our environment
Some early reflexes disappear and some remain after 6 months of age.
*Which of the following is a true statement about the reflexes of a young infant?* All early reflexive behavior remains with the infant throughout life. All early reflexes disappear by 6 months of age. Some early reflexes disappear and some remain after 6 months of age. All reflexes disappear but are replaced by related voluntary behavior.
the gradual growth in memory capacity
*Which of the following is an example of developmental continuity?* the qualitative reorganization of movement required for learning to walk the gradual growth in memory capacity the shift form babbling to talking the stage-like transformations that occur as a plant grows from a seed
all of these
*Which of the following is an example of how culture influences infant-feeding behaviors?* feeding infants on a schedule all of these use of breastfeeding as birth-control feeding infants on demand
by examining books, magazines, art, and other records from earlier times
*what is the primary way that developmental scientists learn about historical beliefs about childhood?* by imagining what life was like in earlier times by examining books, magazines, art, and other records from earlier times by interviewing the elderly about what life was like when they were children by exploring children's lives in developing countries
the right hemisphere becomes the brain center for language among infants with left-hemisphere damage.
*Which of the following is evidence of the plasticity of the brain?* the right hemisphere becomes the brain center for language among infants with left-hemisphere damage. the left hemisphere quickly regenerates in response to damage, resulting in little noticeable language impairment. right-hemisphere damage is associated with more severe language impairment than is left hemisphere damage. damage to the left hemisphere is associated with more severe language impairment in children than in adults.
At birth, children are capable of differentiating the basic sound categories or phonemes characteristic of the world's languages.
*Which of the following is evidence that children are born into the world predisposed to attend to language and communicate with people around them?* At birth, children show a preference for rhythmic womb-like sounds over speech sounds. Children do not say their first word until about 1 year of age. Children learn grammar before they learn pragmatics. At birth, children are capable of differentiating the basic sound categories or phonemes characteristic of the world's languages.
fast mapping.
*Which of the following is evidence that children are born into the world predisposed to attend to language and communicate with people around them?* pragmatism. mental module. fast mapping. telegraphic ability.
is development a gradual process of change, or is it punctuated by periods of rapid change?
*Which of the following is one of the central questions of developmental psychology?* in the first few years of life are children more sensitive to learning language or to developing attachments? why are genetic factors more influential than environmental processes in shaping development? exactly how many stages are there in human development? is development a gradual process of change, or is it punctuated by periods of rapid change?
All of the answers are correct
*Which of the following is part of the study of child development* physical changes over the lifespan intellectual changes over the lifespan social changes over the lifespan All of the answers are correct
dipping the spoon in a bowl
*Which of the following is the first action involved in eating with a spoon that children master?* putting the food in their mouths without spilling any food dipping the spoon in a bowl bringing the spoon to their mouths opening their mouth and bringing the spoon to it
Interdisciplinary and international efforts combine to contribute to existing knowledge about human development.
*Which of the following is true of the field of developmental science?* Interdisciplinary and international efforts combine to contribute to existing knowledge about human development. Cultural processes are not considered to play a large role in human development. Intervening to promote children's health and well-being is beyond the scope of developmental scientists' activities. The biological basis of human development has already been well understood.
interdisciplinary and international efforts combine to contribute to existing knowledge about human development
*Which of the following is true of the field of developmental science?* the biological basis of human development has already been well understood cultural processes are not considered to play a large role in human development intervening to promote children's health and well being is beyond the scope of developmental scientists' activities interdisciplinary and international efforts combine to contribute to existing knowledge about human development
Infants as young as 4 months of age look longer at impossible outcomes in both simple addition and subtraction events.
*Which of the following results is most consistent with Wynn's investigations of whether young babies can count?* Infants as young as 4 months of age look longer at impossible outcomes in both simple addition and subtraction events. Infants as young as 4 months of age look longer at impossible outcomes of simple addition events, but do not seem to understand simple subtraction. Four-month-old boys, but not girls, demonstrate evidence of early counting abilities. Four-month-old infants do not exhibit behaviors that suggest numerical understandings.
Infants' wariness was related to their experience with crawling.
*Which of the following results was obtained in studies investigating infants' behavior on the virtual cliff apparatus?* Infants in these studies never demonstrated wariness of the apparent drop-off. Infants' wariness was related to their experience with crawling. Infants in these studies were afraid to cross over to the "deep" side of the apparatus. Infants' wariness was related to their experience with walking.
vision
*Which of the following senses is the LEAST well-developed at birth?* smelling vision hearing tasting
nature and nurture are intertwined and cannot be understood in isolation from each other
*Which of the following statements MOST accurately describes developmentalists' view on the nature-nurture debate* nature is more important to development than nurture nurture plays a greater role in development than nature nature and nurture both play a central role in development nature and nurture are intertwined and cannot be understood in isolation from each other
The brains of rats raised in enriched environments contained more synaptic connections than the brains of rats raised in standard laboratory cages.
*Which of the following statements MOST accurately summarizes findings from Rosenzweig's study of rats raised in different environments?* Rats raised individually performed better on learning tasks than those raised with other rats. The quality of the environment proved to impact female rats' brain development, but not the brain development of male rats. The environments in which rats were raised had no effect on their performance on learning tasks. The brains of rats raised in enriched environments contained more synaptic connections than the brains of rats raised in standard laboratory cages.
Infants attend to novel objects only after they have sufficiently processed more familiar objects.
*Which of the following statements best describes infants' behaviors toward novel objects?* Infants prefer novel objects to familiar objects in conditions when neither object is visible. Infants attend to novel objects only after they have sufficiently processed more familiar objects. Infants prefer to interact with novel objects over familiar objects in all circumstances. Infants ignore novel objects, preferring to interact with familiar objects.
they are active in applying their knowledge to promote healthy development
*Which of the following statements regarding developmentalists is true?* they are active in applying their knowledge to promote healthy development they assess developmental status but do not perscribe measures for assisting those in trouble little has been learned about the behavior of human beings in the last century they have not attempted to explain the developmental processes underpinning age related changes
the stability of children's characteristics over time depends both on genetic factors and the stability of children's environment
*Which of the following summarizes what developmentalists believe about the stability of children's psychological characteristics over time?* children's characteristics are never stable over time children's characteristics are always stable over time because of genetic factors the stability of children's characteristics over time depends both on genetic factors and the stability of children's environment physical traits, but not psychological traits, remain stable over time
germinal
*Which period of prenatal development begins at conception?* germinal chromosomal embryonic fetal
germinal
*Which period of prenatal development begins at conception?* germinal fetal embryonic chromosomal
a picture of Big Bird doing something to Cookie Monster
*Which picture would Warren, a 2-year-old, MOST likely select when presented with a sentence such as "Big Bird is daxing Cookie Monster"?* the picture in which her favorite Sesame Street character was the recipient of action a picture of Big Bird doing something to Cookie Monster a picture of Cookie Monster doing something to Big Bird the picture in which her favorite Sesame Street character was doing the action
the drive-reduction theory
*Which theory of attachment did Harlow's monkey studies help to rule out?* the behavioral-learning theory the evolutionary theory the drive-reduction theory the social theory
Freud's
*Whose theories emphasize the fundamental role played by the sex drive in human development?* Bandura's Piaget's Freud's Erikson's
Children seem to assume shared knowledge and leave out essential information.
*Why are children's early attempts to produce narratives difficult for adults to interpret?* Children are unable to remember events clearly. Children's pronunciation of words is often confusing. Children do not describe events in a chronological order. Children seem to assume shared knowledge and leave out essential information.
people thought that in studying children, they would see how human beings might have evolved from lower animals
*Why did the publication of Darwin's the origin of species stimulate interest in development?* People hoped to influence the direction of future human evolution people thought this study would prove that humans are not related to other animals people came to view children as imperfect adults who, without intervention, would behave like lower animals people thought that in studying children, they would see how human beings might have evolved from lower animals
They combine age-specific averages of height and weight for formula-fed and breastfed babies.
*Why might growth charts mislead parents and pediatricians who are evaluating a baby's physical growth?* They contain separate age-specific averages of height and weight for boys and girls. They indicate variations from averages in height and weight. They combine age-specific averages of height and weight for formula-fed and breastfed babies. They are compiled using averages from both typically and atypically developing children.
less likely to give birth to low-birth weight babies.
*Women who have supportive partners are:* more likely to give birth to low-birth weight babies. less likely to give birth to low-birth weight babies. less likely to require cesarean sections. more likely to require cesarean sections.
putting his birthday candles into his milk cup
*You are a guest at Aksel's first birthday party. Which of the following behaviors is he MOST likely to exhibit?* eating cake with a fork putting his birthday candles into his milk cup unwrapping his gifts to see what he has received scribbling on paper plates with a crayon
qualitatively new patterns of behavior emerge
*according to John Flavell, a child has reached a new stage of development when:* the brain changes according to a biological timetable a gradual change in behavior appears qualitatively new patterns of behavior emerge previously acquired skills are applied to a new problem/situation
particular events must occur for development to proceed normally
*critical periods in development refer to times when:* particular experiences has a more pronounced effect on the organism particular events must occur for development to proceed normally development proceeds at a faster pace development slows to a near halt
reach a goal.
*n sensorimotor substage 4, infants coordinate secondary circular reactions mainly to:* avoid unpleasant consequences. make interesting effects on the environment last. make interesting experiences last. reach a goal.
learn language
*researchers interested in children's cognitive development would MOST likely study how children:* form friendships learn to walk learn language learn to control their frustration
is known as the nature-nurture controversy
*the debate about whether genetic or environmental factors are the most important determinants of development and behavior:* is not an important issue for developmental psychologists has been settled; environmental factors are most important is known as the nature-nurture controversy has been settled; genetic factors are the most important
nature
*the inherited biological predispositions of the individual* nurture developmental continuity nature phylogeny
miniature adults
*the prevailing view of children prior to the sixteenth century was that children were:* born in original sin miniature adults rebellious in nature inherently good
as children develop, they proceed in a predictable order through a series of qualitatively different stages
*which of the following supports a stage theory of development?* children often appear to be in one stage on one occasion and in a different stage on another children's thinking is continually changing, with most of these changes occurring gradually the processes by which people learn new behaviors remain the same at all ages as children develop, they proceed in a predictable order through a series of qualitatively different stages