Crainial Nerves, Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves
Frontal Lobe: Primary motor cortex
- area of the frontal cortex just anterior to the central sulcus - allows conscious control of voluntary contra-lateral movement of skeletal muscles
The hypothalmus regulates:
- autonomic responses of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems - stress response - sleep - appetite - body temp - fluid balance - emotions
Lumbar Plexus
Arises from L1-L4 - Innervates the thigh, abdominal wall, and and external genitals - Femoral nerve—innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg - Obturator nerve—passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles
Sacral Plexus
Arises from L4-S4 - Serves the buttock, lower limb, pelvic structures, and perineum
Spinal Reflex
Automatic reflexes that require no conscious effort such as moving your hand from a hot stove
Cerebellum
BALANCE and COORDINATION center - Two hemispheres connected by vermis - Protrudes under the occipital lobes of the cerebrum - Makes up 11% of the brain's mass - Each hemisphere has three lobes - Arbor vitae - distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter All fibers in the cerebellum are ipsilateral
Vestibulocochlear
Balance and hearing.
Epidural Space
Between dura mater and wall of vertebral canal filled with fat and connective tissue
Rami
Branches of spinal nerves
Rami Communicantes
Branches that communicate with ANS ganglia
Frontal lobe is used for:
Brocca's area of speech (motor) Morals Emotions Reasoning/judgements Concentration Abstraction
Lateral Ventricles:
C-shaped , deep within cerebral hemispheres
Optic Nerves
CN 2
The ventricles produce and circulate:
CSF
subarachnoid space/ central canal
CSF flows through these
Two divisions of Neverous system:
Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems
fovea
Central part of retina; area of retina with most accurate vision
Trigeminal
Chewing muscles, sensory from face
The right/left carotid arteries supply the brain with blood via the:
Circle of Willis
Reciprocal Innervation
Components of a neural circuit simultaneously cause contraction of one muscle and relaxation of its antagonists. (IPSPs)
Monosynaptic Reflex
Consists of a sensory & a motor neuron, has a single synapse.
Polysynaptic Reflex
Consists of a sensory neuron, one or more interneurons and a motor neuron
Anterior Root
Contain only motor axons of SNS & ANS neurons, which are conducting nerve impulses from the CNS to the effectors
Subarachnoid Space
Contains CSF as a shock absorber & suspension system
Posterior Root
Contains only sensory axons of SNS & ANS neurons, which are conducting nerve impulses from receptors to the CNS
Posterior Root Ganglion
Contains the unipolar neuron cell bodies of SNS & ANS sensory neurons
Hypothalamus (mammillary bodies)
Control of ANS & pituitary gland and, thereby, regulates involuntary body functions, homostasis
Thalamus (interthalamic adhesion=intermediate mass)
Crude perception of sensations & emotions and relaying afferent/efferent impulses to/from the cerebrum
Cerebral Cortex
Decision (choice) to make a voluntary movement
cerebral aqueduct
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corpus callosum
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dendrite
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dorsal horn
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dorsal root
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dorsal root ganglion
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dura mater
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endoneurium
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epidural space
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fourth ventricle
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gray commissure
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hypothalamus
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inferior colliculi
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lateral horn
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ligament
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medulla oblongata
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midbrain
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myelin sheath
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neurolemma
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neurolemmocyte
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nissl bodies
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node of ranvier
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nucleolus
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nucleus of neurolemmocyte
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pia mater
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pituitary gland
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pons
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septum pellucidum
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spinal nerve
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superior colliculi
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thalamus
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third ventricle
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ventral horn
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ventral root
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vermis
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gray commissure
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axon
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Vesicles
In a neuron they store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. The release is regulated by a voltage-dependent calcium channel.
Frontal Lobe: Broca's Area
In frontal lobe, located in one hemisphere only, usually left. - allows you to form the words that you want to say - motor speech - Damage here can lead to Expressive Aphasia: the loss of the ability to produce language (spoken or written).
Lumbar Enlargement
Inferior enlargement of the spinal cord
conjunctivitis (or pink eye)
Inflammation of the conjunctiva
Basal Nuclei (cerebrum)
Initiates actual impulse in neural pathway for muscle contraction
VIII Vestibolucochlear
Inne ear (vestibule, cochlea and semicircular canals) Senory/Sensations of balance/equilibrium, motion and hearing
retina
Innermost layer of the eye; contains receptors responsive to light
oculomotor (nerves III)
Innervates four of the extrinsic eye muscles (motor)(eyelid and eyeball movement)
facial (nerves VII)
Innervates muscles of facial expression (5 fingers on kids face to remember location-see slideshow) (mixed:motor (to 2 glands), sesory (2 on tongue) (controls most facial expressions, secretion of tears & saliva, taste)
glossopharyngeal (nerve IX)
Innervates structures of the tongue (glosso) and pharynx (-pharyngeal) (mixed:motor, sensory)
trochlear (nerves IV)
Innervates the superior oblique muscle (an extrinsic eye muscle:turns eye downward and laterally) (motor)
Cranial Reflex
Integration occurs in the brain stem rather than the spinal cord,an example is the tracking movements of your eyes as you read this sentence.
Electrochemical gradient:
Ions move from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
gray matter
Is the arrow pointing to gray matter or white matter?
white matter
Is the arrow pointing to gray matter or white matter?
Brain Stem: Medulla Oblongota
Joins spinal cord at foramen magnum Contains heart rate, blood pressure , breathing rate centers and vomiting and cough centers , Swallowing , Sneezing, Hiccuping - Forms part of the ventral wall of the fourth ventricle Contains: - a choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle - Pyramids - Decussation
Potassium ion:
K+
bipolar Cell
Key interneurons in the retina, connects to ganglion cells.
lacrimal apparatus
Lacrimal gland=>(moves aross eye to) Lacrimal punctum => Lacrimal canaliculus=>Inferior meatus of nasal cavity=> nostril
trigeminal (nerves V)
Largest of the cranial nerves, has three divisions: Ophthalmic division (V1), Maxillary division (V2), Mandibular division (V3) (mixed: sensory, sensory, motor) (chewing, face & mouth, touch & pain)
IX Glossopharyngeal
Larynx, pharynx, largest salivary gland and posterior tongue Mixed/Muscles of larynx/pharynx/ general throat sensations and Swallowing/Taste (posterior tongue)/ pressure receptors from carotid artery control of blood pressure
6 eye muscles
Lateral rectus and medial rectus; Superior rectus and inferior rectus; Superior oblique and inferior oblique
Temporal Lobe: Primary Auditory area
Located at the temporal lobe: - allows you to hear - Determines pitch, rhythm, and loudness
SNS Motor Neuron Cell Bodies
Located in the anterior gray horn (also known as lower motor neurons)
ANS Motor Neuron Cell Bodies
Located in the lateral gray horn, T1-L2 (sympathetic division of ANS)
Parietal Lobe: Primary Somatosensory cortex
Located in the postcentral gyrus, this area: - Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles and identify region being stimulated
Interneuron Cell Bodies
Located in the posterior gray horn
SNS & ANS Sensory Neuron Cell Bodies (axons enter the spinal cord)
Located in the posterior root ganglia
Parietal Lobe: Association Somatosensory Cortex
Located posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex - Integrates sensory information such as temp., pressure... relayed by the primary somatosensory cortex
Sciatic Nerve
Longest and thickest nerve of the body - Innervates the hamstring muscles, adductor magnus, and most muscles in the leg and foot - The sciatic is actually Composed of two nerves: tibial and common fibular ( peroneal) nerves
Central nervous system:
Made up of brain and spinal cord
X Vagus
Many viscera of the throacic and abdominopelvic cavities Mixed/sensory and motor fibers to pharynx/larynx/sesnory impulses from viscera/ Parasympathetic fibers control heart and abdominal visceral organs
Arachnoid Matter
Middle meninx, an avascular covering with spider-web like fibersan avascular covering middle layer of delicate collagen fibers and some elastic fibers
III Occulomotor
Most extrinsic eye muscles/ motor/ inferior oblique, Superior/Inferior and medial rectus muscles of eye moving eye in socket also movement of eyelid,and shape of lens
III Oculomotor Nerve
Motor (extrensic eye muscles) AND Sensory (as in proprioreception, not actual vision??); eyelid and eyeball movement; Iris (opens in dark/closes in light); Ciliary muscle (presbyopia: old vision, lens has to change shape to see well)
cone
Receptor found in the retina important for color vision and detailed sight.
rod
Receptor found in the retina important for in low light conditions
Meningeal Branch
Reenters the vertebral cavity through the IVF and supplies the vertebrae, vertebral ligaments, blood vessels of the spinal cord and meninges.
Red nucleus, substantia nigra (midbrain nuclei)
Refinement in subconscious voluntary movement-esp. for muscle tone and muscle stretch reflex.
Innate Reflex
Reflex is an instinctive and unlearned reaction to a stimulus (yawning is an innate reflex).
Contralateral Reflex
Reflex that occurs on the opposite side of the body that it was stimulated
Somatic Reflex
Reflex which controls skeletal muscle contractions. simple, involuntary response to sensory stimulation, an example pin prick, hot surface, "knee jerk reaction." Not voluntarily controlled; cord-mediated
cauda equina
formed by the lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves at the end of the cord
dura mater
forms the inner periosteum of the skull bones
3rd Ventricle
found in the diencephalon and communicates with lateral ventricles via intraventricular foramen
Direct pathways:
send impulses for precise voluntary movements
The cerebrum governs:
sensory and motor activity thought learning
Each hemisphere of the cerebrum receives:
sensory info from the opposite side of the body controls skeletal muscles of opposite side
The spinal cord carries:
sensory info to and motor info from the brainn
vestibulocochlear (nerve VIII)
sensory nerve of hearing and balance (sensory) (hearing, equillibrium sensation)
optic (nerve II)
sensory nerve of vision (sensory)
olfactory (nerve I)
sensory nerves of smell (sensory)
Neurons carrying impulses to the CNS are called:
sensory neurons
Mechanoreceptors:
sensory receptor sensitive to mechanical stimuli, stretching of blood vessels, stretching or bending of deformation of tissue
Thermoreceptors:
sensory receptor that responds to change in temperature
Chemoreceptors:
sensory receptor that responds to chemicals
Photoreceptors:
sensory receptor that responds to light
Nociceptors:
sensory receptor that responds to pain
Osmoreceptors:
sensory receptors responds to changes in osmotic pressure
Sensory Function:
sensory receptors that detect stimuli
Posterior horns connect with:
sensory/afferent nerve fibers
Transverse Fissure
separates cerebrum and cerebellum
Central Sulcus
separates frontal lobe from parietal lobe
Longitudinal Fissure
separates left and right hemispheres of cerebrum
Lateral Sulcus
separates temporal lobe from parietal and frontal lobes
epidural space
seperates the dura mater from the vertebrae
Lumbar Enlargement
site where nerves serving the lower limbs emerge
Cervical Enlargement
site where nerves serving the upper limbs emerge
The cerebellum coordinates:
smooth muscle movement posture equilibrium muscle tone
Anterior Horn
somatic motor neurons whose axons exit the cord via ventral roots
Saltatory conduction:
special mode of action potential propagation that occurs along myelinated axons because of uneven distriution of voltage-gated channels
Subarachnoid space is formed by:
the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater
The dendrites receive stimuli from:
the body
Below L2, the vertebra canal is occupied by a bundle of spinal nerve roots called A. the terminal filum B. the descending tracts C. the gracile fasciculus D. the medullary cone E. the cauda equina
the cauda equina
the cerebral cortex is responsible for:
the conscious activities of the cerebrum
pupil
the contractile, usually round aperture in the iris of the eye which allows light to pass into the crystalline lens
sclera
the dense fibrous opaque white outer coat enclosing the eyeball, except the part covered by the cornea
Which of the following does not receive any input fronm the eyes? A. the hypothalamus B. the frontal lobe C. the thalamus D. the occipital lobe E. the midbrain
the frontal lobe
gray commissure
the horizontal bar of gray maatter in the middle of the spinal cord
posterior compartment
the large space inside the eye, located posteriorly to the crystalline lens; contains the vitreous humor
Precentral Gyrus (Motor Strip)
the location of primary motor cortex, the main area for control of precise, skilled, voluntary movements
Postcentral Gyrus (Somatosensory Strip)
the location of primary somatosensory cortex, the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch
interneurons
the majority of gray matter in the spinal cord
Descending nerve tracts contain:
the motor pathways
White matter contains:
the nerve tract
Dendrites and axons are replaced only if:
the neurilemma is intct and cell body has not died
The bracial plexus gives rise to all of the following nerves except A. the axillary nerve B. the radial nerve C. the obturator nerve D. the median nerve E. the ulnar nerve
the obturator nerve
Cerebral cortes is:
the outer gray layer and it is divided into 5 lobes
Neurolemma:
the outer nucleated cytoplasmic layer of the schwann cell, which encloses the myelin sheath
Midbrain: Corpora Quadrigemina
four dome like protrusions of the dorsal midbrain made up of: - Superior colliculi - visual reflex centers - Inferior colliculi - auditory relay centers
The axon conducts impulses:
from the cell body
The spinal cord extends:
from the first cervical to the second lunbar vertebra
A lesion in which lobe of the cerebrum is most likely to cause a radical alteration of the personality?
frontal
transmits nerve impulse from brain to effector
function of motor neurons
responds to stimulation
function of the effector
conducts nerve impulses from sensory neuron to motor neuron
function of the interneuron
senses internal or external changes
function of the receptor
transmits nerve impulses from sensory neuron to the motor neuron
function of the sensory neuron
helps cushion/ nourishes/ maintain stable ionic concentration/ provides pathway to blood for wastes
functions of the cerebrospinal fluid
transmit nerve impulses to and from the brain/ house the spinal reflexes
functions of the spinal cord
Median Nerve
innervates the skin, most flexors and pronators in the forearm, and some intrinsic muscles of the hand
Cranial reflex:
integration takes place in lower portion of brain; tracking portion of reading
Spinal reflex:
integration takes place in spinal cord; no brain process required
Posterior Horn
interneurons that receive somatic and visceral sensory input
Neurolemma
the outermost nucleated cytoplasmic layer of Schwann cells that surrounds the axon of the neuron. It forms the outermost layer of the nerve fiber in the peripheral nervous system.
choroid plexuses
masses of blood capillaries in brain ventricles that produce CSF
Diencephalon
the region of the brain that includes the thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus
nerve pathways
the routes nerve impulses follow as they travel through the NS
White matter:
tracts that extend entire length of spinal cord; bundles of axons faciliate more efficient communication;
The dendrites receive stimuli from the body and:
transmit them to the axon
(infundibulum)
transport of hormones & conduction of impulses from hypothalamus to pituitary gland
Myelin:
white fatty substance produced by oligodendrocytes and schwann cells
Anterior Funiculus
white matter of the spinal cord lying on either side between the anterior median fissure and the ventral root.
eyelashes and eyebrows
These specialized hairs protect the eyes from particles that may injure them. They form a screen to keep dust and insects out. Anything touching them triggers the eyelids to blink.
Subdural Space
Thin space that contains interstitial fluid
Spinal Nerve
Thirty-one pairs of mixed nerves arise from the spinal cord and supply all parts of the body except the head - They are named according to their point of origin 8 cervical (C1-C8) 12 thoracic (T1-T12) 5 Lumbar (L1-L5) 5 Sacral (S1-S5) 1 Coccygeal (C0)
lacrimal Gland - (Tear Duct)
This gland continually releases tears and other protective fluids onto the surface of the eye. It lubricates and keeps the cornea from becoming dehydrated.
Vagus
Thoraic cavity, digestion and heart rate
Spinal Meninges
Three connective tissue coverings that surround the spinal cord are continuous with the cranial meninges, also cover the spinal nerve roots until they exit at the intervertebral foraminae
How many cranial nerves are responsible for eye movements?
Three: III (Oculomotor), IV (Trochlear), and VI (Abducens).
Pons
Timing of subconscious breathing
XII Hypoglossal
Tongue Motor/Movement of Tongue
Hypoglossal
Tongue movements.
Medulla Oblongota: Decussation of Pyramids
Tracts cross over to the opposite side before entering the spinal cord. Cerebral hemisphere control voluntary movements of muscles on the opposite side of the body
cornea
Transparent front coat of the eye.
lens
Transparent structure in the eye that focuses light on the retina
Denticulate Ligaments
Triangular-shaped thickened extensions of the pia mater that extend bilaterally between the anterior and posterior nerve roots of spinal nerves the length of the cord,fuse with the arachnoid mater and inner surface of the dura mater and act to protect the cord against sudden displacement
Accessory
Turn head, shrug.
Roots
Two bundles of axons connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the cord
accessory (nerves XI)
Unique among cranial nerves, nerves are formed from ventral rootlets of the spinal cord, Do not arise from the brainstem (mixed: primary motor) (controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid, controls swallowing movements)
Which cranial nerve is the largest?
V (Trigeminal)
Which cranial nerve governs chewing?
V Trigeminal
Trigeminal
V. A three branched nerve; transmits both sensory information from, and motor information to the head
Abducens
VI. A motor nerve to move the eye muscles, particularly the lateral rectus muscle
Which cranial nerves carry gustatory (taste) information?
VII (Facial), CN IX (Glossopharyngeal) and CN X (Vagus).
Which cranial nerve governs secretion of tears & saliva?
VII Facial
Which cranial nerve governs taste (any 1 of 3 nerves)?
VII Facial, IX Glossopharyngeal, X Vagus
Facial
VII. A large nerve that receives sensory information from the anterior tongue and takes motor information to the head muscles
Which cranial nerve governs equillibrium sensation?
VIII Vestibulocochlear (auditory)
Which cranial nerve governs hearing?
VIII Vestibulocochlear (auditory)
Vestibulocochlear
VIII. Receives sensory information from the ear; the vestibular part transmits equilibrium information and the chochlear part transmits acoustic information
Protective structures of the spinal cord:
Vertebral column and meninges
Cerebrum: Occipital Lobe
Vision - contains primary visual cortex and visual association area
Occipital lobe is used for:
Visual area
frontal lobe
What lobe is the arrow pointing to?
occipital lobe
What lobe is the arrow pointing to?
parietal lobe
What lobe is the arrow pointing to?
temporal lobe
What lobe is the arrow pointing to?
Cerebrum (cerebral cortex, cerebral tracts/white matter, fornix)
Will (choice), intelligence, memory, awareness, personality
Which cranial nerve is the longest?
X (Vagus) which reaches from the medulla to the digestive and urinary organs.
Ependymal Cells:
a type of neuroglia of CNS; produce cerebrospinal fluid; helps with circulation
Oligodendrocytes:
a type of neuroglia of CNS; responsible for productin the myelin sheath
Pia mater is:
a vascular membrane
choroid
a vascular membrane containing large branched pigment cells that lies between the retina and the sclera of the eye
Myelin Sheath
a white fatty material that insulates and protects the fibers and speeds up nerve impulse transmission
Fascicles:
bundles of wrapped axons
Cauda Equina
collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
Voltage gated calcium channels
mediate calcium influx in response to membrane depolarization and regulate intracellular processes such as contraction, secretion, neuro-transmission, and gene expression. Their activity is essential to couple electrical signals in the cell surface to physiological events in cells.
Repolarizing Phase:
membrane potential is restored to resting state
Nucleus
membrane-bound structure found in the soma or body of the neuron and contains the nucleolus
meninges
membranes that lie between the bone and soft tissues
meninges
membranes that surround the CNS
Reflex:
fast automatic sequence of actions in response to a stimulus
Filum Terminale
fibrous extension of conus medullaris that extends to coccyx where it anchors the spinal cord - Protected by vertebrae, meninges, and CSF
spinal nerves
formed by the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal cord
arbor vitae
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central canal
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cerebellum
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nerve tracts
major nerve pathways
ciliary glands
sebaceous and sweat glands
tarsal glands
sebaceous glands that release oil
Intercostal nerves:
Anterior rami of spinal nerves T2-T12
Occipital Lobe: Primary Visual cortex
- allows you to see - most posterior tip of the occipital lobe
Three tracts of white matter:
Anterior, posterior and lateral white columns
Cerebellum: Flocculus
# 5's At its base, it receives input from the middle ears vestibular system and regulates balance
Cerebellum: Peduncles
(A) Superior Peduncle (B) Middle Peduncle (C) Inferior Peduncle - Three paired fiber tracts that connect the cerebellum to the brain stem - All fibers in the cerebellum are ipsilateral - Superior peduncles connect the cerebellum to the midbrain - Middle peduncles connect the pons to the cerebellum - Inferior peduncles connect the medulla to the cerebellum
Integration Function
(gray matter/nuclei) that processes reflexes , site for summation of excitatory & inhibitory post synaptic potentials
vagus (nerves X)
(mixed) sensory and motor nerve ("Wanders" into thorax and abdomen, Parasympatheic innervation of organs) (blood pressure, slows heart rate, stimulates digestive organs and taste)
Lateral Horn
(only in thoracic and lumbar regions) - sympathetic neurons
Sural Nerve
(short saphenous nerve) lies with the small saphenous vein. It supplies the branches to the skin on the back of the leg and then continues as the "lateral dorsal cutaneous nerve" along the outside of the foot and little toe
lacrimal canaliculus
(under the skin) tube that takes the tears from the Lacrimal punctum and leads to the Inferior meatus of nasal cavity and nostril
Propagation Function
(white matter/tracts) ascending (sensory) pathways to brain, descending (motor) pathways from the brain
Cerebrum: Frontal Lobe
* Motor Functions * Higher Order Functions * Planning * Reasoning * Judgement * Impulse Control * Memory
The temporal lobe is used for:
- Auditory center - Wernicke's area for sensory and speech conmprehension
Brain Stem: Pons
- Bulging brainstem region between the midbrain and the medulla oblongata - Forms part of the anterior wall of the fourth ventricle - Regulates pattern of respirations Fibers of the pons: - Connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord - Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum
Brachial Plexus
- Formed by C5-C8 and T1(C4and T2may also contribute to this plexus) - Supplies shoulders and upper limbs
Diencephalon: Hypothalamus
- Forms the inferolateral walls of the third ventricle - Role in ANS: Regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, rate and depth of breathing, and many other visceral activities - Maintains normal body temperature - Major role in body's water balance - Endocrine Functions of the Hypothalamus: produce ADH and oxytocin - Regulates feelings of hunger and satiety - Regulates sleep and the sleep cycle - Perception of pleasure, fear, and rage
Frontal Lobe: Premotor Area
- Located anterior to the precentral gyrus of frontal lobe - Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned motor skills such as playing musical instrument, helps in planned movements
Brain Stem: Midbrain
- Located between the diencephalon and the pons - Midbrain structures include: - Cerebral peduncles - two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts - Cerebral aqueduct - hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles
The brainstem consists of:
- Midbrain - Pons - Medudlla oblongata
Diencephalon: Thalamus
- Relay Station - Paired, egg-shaped masses that form the superolateral walls of the third ventricle - Connected at the midline by the intermediate mass
Sympathetic Chain Ganglia
- bilaterally symmetric and located just ventral and lateral to the spinal cord. They extend from the upper neck down to the coccyx, forming the unpaired coccygeal ganglion. - delivers information to the body about stress and impending danger, and are responsible for the familiar fight-or-flight response.
The medulla oblongata contains the vasomotor centers of:
- cardiac - respiratory - vomiting
The neurons consist of:
- cell body - axons - dendrites
Parasympathetic (cholinergic) fibers cause:
- constricted pupils - <hr/rhythm - dilate blood vessels - tense smooth muscles of the bronchi
Cerebrum: Insula
- deep in the brain - gustatory (taste)
Temporal Lobe: Olfactory area
- deep in the brain: Insula - smell
Sympathetic (adrenergic) fibers cause:
- dilated pupils - >HR/rhythm - contract blood vessels - relax smooth muscles of the bronchi
What are the 4 layers of the meninges:
- dura mater - arachnoid membrane - pia mater -subarachnoid space
Limbic lobe is used for:
- emotional/visceral patterns for survival - learning and memory
CSF aids in the:
- exchange of nutrients - wastes
Gyri
- gyrus: elevated ridge (wrinkle of the brain) - increases surfaces area
Frontal Lobe: Prefrontal Cortex
- intellect, judgement, etc - Working memory for spatial tasks - Executive area for task management - Working memory for object-recall tasks - Solving complex, multitask problems
Olfactory Bulbs
- located on the inferior (bottom) side of the brain. The olfactory bulb is supported and protected by the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone. - Relays Sensory Signals to the Olfactory Tract - Sense of Smell
The spinal cord is protected by the:
- meninges - cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
Neuron
- nerve cell - excitable cells that transmit electrical signals - Cells are long-lived, amitotic, and have high metabolic rate (meaning high oxygen and glucose needs)
Mammillary Bodies
- on the ventral side of brain under optic chiasm and pituitary location. - are involved with the processing of recognition memory. They are believed to add the element of smell to memories.
Autonomic nervous system consists of:
- parasympathetic - sympathetic
5 lobes of the cerebral cortex are:
- parietal - frontal - temporal - occipital - limbic
Hippocampus
- part of the limbic system - plays important roles in long-term memory and spatial navigation. - located inside the medial temporal lobe, beneath the cortical surface.
The thalmus:
- relays sensory impulses to the cortex - provides a pain gate - is part of the treicular activating system
The cerebrum consists of:
- right hemisphere - left hemisphere
What are the interal carotids?
- right internal carotid - left internal carotid
Parietal lobe is used for the interpretations of:
- taste - pain - touch - temperature - pressure - spacial perception
diencephalon consists of:
- thalmus - hypothalmus
The pons contains:
- the respiratory centers - regulates breathing
Temporal Lobe: Wernicke's area
- usually on left side of the Temporal Lobe - allows you to understand what is being said - damage here leads to Receptive Aphasia: the inability to comprehend language or speak with appropriately meaningful words
Internal anatomy of the spinal cord:
Anterior median fissure, posterior median sulcus, Central canal, Gray matter, White matter
Normal volume of CSF is:
125 - 150 mL
Human beings have haow many pairs of spinal nerves:
31 pairs
Spinal Nerves
31 pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the cord
Ion channels:
4 types of chanels that allow ions (K+ and Na+) to pass in and out of a cell
How many ventricles are there is the brain:
4 ventricles
Normal pressure of CSF is:
50 - 175 mm H2O
Cerebrum
80% of Brain mass -paired (left and right hemispheres) -made up of the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, insula.
Conus Medullaris
A conical tapering structure inferior to the lumbar enlargement
Reflex
A fast, automatic, unplanned sequence of actions that occurs in response to a particular stimulus.
Myelin sheath:
A multi-layered lipid and protein covering that surronds axons
Posterior Median Sulcus
A posterior narrow furrow that divides the spinal cord into right and left sides.
Learned Reflex
A reflex that is acquired, and can change with each new experience (using the brake when driving)
Acetylcholine:
A small molecule neurotransmitter that works at the neuromuscular junction; excitatory or inhibitory
Synapses
A) axodendritic B) axosomatic C) axoaxonic
Infundibulum
AKA pituitary stalk - the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary
abducens (nerves VI)
Abducts the eyeball—innervates lateral rectus muscle (motor)=>only cranial nerve that originates from the dorsal surface of the brainstem
Anterior Median Fissure
An anterior wide groove that divides the spinal cord into right and left sides.
Filum Terminale
An extension of the pia matter arising from the conus medullaris
Gray Matter
An inner H-shaped region of gray matter
Pia Matter
Deepest layer of C.T., thin and adherent to the spinal cord, consists of squamous to cuboidal cells within interlacing bundles of collagen and thin elastic fibers,many blood vessels within that supply nutrients and oxygen to spinal cord.
V Trigeminal Nerve
Divides in 3: (1) index finger: Opthalmic - Sensory - forehead, eyelid, upper part of nose, cornea; (2) Middle Finger: Maxillary - Sensory - nasal cavity, upper teeth and upper lip, LOWER eyelid (face & mouth, touch & pain: not part of our notes)
Visceral Reflexes
Effectors are cardiac, smooth muscles and glands (Ex)defecation, salivation, pupillary light
Pituitary gland
Endocrine gland-secretes many hormones
Pineal gland
Endocrine gland-secretes one hormone (melatonin)
Connective tissue of spinal nerves:
Epineurium, Perineurium, Fascicles & Endoneurium
Diencephalon: Epithalamus
Epithalamus- forms roof of the third ventricle. - Found in epithalamus area are: 1. Pineal gland - extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin Melatonin - a hormone involved with sleep regulation, sleep-wake cycles, and mood 2. Choroid plexus - a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Oculomotor
Eye Movements
Abducens
Eye laterally
VII Facial
Face and anterior tongue Mixed/ Facial expression muscles/ tear glands, salivary glands Taste at anterior portion of tongue
V Trigeminal
Face and mouth/ Mixed/Major sensory nerve of face/muscles of mastication
Facial
Facial expressions, tear and saliva development, abductal taste buds
True or False: Some spinal nerves are sensory and other are motor.
False- all spinal nerves are mixed nerves, none are purely sensory or motor.
True or False: The dermatomes are overlappng regions of skin innervated by different spinal nerves.
False- dermatomes overlap each other by as much as much as 50%
Ture or False: Somatic reflexes are these that do do not involve the brain
False- some somatic reflexes are mediated primarily through the brainstem & cerebellum
True or False: Most of the cerebrospinal fluid is produced by the choroid plexuses.
False- the choroid plexuses produce only 30% of the CSF
anterior median fissure
Identify what the arrow is pointing to
arachnoid mater
Identify what the arrow is pointing to
Midbrain (corpora quadrigemina, superior colliculi, inferior colliculi)
Filter and relay visual (superior colliculi) & auditory stimuli (inferior colliculi); reflexive control of eye movement, focusing lens and pupil diameter
Aqueous humor
Fluid in the space between the cornea and lens of the eye.
Gray Commissure
Forms the crossbar of the H, connects the gray matter on the right and left side of the spinal cord.
Two inhibitory Amino Acids:
Gamma aminobutyric acid and glycine; act in CNS
The medulla oblongata regulates:
HR Resp Blood vessel diameter Sneezing Swallowing Vomiting Coughing
I Olfactory Nerve
Has ONLY sensory fibers; smell (carries sense info BACK to the brain) (Afferent???)
Which cranial nerve governs smell?
I Olfactory
Olfactory
I. Receives sensory information from the nose
Optic
II. Receives sensory information from the eye, transmitting the sense of vision to the brain
Which cranial nerve is responsible for pupillary constriction?
III (Oculomotor)
Oculomotor
III. Transmits motor information to move the eye muscles particularly to the medial, superior, and inferior rectus muscles and to the inferior oblique muscle
Which cranial nerve turns eye downward and laterally?
IV Trochlear
Trochlear
IV. Transmits motor information to move the eye muscles, particularly the superior oblique muscle
Which cranial nerve senses carotid blood pressure?
IX Glossopharyngeal
Glossopharyngeal
IX. A mixed nerve of the tongue and throat that receives information on taste
posterior sulcus
Identify what the arrow is pointing
X Vagus Nerve
Motor (not sensory?): Parasympathetic for lungs, heart, upper GI tract, glands, sensory, same organs (what did that mean?); Vagus is the only one not soley for servicing the head and neck) (senses aortic blood pressure; slows heart rate; stimulates digestive organs, taste: not in our notes)
IV Trochlear Nerve
Motor (some extrensic eye muscles) AND Sensory (as in proprioreception)innervates superior oblique, turns eye downward and laterally
XI Spinal Accessory Nerve
Motor - Swallow and move head (using neck muscles) Sensory (as in some propriorecetpion) (think "necklace" ware it on neck) (controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid; controls swallowing movements: not in our notes)
XII Hypoglossal Nerve
Motor - tongue (swallow AND speak) (hypo: under) (gloss: tongue); Sensory (as in some proprioreception) (controls tongue movements: not in our notes)
VII Facial Nerve
Motor AND Sensory (as in some proprioreception) - controls most facial expressions secretion of tears & saliva, taste
VI Abducens Nerve
Motor AND Sensory (as in some propriorecption) - Eyeball (but "I" know that it turns eye laterally)
IX Glossopharyngeal Nerve
Motor: Saliva (think glossy tongue), sensory info is taste (info comes from tongue) and BP (b/c of the "pharyngeal" part and carotid artery being in neck - how we can know if too much or too little blood is getting to brain) (taste, senses carotid blood pressure: not on our notes)
iris
Muscles of eye that control the size of the pupil. Gives color to the eye.
Glossopharyngeal
Muscles of swallowing, saliva, and taste buds.
Sodium ion:
Na+
XI Spinal Accessory
Neck muscles and many thoracic and abdominopelvic viscera Motor/Voice production, neck movement, motor control of innervated viscera/ movement of neck
The Schwann cell sheath is called:
Neurilemma
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential:
Neurostansmitter moves post synaptic further away from threshold
Acetylcholine is a: (1)
Neurotransmitter (1)
Norepinephrine is a: (2)
Neurotransmitter (2)
Dopamine is a: (3)
Neurotransmitter (3)
Amino acids are a: (5)
Neurotransmitter (5)
Polypeptides are a: (6)
Neurotransmitter (6)
Serotonin is a: (4)
Neurtoransmitter (4)
II Optic Nerve
ONLY Sensory fibers; Vision (only carries sens info from retina BACK to brain from eyeball)
List the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory I Optic II Oculomotor III Trochlear IV Trgierminal V Abducens VI Facial VII Vestibulochlear VIII Glossapharygeal IX Vagus X Accessory XI Hypoglossal XII
(Other mnemonic tool for) cranial nerves
On Old Olympic Towering Tops A Finn And German Viewed Some Hops
VI Abducens
One extrinsic eye muscle/Motor/Innervates lateral rectus eye muscle moving eye in eye Socket
Intersegmental Reflex
One sensory neuron ascends & descends the spinal cord activating interneurons in several segments of the spinal cord
Mnemonic
Only Ovaltine Offers True Taste After Finishing Very Good Vegetables And Hordorves
Effector:
Part of body that carries out responses
Cell body:
Part of neuron that has nucleus, cytoplasm and typical organelles
(temporal lobe)
Perception of auditory sensations & related speech centers
(occipital lobe)
Perception of visual sensations
Integrative function:
Processing of information
Medulla oblongata
Reflexive, involuntary control of heart, breathing & blood vessels
White Matter
Regions of white matter that surround the H-shaped inner core of gray matter
Cauda Equina (horses's tail)
Roots of the spinal nerves that angle inferiorly in the vertebral canal
Three Indirect Pathways:
Rubrospinal, tectospinal and vestibulospinal tracts
Neurons are protected and insulated by:
Schwann Cells
Two types of neuroglia that produce myelin sheaths:
Schwann cells and oligodendrocytes of CNS
Olfactory
Sense of Smell
Optic
Sense of Vision
VIII Vestibulocochlear Nerve (auditory)
Sensory (not motor?); Vestib=equilibrium; Coch=Hearing; (hearing, equilibrium, sensation: not on our notes)
Three functions of Nervous System:
Sensory, integrative & motor function
Posterior Ramus
Serves the deep muscles and skin of the posterior trunk
Anterior Ramus
Serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs & skin of the lateral and anterior surfaces of the trunk
Two categories of Peripheral Nervous system:
Somatic and autonomic nervous systems
eyelids (palpebrae)
Structures covering the front of the eye, which protect it, limit the amount of light entering the pupil, and distribute tear film over the exposed corneal surface
Cerebellum(arbor vitae, vermis, L/R cerebellar hemispheres)
Subconscious control & coordination of voluntary muscle
Cerebellum
Subconscious, coordination of voluntary muscle (compares sensory input from eye, inner ear and muscles/joints with the choice from cerebral cortex and outputs subconscious muscle control- subconscious, voluntary functions include posture, muscle tone, maintenance of balance and equilibrium in addition to movement
Dura Matter
Superficial, composed of Dense Irregular C.T.,forms a sac from the level of the foramen magnum to the second sacral vertebra
Trochlear
Superior Oblique Eye Muscle
Cervical Enlargement
Superior enlargement of the spinal cord
Two subdivisions of autonomic nervous system:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
Ventral Root
arise from the anterior horn and contain motor (efferent) fibers
Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus is formed by ventral rami of C1-C4 - Supplies skin and muscles of the neck, ear, back of head, and superior parts shoulders - The most important nerve of this plexus is the phrenic nerve - The phrenic nerve is the major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm (receives fibers from C3-C5)
conjunctiva
The is a thin, clear membrane covering the front of the eye and inner eyelids. Cells in this lining produce mucous that helps to lubricate the eye.
Presynaptic Membrane
The part of the cell membrane of an axon terminal that faces the cell membrane of the neuron or muscle fiber with which the axon terminal establishes a synapse.
Phrenic nerve
The phrenic nerve is the major motor and sensory nerve of the diaphragm (receives fibers from C3-C5)
Ipsilateral Reflex
The sensory neurons enter on the same side that the motor neurons exit
Central Canal
The small canal running through the center of the spinal cord from the conus medullaris to the lower part of the fourth ventricle; represents the embryonic neural tube.
Postsynaptic Membrane
The surface of the cell on the opposite side of the synapse from the synaptic terminal of the stimulating neuron that contains receptor proteins and degradative enzymes for the neurotransmitter.
Vagus
X. Receives sensory information from abdomen, thorax, neck, and root of tongue; transmits motor information to pharynx, larynx, and controls autonomic functions of the heart, digestive organs, spleen, and kidneys
Which cranial nerve controls swallowing movements?
XI Spinal Accessory
Which cranial nerve controls trapezius?
XI Spinal Accessory
Accessory
XI. A motor nerve to the muscles of the neck that move the head
Which cranial nerve controls tongue movements?
XII Hypoglossal
Hypoglossal
XII. A motor nerve to the tongue
Fornix
a C-shaped bundle of axons in the brain, and carries signals from the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies
Ilioinguinal Nerve
a branch of the first lumbar nerve (L1). It separates from the first lumbar nerve along with the larger iliohypogastric nerve. - a branch of the first lumbar nerve that is distributed to the muscles of the anterolateral wall of the abdomen, to the skin of the proximal and medial part of the thigh, and to the base of the penis and the scrotum in the male or the mons veneris and labia majora in the female
Tibial Nerve
a branch of the sciatic nerve that passes through the popliteal fossa to pass below the arch of soleus.
Olfactory Tracts
a bundle of axons connecting the cells of the olfactory bulb to several target regions in the brain.
Corpus Callosum
a commissure - the largest commissure in the brain ("C" shaped in mid sagittal view)
plexus
a complex network of spinal nerves
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve
a cutaneous nerve that innervates the skin on the lateral part of the thigh. L3
Arachnoid membrane is:
a delicate membrane that contains subarachnoid fluid
Anterior Median Fissure
a groove along the anterior midline of the spinal cord that incompletely divides it into symmetrical halves
Endoneurium
a layer of delicate connective tissue that encloses the myelin sheath of a nerve fiber within a fasciculus.
posterior chamber
a narrow space inside the eye, located behind the peripheral part of the iris and in front of the suspensory ligament of the lens and the ciliary processes; contains aqueous humor
Cerebellum: Vermis
a narrow, wormlike structure between the hemispheres of the cerebellum
Dorsal Root Ganglion
a nodule on a dorsal root that contains cell bodies of neurons in afferent spinal nerves.
trochlea
a ring-like tendon, functioning as a pulley, through which the superior oblique muscle passes before it attaches to the eye
Posterior Median Sulcus
a shallow vertical groove dividing the spinal cord throughout its whole length in the midline posteriorly.
Choroid Plexus
a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Ventricles: Choroid Plexus
a structure that secretes cerebral spinal fluid (CSF)
Gray Commissure
a thin strip of gray matter that surrounds the central canal of the spinal cord and, along with the anterior white commissure, connects the two halves of the cord.
Astrocytes:
a type of neuroglia of CNS that physically protects neurons ; plays role in learning and memory
Microglia:
a type of neuroglia of CNS; phagocytes that help fight foreign substances
Damage to the__________nerve could result in defects of eye movement, A. optic B. vagus C. trigeminal D. facial E. abducens
abducens
Two point discrimination:
ability to distinguish the touching of two points of body, even when close together
Discriminative touch:
ability to feel what part of body is being touched
palpebral conjunctiva
above eye, under eyelashes (obicularis muscle)
Posterior roots contain:
afferent (sensory) nerve fibers
The medulla oblongata contains:
all afferent and efferent tracts
Peripheral Nervous system:
all nervous tissue outside the central nervous system; two catagories
Scleral venous sinus
allows aqueous humor to drain
The circle of Willis is:
an anastamosis at the base of the brain
ciliary body
an annular (ring-like) structure on the inner surface of the anterior wall of the eyeball, contained within the uveal tract and composed largely of the ciliary muscle and bearing the ciliary processes
Pituitary Gland
an endocrine gland about the size of a pea. It is a protrusion off the bottom of the hypothalamus at the base of the brain, and rests in a small, bony cavity (sella turcica).
Resting membrane potential:
an excess of unused ions that store potential energy, that line the outer wall of the plasma membrane
Occipital Lobe: Visual Association cortex
anterior to primary visual cortex - Surrounds the primary visual cortex - Interprets visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement) using past experiences
Excitatory and Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials:
are types of action potentials that neurotransmitters will cause
filum terminale
arise at conus meddularis
Common Peroneal/Fibular Nerve (Superficial Branch)
arises from the common fibular nerve near the neck of the fibula. - it travels in the lateral compartment of the leg. - provides motor innervation to the muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg (muscles that evert the foot). - provides sensory innervation to the anterolateral aspect of the leg (the distal half) and the dorsum of the foot (the exception is the webspace between the hallux and second digit).
The right/left internal carotids are:
arteries
Cerebrum: Temporal Lobe
associated with hearing - coordinate auditory and visual aspects of language
Corpora Quadrigemina: Inferior Colliculi
auditory relay centers
swallowing/ sneezing/ coughing/ blinking
automatic actions of reflexes
reflexes
automatic responses to changes within or outside the body
spinal cord
begins at the foramen magnum and terminates between the 1st and 2nd lumbar vertebrae
bulbar conjunctiva
below eye, under eyelashes (obicularis muscle)
The spinal cord controls:
body movement
central retinal artery and vein
both found in optic neve
Anterior Ramus:
branch of spinal nerve that serves anterior trunk and some structures of the limbs
Posterior ramus:
branch of spinal nerve that serves muscles in the skin of posterior trunk
Meningeal branch:
branch of spinal nerves that enters and exits vertebral cavity to supply vetebrae, ligaments, blood vessels of spinal cord
Rami:
branches of spinal nerves
Cerebrum: Parietal Lobe
can be divided into two functional regions. One involves sensation and perception and the other is concerned with integrating sensory input, primarily with the visual system. The first function integrates sensory information to form a single perception (cognition).
Motor function:
carries out the responses
Motor neurons:
carries response information to effectors
Sensory Neurons:
carries sensory information
Motor tracts of white matter:
carry information away from the brain
Sensory tracts of white matter:
carry information toward the brain
Excitatory postsynaptic potential:
causes excitation of the effector (which is the structure that carries out the response)
Ventricles
cavities in brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Basal ganglia are:
cell bodies in white matter that assist the cerebral cortex in producing smooth voluntary movements
ependymal
cells that cover capillaries and form a cerebrospinal fluid barrier
Schwann Cells
cells that wrap around axon like a jelly roll, form myelin sheath
Ventricles: Foramen of Munro (interventricular)
channels that allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) produced in the lateral ventricles to reach the third ventricle and then the rest of the brain's ventricular system.
Synapse is the:
chemical transmission of impulses from one neuron to another
(corpus callosum & anterior commissure)
communication between the two cerebral hemispheres
Axon
conduct impulses away from the cell body
Dendrites
conduct impulses toward the cell body
Axon Hillock
cone-shaped area from which axons arise
conus medullaris
conical tapering of spinal equine
Commissure
connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres
spinal nerves
connect the CNS to the PNS
Meninges:
connective tissue of spinal cord
Perineurium:
connective tissue that wraps fascicle of spinal nerves
tarsal plates
connective tissue within the eyelids
Epineurium:
connective tissue wrapping of entire spinal nerve
Endoneurium:
connective tissue wrapping of individual axons (neurons)
gray commissure
connects the right and left sides of the spinal cord
Axon Terminals
contain vesicles that contain neurotransmitters
subarachnoid space
contains cerebrospinal fluid between the arachnoid and the pia maters
Anterior root of spine:
contains only motor axons
Posterior root of spine:
contains only sensory axons
Cell Body
contains the nucleus and metabolic center of the cell, has a lot of rough ER
Two types of propagation of nerve impulses:
continuous and saltatory conduction
Inability of anions to leave cell:
contributes to resting membrane potential because they are attached to nondiffusible molecules such as ATP
Electrogenic nature of Na/K ATPases:
contributes to resting membrane potential by pumping out Na+ as fast as it leaks in
Unequal distribution of ions in Extra Cellular Fluid & Cytosol:
contributes to resting membrane potential; plasma membrane has more K+ leakage channels that allow for more K+ to diffuse down concentration gradient out of cell into ECF
Lateral & Anterior spinothalamic tracts:
convey impulses for temperature sensation, pain, etc
nerve
cordlike bundle of nerve fibers held together by layers of CT
epineurium
covers the entire nerve
(path of) optic nerve
cranial nerve II; the sensory nerve which carries electrical impulses from visual stimuli in the retina out of the eye, across the optic chiasm, and to the ventral part of the diencephalon, on their way to the visual cortex in the occipital cortex of the brain for interpretation
Fissures
deep groove - separates lobes
The two main phases of an action potential:
depolarizing and repolarizing phases
If an axon or dendrite is damaged it will:
die and be replaced slowly
Cerebellum: Arbor Vitae
distinctive treelike pattern of the cerebellar white matter
(longitudinal fissure)
divides cerebrum into cerebral hemispheres
perineurium
divides groups of fibers into fascicles
Plexuses:
divisions of the anterior rami
(right cerebral hemisphere)
dominates in non-speech sounds (melodies, laughing, ect.), in spatial perception & in holistic, artistic & emotional concepts
(left cerebral hemisphere)
dominates in speech sounds & in understanding sequential, rational & analytical concepts
4th Ventricle
dorsal to the pons and in front of cerebellum. Continuous with 3rd ventricle via cerebral aquaduct - openings (apertures) in the wall of the this connect the ventricles with the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain
Three protective coverings of brain:
dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater
Axillary Nerve
innervates the deltoid, teres minor, and skin and joint capsule of the shoulder
Anterior roots contain:
efferent (motor) nerve fibers
Serotonin:
excitatory or inhibitory; involved in mood, sleep cycle, appetite , sensory perception
Norepenephrine:
excitatory or inhibitory; role in regulating mood
Dopamine:
excitatory or inhibitory; very active in emotional responses, including addictive behaviors
Pineal Body (gland)
extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin
conus medullaris
extension of the lumbar enlargement
filum terminale
extension of the pia mater
II Optic
eye/ sensory/ carries impulses associated with vision
Synaptic Cleft
gap between adjacent neurons
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps in myelin sheath along the axon
Nodes of ranvier:
gaps in myelin sheath that occur between schwann cells; increases nerve signal transmission
lumbar enlargement
gives off nerves to the lower limbs
Two excitatory Amino Acids:
glutamate and asparate; act in CNS
Posterior gray horns:
gray matter of spinal cord containing somatic (voluntary) and automatic (involuntary) sensory nuclei
Anterior gray horns:
gray matter of spinal cord containing somatic motor nuclei
Lateral gray horns:
gray matter of spinal cord present in thoracic area, upper lumbar and sacral parts of spine; autonomic motor nuclei
cervical - 8/ thoracic - 12/ lumbar - 5/ sacral - 5/ coccygeal - 1
groups of spinal nerves and number of pairs
Electrical Synapses:
have gap junctions that have connexons which connect cytosol of two cells, which allows faster communication
relexes
help maintain homeostasis by controlling such processes as the heart rate, breathing rate, blood pressure and digestion
filum terminale
helps anchor spinal cord in place
Ventricles: Cerebral Aqueduct (aqueduct of Sylvius):
hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles
EXCELLENT SITE FROM YALE
http://info.med.yale.edu/caim/cnerves/
Indepth site home page
http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/
Indepth site
http://thalamus.wustl.edu/course/brstem.html
Where do you go if you want more questions like this?
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio201/cn/foramn1.htm
Where's an even better site you've yet to add to here?
http://www.meddean.luc.edu/lumen/MedEd/GrossAnatomy/h_n/cn/cn1/table1.htm
(qyri & sulci)
increase surface area of cerebrum for exchange of nutrients/wastes to/from blood vessels in the pia mater
The spinal cord contains an:
inner collumn of gray matter that contain 2 anterior and 2 posterior horns
Pia Matter:
inner most layer of meninges; made of bundles of collagen fibers and elastic fibers; helps supply blood to cord
Radial Nerve
innervates essentially all extensor muscles, supinators, and posterior skin of limb
Femoral Nerve
innervates quadriceps and skin of anterior thigh and medial surface of leg
Musculocutaneous Nerve
innervates the biceps brachii and brachialis and skin of lateral forearm
Autonomic Nervous System:
involuntary automatic functions; heart, digestion, respiration; to subdivisions
Indirect pathways:
involved with coordination of body movements, skeletal muscle tone, posture & equilibrium
Somatic reflex:
involves contraction of skeletal muscles
lacrimal Sac
is a tiny pump that drains tears and other debris from the eye. The fluids flow down the nasolacrimal duct into the nose where they help keep the nasal linings moist. This is why your nose runs when you cry.
Saphenous Nerve
is the largest cutaneous branch of the femoral nerve.
vascular layer (uvea)
is the middle laye, made up of three parts: the iris, ciliary body and chorid.
Optic Chiasma
is the part of the brain where the optic nerves (CN II) partially cross. The optic chiasm is located at the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus.
Limbus
junction between sclera and cornea
Medulla Oblongota: Pyramids
large corticospinal tracts descending from the motor cortex
Three Direct Pathways:
lateral corticospinal , anterior corticospinal tract, and cortiobulbar tract
dura mater
layer of meninges composed of white fibrous CT and contains many blood vessels and nerves
pia mater
layer of meninges that is thin and contains many blood vessels and nerves
lacrimal punctum
little hole before the lacrimal caruncle that leads to lacrimal canaliculus (german word for dot=punkt)
Brain Stem
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata - Similar to spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei - Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival - Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers - Associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves
Arachnoid mater:
middle layer of the meninges; made of collagen and elastic fibers
Biogenic amines:
modified and decarboxylated amino acids that excite or inhibit receptors
Somatic nervous system:
mostly responsible for voluntary functions; skeletal muscles
Midbrain is responsible for
motor condition
Neurons carrying impulses from the CNS are called:
motor neurons
Anterior horns connect with:
motor/efferent nerve fibers
I Olfactory
nasal mucosa/ sensory/ carries impulses associated with smell
Depolarizing Phase:
negative membrane potential becomes less negative, reaches 0, then becomes positive
axons
nerve fibers within the ascending and descending tracts
phrenic
nerve that conducts impulses to the diaphragm
The spinal cord contains:
nerve tracts
motor
nerves that carry impulses to muscles or glands
sensory
nerves that conduct impulses into the brain and spinal cord
sensory
nerves that enter posterior cord
motor
nerves that exit the anterior cord
mixed
nerves that include both sensory and motor
The spinal cord provides:
neuron and synapse networks to produce involuntary responses to sensory stimulation
The intercostal nerves between the ribs arise from which spinal nerve plexus? A. cervical B. brachial C. lumbar D. sarcal E. none of them
none of them
The neuron cell body contains a:
nucleus
IV Trochlear
one extrinsic eye muscle/motor/Innervates superior oblique eye muscle moving eye in eye socket
Neurons:
one nerve cell
Neurofibrils
one of the delicate threads running in every direction through the cytoplasm of a nerve cell and extending into the axon and dendrites; believed to be neurofilament bundles, and perhaps neurotubules.
optic disc
optic nerve head in the eye, in which no photoreceptors are present, thus resulting in a blind spot in the visual field
Dura mater:
outer layer of the meninges; dense irregular connective tissue
Axon terminals:
part of neuron-branches at end of axon
Synaptic end bulbs:
part of neuron-bulb shaped structures filled with neurotransmitters
Axon:
part of neuron-long projection that sends messages away from cell body; every neuron has one one "of these"
Dendrite:
part of neuron-projections that send messages to the cell body
receptor/ sensory neuron/ interneuron/ motor neuron/ effector
parts of reflex arcs
Obturator Nerve
passes through obturator foramen to innervate adductor muscles
Which of these is not a region of the spinal cord? A. cervical B. thoracic C. pelvic D. lumbar E. sarcal
pelvic
(partietal lobe)
perception of sensations of touch, temp.,taste & body position (kinesthetic sensation)
Proprioception:
perception of the position of a body part, independent of vision
Refractory period:
perior of time after action potential when another impulse can not be generated
The _______ nerves arise from the cervical plexus and innervate the diaphragm
phrenic
The hypothalmus is responsible for:
production of hormones secreted by the pituitary gland/hypothalmus
The nonvisual awareness of the boby's position and movemenet is called_____________.
proprioception
CSF acts as a:
protective cushion (protects the brain/spinal cord)
cerebrospinal fluid barrier
protects the CNS from harmful substances in the blood
nerve tracts
provide communication between the brain and PNS
spinal nerves
provide two-way communication between the spinal cord and parts of the upper and lower limbs, neck, and trunk
spinal nerves
provide two-way communication between the spinal cord and parts of the uppoer and lower limbs, neck, and trunk
epidural space
provides a protective pad around the spinal cord
Vertebral column:
provides bony protection
arachnoid villi
reabsorbs CSF
lacrimal caruncle
reddish elevation at the medial canthus
withdrawl
reflex that involves sensory neurons, interneurons, and motor neurons
monosynaptic
reflex where sensory neurons communicating directly to a motor neuron
Autonomic visceral reflex:
reflexes not consciously perceived; heart rate
Neurons do not:
reproduce after the neonatal period
Nissl Bodies
rough ER of neuron
hypoglossal (nerves XII)
runs inferior to the tongue, innervates tongue muscles (mixed: primary motor) (contols tongue movement)
Dorsal Root
s arise from sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglion and contain sensory (afferent) fibers
Continuous conduction:
step by step depolarization and repolarization of each adjacent segment of the plasma membrane
CSF circulates in the:
subarachnoid space ventricles to the subarachnoid layer of the meninges
CSF fluid is reabsorbed in the:
subarachnoid space by the arachnoid villi
The ventricles communicate between the:
subarachnoid spaces
Sulci
sulcus: groove (gap between wrinkles)
cervical enlargement
supples the nerves to the upper limbs
Pudendal Nerve
supplies most of nerves in perineum.
lumbar plexus
supplies nerves of the abdominal wall, external genitalia, and lower limbs
sacral plexus
supplies nerves to the buttocks, perineum, and lower limbs
cervical plexus
supplies nerves to the head, neck, and superior shoulders
Ulnar Nerve
supplies the flexor carpi ulnaris, part of the flexor digitorum profundus, most intrinsic muscles of the hand, and skin of medial aspect of hand
Intercostal Nerves
supply muscles of the ribs, anterolateral thorax, and abdominal wall
brachial plexus
supply the nerves to shoulders and upper limbs
endonerium
surrounds each nerve fiber
endoneurium
surrounds each nerve fiber
Chemical synapses:
synaptic cleft w/neurotransmitters that chemically transmit messages from one neuron to another
Conus Medullaris
terminal portion of the spinal cord
ventricles
the 4 cavities in the brain
Formation of spinal nerves:
the anterior and posterior roots unite to form the spinal nerves
intercostals nerves
the anterior branches of the thoracic spinal nerves do not enter a plexus and instead become these
Mixed nerve fibers are formed by the joining of:
the anterior motor and posterior sensory roots
Ascending nerve tracts contain:
the sensory pathways
ora seratta
the serrated junction between the retina and the ciliary body; marks the transition from the simple non-photosensitive area of the retina to the complex, multi-layered photosensitive region
anterior chamber
the space in the eye bounded in front by the cornea and in back by the iris and middle part of the lens; contains the aqueous humor
The meninges are the three protective layers of:
the spinal cord the brain
foramen magnum
the spinal cord begins here
vitreous humor
the transparent gelatinous mass occupying the posterior compartment (the space between the crystalline lens and the retina of the eye)
Midbrain contains:
the visual reflex and auditory relay centers
Lateral Funiculus
the white matter of the spinal cord lying on either side between the anterior median fissure and the ventral root.
Posterior Funiculus
the white matter of the spinal cord lying on either side between the posterior median sulcus and the dorsal root. - This area includes the dorsal columns (also called the posterior columns) which contains the fasciculus gracilis and, higher in the body, the fasciculus cuneatus - ascending tracts
Septum Pellucidum
thin membrane that separates lateral ventricles
dura mater/ arachnoid mater/ pia mater
three layers of the meninges (superficial to deep)
anterior/ posterior/ lateral funiculi
three regions of white matter
sensory/ motor/ mixed
three types of nerves
The sciatic nerve is a composite of two nerves, the_____ and _________
tibial, common fibular
The dura mater is a:
tough and fibrous membrane
descending
tracts that carry information away from the brain
ascending
tracts that carry information to the brain
Common Peroneal/Fibular Nerve (Deep Branch)
travels in the anterior compartment of the leg on the anterior surface of the interosseous membrane (it travels with the anterior tibial artery). - provides motor innervation to the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg (muscles that primarily dorsiflex the foot and extend the toes).
Central canal:
tunnels through center of spinal canal; filled with CSF
Midbrain: Cerebral Peduncles
two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts
anterior median fissure/ posterior median sulcus
two deep longitudinal grooves that divide the cord into right and left halves
sensory/ motor
two roots that form the spinal nerve
sensory/ motor
two types of nerves
sensory
type of nerves that conduct impulses into the brain and spinal cord
Schwann cells:
type of neuroglia of PNS; cells that surround axons
Satellite cells:
type of neuroglia of PNS; provides structural support; involved with nutrient exchange between cells and interstitial fluid
ciliary processes
vascular folds on the inner surface of the ciliary body that give attachment to the suspensory ligaments (zonules) of the crystalline lens
CSF is secreted in the:
ventricles
Anterior median fissure:
very deep groove of internal spinal cord
Posterior median sulcus:
very shallow groove of internal spinal cord
The spinal cord regulates:
visceral function
Corpora Quadrigemina: Superior Colliculi
visual reflex centers
(frontal lobe)
voluntary control over muscles, learning, planning, higher psychological functions
Integration centers:
where info is processed by interneurons, determines response and sends to motor neurons
Integration center:
where information is processed and decisions are made
