Crane study terms

Gantry

(A frame) a structural frame, extending above the superstructure, to which the boom support ropes are reeved. A lattice boom crane term. Most lattice boom cranes require the gantry to be fully raised for lifting.

Brakes shall be provided to bring the machine to a stop on level ground within a distance of 32 feet from a speed of 15 mpg

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Fiber core ropes shall not be used for boom hoist or luffing attachment reeving

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Load hoist drums shall have rope capacity with the recommended rope size and reeving sufficient to perform crane service within the range of boom length, operating radios, and vertical lifts specified by manufacturer

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No less then two full wraps of rope shall remain on the drum when the hook is in the extreme low position

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On all wheel-mounted multiple control station crane, the travel controls shall be located in the carrier cab .auxiliary travel controls may also be provided in the crane cab.if there is an operator in thr crane cab when the crane is in traveling , communication shall be provided between the cabs.use of audible signalling devices will meet this requirement

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Rotation resistant ropes shall not be used for boom hoist reeving as normally defined in section 5- 1.3

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The drum flang shall extend a minimum of one half inch over the top layer of rope at all times

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Operation near power lines

0to 50 is 10feet

over 50 to 345

10

over 345 to 750

16

over 750 to 1000

20

The design factor for boom pendants or standing ropes shall not be less then

3.0 to 1

The design factor for live or running ropes that wind on drums or travel over sheaves shall not be less than

3.5 to 1

0 to.75

4

Rotation resistant ropes shall have a design factor of 5 or greater

5to 1

over .75 to 50

6

Anti-two-block device

A device that, when activated, disengages all crane functions whose movement can cause two blocking. The device will be de-activate any function that will WORSEN the condition This device is mandatory when hoisting personnel and is always par of the daily (frequent) inspection.

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A durabel rating chart with legible letters and figures shall be provided with each crane attached in a location accessible to the operator while at the controls

Luffing attachment

A jib that is capable of changing angles during operation independent of the main boom. The main boom stays stationary while the luffing jib can luff up or down with its own hoist mechanism.

Designated person

A person selected or assigned by the employer or the employer's representative as being competent to perform specific duties.

Qualified person

A qualified person is required for certain crane activities such as annual inspections or major service on crane. a qualified person has received extra training, a degree, or additional experience.

Auxiliary hoist

A secondary hoist rope system used either in conjunction with or independently of, the main hoist system. Commonly referred to as the whip line or second drum.

Carbody

A structural base frame that supports the revolving superstructure of a crawler crane and typically contains the travel mechanism or tracks.

Carrier

A structural base frame that supports the revolving superstructure of truck, rough terrain, or all terrain crane. The base frame is supported on rubber tires and contains the outriggers or stabilizers. May or may not contain a separate engine and cab for travel or transit.

Stabilizer

extendable members attached to the crane frame to increase the stability of the crane. differs from outriggers in that stabilizers may not be capable of lifting the crane tires are off ground. typically found on commercial truck cranes (boom trucks) and carry deck cranes

Boom chord

One of the four main, corner structural members of a lattice boom or jib. Could be either steel angle or tube.

Periodic inspection

One to 12 month intervals, by qualified person

Outriggers

extendable or fixed members attached to the crane frame used to support the crane.Outriggers are capable of lifting the crane up off the ground.

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go ahead two short

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in rotation resistant ropes, two randomly distributed broken wires in six rope diameters or four randomly distributed broken wires in 30 rope diameters

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in running ropes, six randomly distributed broken wires in one lay or three broken wires in one strand in one lay

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in standing ropes more than two broken wires in one lay in sections beyond end connections or more than one broken wire at an end connection

Radius

load radius is the horizontal distance from the center of rotation of the crane to the center of gravity of a freely suspended load.

Dynamic loading

loads introduced into the machine or its components due to accelerating or decelerating forces. A dynamic load is a moving load. A moving load can put more forces on the crane than the lifted object actually weighs as opposed to just static weight.

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lubricant applied shall be of the type that does not hinder visual inspection.

Boom hoist mechanism

means for supporting the boom and controlling boom angle. Typically a lattice boom term since most hydraulic or telescopic cranes use a hydraulic cyclinder to rise and lower the boom.

Rated capacity load limiter

monitors radius,load weight and capacity and will prevent movement of the crane that would result in an overload. this device will cut off all crane functions and will PREVENT an overload.

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one outer wire broken at the point of contact with the core of the rope that has worked its way out of the rope structure

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stop one short

Structural competence

the ability of the crane and its components to withstand the forces imposed by applied loads. The ability of the crane to lift what is supposed to lifted without breaking. crane capacities are based on structural strength or stability

Stability

the ability of the crane to resist tipping. used in conjunction with structural competence to define capacities.

Two-block

the condition in which the lower load block or headache ball makes contact with the upper sheaves in the boom point.

Working Load

the external load applied to the crane, including the weight of load-attaching equipment such as load block,slings,shackles,spreader bars etc. the working load is not only the object being lifted, but also everything else that is considered part of the load.

Outrigger jack

the hydraulic cylinder that attaches to be outrigger beam and lifts the crane from the ground. The outrigger pad is mounted to the bottom of the outrigger jack

Line pull

the maximum pulling force which a hoist system or winch can apply to a wire rope winding onto a hoist drum. based on winch performance

Travel

the moving of a crane from one location to another on the same jobsite under it's own power. differs from "in transit" in that the crane is not necessarily disassembled or folded up

Transit

the moving or transporting of a crane from one jobsite to another. rules allow craned to get closer to power lines when they are "in transit" as opposed to set up and operating.

Superstructure

the rotating upper frame of the crane and the operating machinery mounted on it. the superstructure includes everything above the swing circle of the crane

Should

the term used to indicate that the rule is a recommendation

Shall

the term used to indicate that the rule is mandatory and must be followed

Axis of rotation

vertical axis around which the crane superstructure rotates. Commonly referred to as the center pin or bull pin. Most importantly, it is the starting point when measuring radius.

Operation near power lines

Over 200 to 350 is 20

Operation near power lines

Over 350 to 500 is 25

Operation near power lines

Over 50 to 200 is 15

Operation near power lines

Over 500 to 750 is 35

Operation near power lines

Over 750 to 1,000 is 45

B30.23

Personnel lifting system

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back up three short

Boom lacing

Structural truss members that connect at angles to the boom chords and provide support to stabilize the chords under compression (load).

SWL (safe working load)

The allowable load that may be placed on a wire rope. safe working load is determined by taking the ultimate breaking strength of the wire rope, and dividing by the design/safety factor.

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broken wire removal criteria cited in this volume apply to wire rope operating on steel sheaves and drums

Telescoping boom

consists of a boom base from which one or more additional boom sections are telescoped. also referred to as a hydraulic boom.can be truck mounted, pedestal mounted,or rough terrain mounted. differs from a lattice boom is self supported, without pendant lines.

Boom angle

The angle above or below horizontal of the longitudinal axis of the boom base section. Boom angle is always measured in relation to the ground. This is important concept because most jib/boom extension capacities are determined by boom angle rather than radius.

Absolute limit of approach

The area around every line power line into which is strictly for bidden to move the crane boom, load line or unload unless the line has been de-energized. Also referred to as the distance you must stay away from live power lines. Inside this limit is what is called the "prohibited zone".

Boom deflection

The bending of a crane caused by applied loads. Boom deflection can cause increased load radius and lower boom angle once a heavy load is lifted from the ground. On lattice cranes, pendants and boom hoist wire rope stretches and causes the same effect.

Boom length

The length of the main boom measured from the center of the boom base(butt) pins to the center of the boom point (tip) sheaves.

Basic boom

The minimum or shortest length of a working crane boom, either lattice or telescopic

Parts-of- line

The number of turns of a single wire rope reeved in a sheave or block system. The number of lines running through the load block. when you use 2 sheaves in the boom head and 2 sheaves in the load block, you have 4 parts of a line

Boom point

The outer extremity of the crane boom, containing the hoist sheave assembly.

Outrigger beam

The part of an outrigger system that extends horizontally from the outrigger box and is used to support the outrigger jack

Center- of-gravity

The point in an object around which it's weight is evenly distributed. The crane's load block or headache ball should always be positioned directly above the center of gravity of the load prior to lifting

Ground bearing pressure

The pressure on the supporting surface or ground caused by the weight of the crane and the lifted load. Measured in pounds per square inch (psi).Mattering or blocking under outriggers or crawler tracks distributes the ground pressure and reduces psi.

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a crane that has been idle for a period of 1 month or more, but less than 6 months, shall be given an inspection by a qualified person conforming with the requirements of paras

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a crane that has been idle for a period of 6 months shall be given a complete inspection by a qualified person conforming with the requirements of paras

Pawl (dog)

a device capable of positively holding a member against motion. lattice boom crane term for a locking device for the boom, hoist or swing

Load indicator

a device that measure the weight of the load. usually part of the computer or lmi that is considered an operator aid.

Rated capacity indicator

a device that monitors radius,load weight, and capacity will warn the operator of an overload condition. the device WILL NOT prevent overload, but will provide a warning.

Jib backstop

a device that will restrain the jib from turning over backward

Tagline

a fiber rope attached to a lifted load for purposes of controlling a spinning load.

Mast (boom)

a frame that is hinged at or near the boom butt for use in supporting the main boom. the head of the mast is usually supported and raised or lowered by the boom hoist rope

Mast (jib)

a frame that is hinged at or near the boom for use in connection with supporting the jib

Strand

a group of wires wound together to form all or part of a wire rope

Side loading

a load applied to an angle of the vertical plane of the boom. when a load is not directly under the boom point, then boom is being side loaded.

Static load

a load that is stationary and has no movement. crane load charts are based on static loads and do NOT account for dynamic forces as rapid swinging, hoisting,or booming.

Running rope

a rope that travels around sheaves or drums. examples of running ropes are the main hoist line, auxiliary hoist line and boom hoist line. a standard running rope has a different safety factor and different inspection criteria that a rotation-resistant rope.

Auxiliary Boom point sheave:

a structural member containing a sheave that is mounted to the boom point for use with the whip line. Primary purpose is to separate the load line from the whip line. Also called upper boom point.

Pendant spreader bar

a strut fastened between pendant ropes to maintain a specific separation distance between pendants. provides clearance between boom and pendants when raising or lowering the boom from or to the ground

Pendant

a support rope of specified (fixed) length with fixed end connections.pendants are considered a "standing" rope used to support booms and jibs. they DO NOT wind on drums or travel over sheaves

Standing guy rope

a supporting rope that maintains a constant distances between the attachment points. also called a pendant line that is used to support lattice type booms,jibs,and luffing jibs.standing ropes have a different safety factor and inspection criteria than running ropes and rotation-resistant ropes.

Power-controlled lowering

a system or device, other than the load hoist brake, that can control the lowering rate of the load hoist mechanism. commonly called "power down" on a friction type lattice crane. friction cranes must be equipped with this device when hosting personnel

Two-block damage prevention feature

a system that will stall the winch when two blocking occurs without causing damage to the crane. cannot be used when hoisting personnel according to ASME B30.23

Duty cycle

a type of crane activity where loads are transferred from one point to another by rapidly swinging, booming, or hoisting. the dynamic forces exerted during duty cycle, most crane manufacturers require a load chart reduction of 20% during the duty operations

Two-block warning feature

a warning device to alert the operator of an impending two-block situation. simply a warning and does not lock -out certain crane functions. cannot be used when hoisting personnel.

Rotation-resistant rope

a wire rope consisting of inner layer of strand laid in an opposite direction from the outer strands. due to the way it is constructed, this rope has the ability to counteract the tendency of the load to rotate or spin.typically used in single line service on auxiliary hoist or whip line

Reeving

a wire rope system in which the roper travels around sheaves or drums. Example: you reeve up the load block or you reeve up the boom hoist.

Operational aid

accessory provides information to facilitate operation of the crane examples of operational aids are load indicators, angle indicators, level indicators, operational aids are considered part of the daily (frequent) inspection

House lock

also known as swing lock, which is a positive locking device to prevent the crane from rotating. differs from a swing brake,which is used to hold temporarily.

Float

also referred to as "pad" is the outer end of a crane outrigger that contains the supporting surface or ground

LMI load moment indicator

an electronic system usually contained in the computer that senses the load applied to a crane

Jib

an extension attached to the boom point added boom length for lifting. the jib may be in line with the boom or offset to various angles to the boom plane. A jib is typically cable (pendant) supported as opposed to a boom extension, which is strictly pinned to the boom point.

Qualified operator

an operator who has met the requirements of ASME B30.5-2004

A braking means with holding in both directions shall be provided to restrict movement of the rotating superstructure, when desired during normal operation . The braking means shall be capable of being set In The holding position and remaining so without further action by the operator

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Rope

ASME B30.5 refers to WIRE rope only. Tagline will be referred to as tagline

Check weights

Additional weights, usually steel plate, that can be attached to a crane's load block to increase the weight of the block in order to overhaul the load time.

Boom Stop

Advice used to limit the angle of the boom at the highest recommended..

5-1.9.9.2 Load indicators, rated capacity indicators and rated capacity limiters

All cranes with a maximum rated load capacity of 3 tons or more shall have a load indicator

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All hook and ball assemblies and load blocks shall be labeled with their rated capacity and weight. Hooks shall be equipped with latches unless the application makes the use of a latch impractical

Becket

Also known as a wedge socket is a fitting used to dead end the wire rope to a load handling device or anchor point.

Angle boom indicator

An accessory that measures the angle of the boom to the horizontal. The boom angle indicator can be calibrated by raising or lowering the boom to level (using a carpenter's level) and setting the indicator to 0 degrees.

Boom inserts

Center sections of a lattice boom or jib that fit in between the boom/jib point and the boom/jib base or butt.

Frequent inspection

Daily to monthly intervals by a designated person

Crawler, without outrigger support

Maximum load rating 75 percent lattice only

Wheel mounted, without outrigger support

Maximum load rating 75 percent telescope boom only

Wheel mounted, using outrigger fully extended and set, with tires off supporting surface

Maximum load rating 85 percent telescope boom

Commercial truck vehicle mounted, with stabilizers extended and set

Maximum load rating 85 percent truck only

B30.5

Mobile cranes

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Wire rope clips used in conjunction with wedge sockets shall be attached to the unloaded dead end of the rope only

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wherever exposed to ambient temperatures at the rope in excess of 180"f (82'c) rope having an independent wire rope or wire strand core or other temperature damage-resistant core, shall be used 5-1.7.3 Reeving Accesoories