Crim investigation
What are the biometric BEHAVIORAL CHARACTERISTICS?
1. Signature, e.g., writing pressure 2. Computer keystrokes 3. Voice 4. Gait
The new definition of ___________ is more expansive in three ways: (1) a larger number of characteristics are being used or investigated for suitability for identification; (2) a set of behavioral characteristics has been added, although there is long-standing experience with using handwriting analysis to establish identification; and (3) automation is being used to establish individual identification.
biometrics
___________ is now defined as the measurable and automated physiological or behavioral characteristics that can be used to verify the identity of an individual sometimes called "the new profiling."
biometrics
___________ was thought of narrowly, with a tight focus on measurements limited to those taken from the body itself. Biometrics is now defined as the measurable and automated physiological or behavioral characteristics that can be used to verify the identity of an individual
biometrics
In the early 1900s, __________ referred to methods of analyzing biological data
biometry and biometrics
In the first century, the Roman lawyer Quintilianus introduced a _______ in a murder trial, successfully defending a child against the charge of murdering his father.
bloody fingerprint
Some states have statutorily extended the primary jurisdiction of officers to a wider area with the authority to:
continue investigating serious crimes originating in their primary jurisdiction make warrantless arrests provide assistance to another law enforcement officer.
As the population of England's cities grew, as a result of the industrial and agricultural revolution, the slums also expanded, crime increased, and disorders became more frequent and the public demands for the government to...
control crime grew louder
The purpose of _______ and _______ is to establish the truth.
criminal investigation and forensic science
Although ____________ was discovered in 1868, scientists were slow to understand its role in heredity.
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
By 1752, Fielding began publishing The Covent Garden Journal as a means of circulating the .....
descriptions of wanted persons
The book ________ It presented statistical proof of the uniqueness of fingerprints and outlined many principles of identification by fingerprints
finger prints
The general rule is that the ___________ of police officers is limited to the area governed by their employer.
geographic jurisdiction
An ________ is someone who systematically gathers, documents, and evaluates evidence and information. This is accomplished through the process of investigation.
investigator
__________: blood pooling
livor mortis
__________ may also be useful in determining if a body was moved from its original resting place to another location. In the joint study, the results are reportedly not effected by types of terrain or soils. However, another study suggests that seasonal variations may affect the rate at which microbial communities progress. Inquiries are also being conducted in the possibility of microbial communities on shoe soles, and articles laid down could have forensic possibilities.
microbial communities
__________ tick along in a predictable, clocklike succession following death. This characteristic allows forensic science to reliably estimate the PMI within 2 to 4 days over 25 days of decomposition.
microbial communities
In 1823, John Perkinje, a professor at the University of Breslau, named ___________ and outlined a broad method of classification.
nine standard types of fingerprint patterns
In 1886 Thomas Byrnes, the dynamic chief detective of New York City, published Professional Criminals in America, which included _________, ________, and _________ of all criminals known to him.
pictures descriptions the methods
Investigations beyond the geographic boundary of an officer's employer, sometimes called the __________, are ordinarily conducted with the assistance of the appropriate law enforcement agency.
primary jurisdiction
What are the biometric PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS?
1. Iris or retime 2. Retina 3. Fingerprint, palm print, and nails 4. Geometry of hands, knuckles, palms, and ears 5. Vascular patterns 6. Facial 7. Voice 8. DNA 9. Odor, earlobes, sweat pores, lips, and blood vessels
Gender and biogeographic ancestry, the portion of a suspect's ancestry that can be attributed to each continent, can be predicted with ______ accuracy, even with DNA from a mixed-race person.
100%
there are over 700 genetic variants linked to height, but only _______ of them helped explain variation in height from one person to another.
15%
As a practical matter the enforcement responsibility of the FBI is limited to roughly ________ laws
200
In 1846, seeing the need for reliable investigators, two former St. Louis police officers formed the first recorded private detective agency. However, the major private detective agency of the nineteenth century was formed by ________
Allan Pinkerton
_________ was developed by Alphonse Bertillon (1853-1914), who is rightly regarded as the father of criminal identification.
Anthropometry
In forensic science there are three historical biometric approaches to establish individual identity:
Anthropometry Dactylography Ddeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) typing.
"__________" is derived from the Greek and means life measurement.
Biometrics
Police constables were referred to as "__________," a play on Peel's first name
Bobbies
"____________," these Londoners hurried to the scenes of reported crimes and began investigations, thus becoming the first modern detective force.
Bow Street Runners
These changes in 18th century england were important to the development of the first modern detective force, the __________.
Bow Street Runners
___________ (1858-1946), a U.S. physician who had served in the army during World War I, is the person considered most responsible for raising firearms identification to a science and for perfecting the bullet-comparison microscope
Calvin Goddard
Following the Civil War, the Pinkertons were primarily engaged in two broad areas: - -
Controlling a discontented working class, which was pushing for better wages and working conditions, and Pursuing bank and railroad robbers.
The first major book __________ described the application of scientific disciplines to criminal investigation was written in 1893 by Hans Gross, a public prosecutor and later a judge from Graz, Austria.
Criminal Investigation
________ or _________ is the use of knowledge of natural and physical sciences and scientific techniques to answer questions of importance to administrative, civil, and criminal law.
Criminalistics Forensic science
During 1986 a series of rapes and assaults occurred in Orlando, Florida, that resulted in the first use of ________ in criminal investigation cases in the United States
DNA
In all life forms—with the exception of a few viruses—the basis for variation lies in genetic material called _______.
DNA
In every cell of the same human that contains ________, this blueprint is identical, whether the material is blood, tissue, spermatozoa, bone marrow, tooth pulp, saliva, or a hair root cell.
DNA
The first use of _______ in a criminal case was in 1987 in England in the Enderby cases.
DNA
With the exception of identical twins, every person has distinctive ____.
DNA
_________ is a chemical "blueprint" that determines everything from hair color to susceptibility to diseases.
DNA
According to Jeffreys, the chance of two persons having identical __________ is between 30 billion and 100 billion to 1
DNA patterns
Where DNA analysis can lead to the individual identification of the perpetrator, __________ provides a genomic-based, probabilistic estimation of the image of a person of interest. Producing this image, called a 'snapshot"
DNA phenotyping
A forensic _________ is a twenty-first century composite sketch of a person of interest. However, the image is not formed by a description from a witness, but from a person's DNA found at the scene of a crime.
DNA phenotyping (FDP)
________ is the study of fingerprints. Fingerprints were used on contracts during China's T'ang Dynasty in the eighth century as well as on official papers in fourteenth-century Persia and seventeenth-century England.
Dactylography
_________, or finger print identification, remains in use today throughout the world.
Dactylography
In 1968 some consolidation of effort was achieved with the creation of the Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (BNDD) in the Department of Justice, and in 1973, with the creation of its successor, the ___________ (DEA).
Drug Enforcement Administration
The Frenchman _________ established the first forensic laboratory in Lyon in 1910.
Edmond Locard
Four additional objectives of the investigative process are to:
Establish that a crime was actually committed Identify and apprehend the suspect(s) Recover stolen property Assist in the prosecution of the person(s) charged with the crime.
In 1988 the _______ became the first public-sector crime laboratory in the United States to accept cases for DNA analysis.
FBI
The ________ has primary enforcement responsibility for all federal criminal laws, except cases for which responsibility is by statute or otherwise assigned specifically to another agency.
FBI
In 1892 Galton published the first definitive book on dactylography, _________.
Finger Prints
_________ extends far beyond the comparison of two fired bullets. It includes identification of types of ammunition, knowledge of the design and functioning of firearms, restoration of obliterated serial numbers on weapons, and estimation of the distance between a gun's muzzle and a victim when the weapon was fired.
Firearms identification
__________ can estimate the likely face shape, hair color, skin pigmentation, iris color, freckling, and adult height with accuracy rates approaching a combined 70%
Forensic DNA phenotyping (FDP)
________ draws from diverse disciplines, such as geology, physics, chemistry, biology, and mathematics, to study physical evidence related to crime.
Forensic science
America needed reliable detectives for several reasons: - - -
Graft and corruption were common among America's big-city police officers The jurisdiction of sheriffs' offices and municipal officers was limited There was little information sharing by law enforcement agencies
The _______ (1914) made the distribution of nonmedical drugs a federal crime.
Harrison Act
1748, ________ (Figure 1-1) became chief magistrate of Bow Street and set out to improve the administration of justice. In 1750, he established a small group of volunteer, non- uniformed home owners to "take thieves."
Henry Fielding
In 1835 ____________, one of the last of the Bow Street Runners, made the first successful attempt to identify a murderer from a bullet recovered from the body of a victim
Henry Goddard
All crime scenes are searched on the basis of _________, which asserts that when perpetrators come into contact with the scene, they will leave something of themselves and take away something from the scene, for example, hairs and fibers.
Locard's exchange principle
Expressed somewhat differently, _________ states that there is something to be found.
Locard's exchange principle
1829, owing in large measure to the efforts of Sir Robert Peel, Parliament passed the ___________
Metropolitan Police Act
____________ which created a metropolitan police force for London. Police headquarters became known as "Scotland Yard," because the building formerly had housed Scottish royalty.
Metropolitan Police Act
_________, often shortened to "microbes," are one-cell organisms so small that millions of them can fit in the eye of a needle.
Microorganisms
_______ (1966), which established the well-known "Miranda rights." Miranda and other decisions infuriated the police, who felt that the Supreme Court had "tied their hands."
Miranda v. Arizona
In 1935 it started the _______, a training course for state and local police.
National Academy
In 1967 the __________ was made operational by the FBI, providing data on wanted persons and property stolen from all 50 states.
National Crime Information Center (NCIC)
Unrestricted by jurisdictional limits, ________ agents roamed far and wide pursuing lawbreakers. In a violent time, they sometimes used harsh and unwise methods
Pinkerton
_________ understood the importance of information, records, and publicity and made good use of all of them. They also collected photographs of jewel thieves and other types of criminals and photographed horses to prevent illegal substitutions before races.
Pinkerton
________ also offer DNA testing, including DDC Forensics, LabCorp, and NMS Labs.
Private firms
So what did the due process revolution and subsequent Supreme Court decisions really change?
Questionable and improper police procedures and tactics were greatly reduced.
London was the home of the first police reformer, _______.
Robert Peel
________ variations can eliminate the possibility of using insects to determine the PMI.
Seasonal climate
In 1904 New York City Detective _________ was sent to England to study fingerprints, becoming the first foreigner trained in the use of the Henry classification system
Sergeant Joseph Faurot
True or False: 1884 Chicago established this country's first municipal Criminal Identification Bureau.
True
True or False: Bertillon concluded that if 11 physical measurements of a person were taken, the chances of finding another person with the same 11 measurements were 4,191,304 to 1.
True
Despite the fame achieved by Faurot, the most important incident to advance the use of fingerprints in this country was the ________.
West case
__________: body temperature
algor mortis
The first method of criminal identification that was thought to be reliable, __________ "was based on the fact that every human being differs from every other one in the exact measurements of their body, and that the sum of these measurements yields a characteristic formula for each individual."
anthropometry
Because of Waite, the first significant __________ in this country was assembled
cataloged firearms collection
A study in Washington, D.C., revealed new information from witnesses or information from new witnesses was the most prevalent reason for a __________
cold-case clearance.
The most fundamental purpose of criminal investigation and forensic science is to .... By making this purpose the cornerstone of their behavior, investigators can remain faithful to their oath of office and the accompanying ethical standards. Four additional objectives of the investigative process are to (1) establish that a crime was actually committed; (2) identify and apprehend the suspect(s); (3) recover stolen property; and (4) assist in the prosecution of the person(s) charged with the crime.
discover the truth
By _________ the most fundamental purpose of criminal investigation and forensic science making this purpose the cornerstone of their behavior, investigators can remain faithful to their oath of office and the accompanying ethical standards.
discovering the truth
From 1961 to 1966, a period known as the "___________," the Supreme Court became unusually active in hearing cases involving the rights of criminal suspects and defendants. Its decisions focused on two vital areas: (1) search and seizure and (2) the right to legal representation.
due process revolution
The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) provides a good illustration of __________.
enforcement responsibility
In 1892 a disciple of Vucetich's, Inspector Alvarez, obtained South America's first criminal conviction based on _______ by using Vucetich's system to convict a woman of beating her two children to death
fingerprints
In 1913 Professor Balthazard published perhaps the single most important article on firearms identification. In it, he noted that the _________, __________, __________, and __________, all leave marks on cartridges and that these vary among different types of weapons.
firing pin breechblock extractor ejector
In 1844 the New York state legislature created the ______ in the country, although New York City did not actually implement the measure until a year later.
first unified police force
Although DNA analysis of blood and other evidence from humans in criminal investigation cases is widely understood and used, there was no application of "__________" to plant evidence in criminal cases until the 1992 palo verde seedpod case in Phoenix, Arizona.
genetic fingerprinting
A __________ is the actual sequence of 1.4 million nucleotides that make up the roughly 23,000 genes that constitute each individual human's unique "genetic fingerprint."
genotype
The authority of law enforcement officers is limited by such factors as the Constitution, court decisions, federal and state laws, departmental policies, and jurisdiction, which can be thought of as both a ________ and ___________ for which an agency has enforcement responsibility.
geographic area the laws
A _________ is how an individual's genes combine to express themselves in an observable way.
phenotype
However, ___________, a method first used in an actual criminal investigation in 2015, shows great promise as another valid reason to reopen some old cases.
phenotyping
The age of a person of interest cannot presently be determined by ___________, so Parabon NanoLabs provides a "Snapshot" as the person might appear at two different age intervals.
phenotyping
Despite the growing popularity of the uniformed Bobbies, however, there was fear that the use of "_________"—detectives in plain clothes—would reduce civil liberties.
police spies
Edmond Locard is recognized as the father of _________, the study of pores and for advocating that if there were 12 points of agreement between two compared fingerprints the identity was certain.
poreoscopy
In a scientific context, in 1684 in England, Dr. Nehemiah Grew first called attention to the system of.....
pores and ridges in the hands and feet
The most well developed inquiry is their application usefulness in determining the ___________, the time after death.
postmortem interval (PMI)
__________: body stiffening
rigor mortis
In November 1857 the New York City Police Department set up a __________— photographs of known offenders arranged by criminal specialty and height—and by June 1858, it had over 700 photographs for detectives to study so that they might recognize criminals on the street.27
rogues' gallery
The roots of criminal investigation can be traced back to England in the eighteenth century, a period marked by _________, ________, and ________..
significant social, political, and economic changes
In 1888 Bertillon's fertile mind produced yet another innovation, the portrait parlé or "_________," which combines full-face and profile photographs of each criminal with his or her exact body measurements and other descriptive data onto a single card
speaking picture
here State Police agencies do not exist, a common arrangement is to have a department that focuses primarily on __________ and another for __________
traffic enforcement criminal investigation