Criminal Justice Final Real
A situation in which the community clearly does not support an officer planting false evidence to ensure the conviction of a suspected murderer would be an example of _______.
Absolute ethics
An escaped prison inmate who later told police he had to escape with his cellmate and others who planned an escape from the penitentiary because he was threatened with death if he did not accompany them could use the defense that he was _____.
Acting under duress
According to ___ , punishment should be proportionate to the crime.
Beccaria
A[n] _________________ takes place when the accused opts to have the judge (not a jury) hear both sides of a criminal case and render a verdict.
Bench trial
The study of criminal behavior is known as__________.
Criminology
An alibi is considered an affirmative defense.
False
An officer who aggressively seeks situations and environments he/she can exploit for financial gain, such as narcotics and gambling, is known as a grass-eater.
False
At the preliminary hearing, the accused is informed of the charges, advised of his/her rights, and asked to enter a plea.
False
At the preliminary hearing, there must be a finding of proof beyond a reasonable doubt for the case to continue.
False
Barbie and Ken took a pack of M&Ms from a convenience store without paying, and as the clerk followed them out to confront them, he slipped, fell, hit his head on the sidewalk, and later died. Barbie and Ken can be charged with first-degree murder under the felony murder rule.
False
Burglary is considered a violent crime.
False
For all offenses, when the accused has been convicted of a crime, the judge determines the sentence.
False
If the grand jury finds sufficient evidence to bind a criminal case over for trial, it will issue an information to the court, a written statement of the essential facts of the offense charged against the accused.
False
In Illinois v. Perkins, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that police undercover agents must administer Miranda warnings to incarcerated inmates when investigating crimes.
False
In his Essays on Crime and Punishments, Beccaria lamented the shift away from spiritualism and the belief that criminals are possessed by the devil and must be punished severely to save their immortal souls.
False
Many police agencies have developed their own oath of honor to promote higher ethical standards in law enforcement.
False
Police corruption is generally limited to situations that result in monetary gain.
False
Police corruption really started in the 1970s, rose sharply in the 1990s, and has since leveled off.
False
Police officers decide whether to bring criminal charges against an arrestee.
False
Rational choice theory suggests that crime is caused by forces beyond our control.
False
The defendant is the party who is initiating a legal action against someone else.
False
The most difficult aspect of an armed robbery is the escape, when the robber must leave the scene before the victim raises the alarm.
False
The study of ethics in the criminal justice system is a black and white area of examination, where the right and wrong answers are obvious to all.
False
The wedding cake model of criminal justice depicts the raw number of crimes committed, followed by those reported to the police, those filed by the prosecutor, and those where a conviction is secured.
False
Three-strikes laws stipulate that offenders must be sentenced to life in prison after their third felony conviction.
False
Unlike police officers, correctional officers do not adhere to the same standards that prohibit officers from reporting misconduct by other correctional officers.
False
A theory that emphasizes gender involvement in crime is _______.
Feminist theory
___ suggested that adult behavior could be understood by looking at early childhood experiences.
Feud
Which of the following is true of common law?
It refers to collections of rules, customs, and traditions of medieval England.
Which of the following is an example of actus reus?
Jenny hires a hit man to kill her husband so she can collect on his $million life insurance policy.
The Model Code of Judicial Conduct provides a set of ethical guidelines for ___
Judges
This test for legal insanity requires the defense to show the defendant did not understand the nature of his/her actions, or if he/she did, that he/she did not understand right from wrong.
M'Naghten test
Murder falls into two categories: murder and
Manslaughter
Which of the following statements is true of the sovereign citizen movement?
Members believe the U.S. government is illegitimate and that they should not have to pay taxes.
Persons under the age of 7 are considered too young to form the requisite _______________.
Mens rea
The U.S. legal system is designed to punish offenders who possess the intent to commit a crime, a concept known as _____.
Mens rea
The ___ is an anonymous survey asking respondents to report their crime experiences within the last 6 months.
National Crime Victimization Survey
During __________ for a position in policing, applicants may be placed in hypothetical situations that tests their ethical beliefs.
Oral interviews
The conditional release of a prisoner before his/her full sentence has been served is known as
Parole
Another type of fraudulent act that includes forms of insurance fraud and faking of accidents is _______.
Phony accident claim
Theorists from the ___________________ school sought to determine basic causes of crime, had strong faith in scientific experts, and believed in rehabilitating offenders rather than punishing them.
Positivist
Monies paid back to the victim are referred to as
Restitution
What has been the effect of implementation of the Code of Judicial Conduct?
The Code does not appear to have assuaged concerns about judicial misbehavior.
Which of the following statements is true of the appellate process?
The appellate court determines whether errors at trial adversely affected the fairness of the trial process or the accused's constitutional rights.
Laws that allow a homeowner to use deadly force against an intruder are known as _____.
The castle doctrine
What does it mean when a judge recuses himself/herself from a case?
The judge disqualifies himself/herself from the case, and another judge must be assigned.
An indeterminate sentence means the parole board determines the fixed amount of time an individual will serve in prison.
True
Between grass-eaters and meat-eaters, it is the grass-eaters who comprise the majority of corrupt officers.
True
Edwin Sutherland believed that criminal behavior is learned.
True
If the accused appears to be a good risk to appear at trial and not flee the area, the court may decide to release the accused on recognizance or into the custody of a third party after posting a financial bond.
True
It is potentially dangerous (from a legal and moral standpoint) for a police agency to hire someone suspected of having ethical shortcomings.
True
Other than some specific exceptions, the government has only one attempt to obtain a conviction; if the defendant is acquitted, he/she may not be retried.
True
Police administrators should emphasize to their officers a standard of always being truthful and following the law.
True
Sheldon believed every individual has elements of three body types—mesomorph, endomorph, and ectomorph—but that one type is usually more dominant than the others.
True
Sutherland's research indicated that intelligence was not a predictor of crime.
True
The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the land and takes precedence over state constitutions and law.
True
The doctrine of stare decisis (Latin for to stand by things settled) states that once a court has established a principle of law, it will apply to all future cases in which the facts are substantially the same.
True
The major difference between civil and criminal matters is the penalty.
True
The ___ includes data on eight different offenses, both crimes against persons and crimes against property.
UCR
In understanding behavior, how a person views controversial issues such as the death penalty or abortion largely depends on which of the following?
Values, character, or ethics
Lombroso used the term _____________ to describe characteristics of offenders, such as a slanting forehead, excessively long arms, recessed eyes, or the presence of tattoos.
Atavistic
Within the NCVS, personal crime includes all of the following EXCEPT __________.
Burglary
Another tool to help guide ethical decision making is referred to as "the bell, the book, and the ___
Candle
All of the following are included in the FBI's Part I (Index) offenses, EXCEPT _____.
Child molestation
Police chiefs serve at the pleasure of their _________.
City councils
Two primary types of law include criminal and _________.
Civil
There are three social process theories: learning theory, __________, and labeling theory.
Control
Which of the following statements most closely describes the due process model of criminal justice?
Criminal defendants are presumed innocent, and the courts' first priority is protecting the constitutional rights of the accused.
Which of the following would not be a true-to-life-ethical dilemma faced by a judge?
Deciding to not arrest someone
The ___ is the person against whom a criminal charge is pending.
Defendant
Deontology is the study of _______:
Duty
Although the insanity defense is raised in a small fraction of cases, it is successful in most of them.
False
Substantive law establishes the definition of criminal acts, such as burglary and theft, and also describes the punishment for those who violate the law.
False
The Model Code of Judicial Conduct provides a set of ethical principles and guidelines for prosecutors.
False
The Knapp Commission found that there were two types of corrupt police officers: meat-eaters and ___
Grass-eater
Offenders who recidivate
Have committed a new crime
Each of the following is a job-related stressor for corrections officers EXCEPT _______.
Heavy caseloads
__________ is one of the most serious crimes one can perpetrate against another person.
Homicide
The written statement of the essential facts of the offense charged against the accused and issued by a grand jury is known as
Indictment
It is July in Phoenix, Arizona, and Jeff is running errands with his 6-month-old daughter strapped into her carrier in the back seat. Jeff stops at work to grab some files but gets waylaid by coworkers and ends up spending hours at the office. When Jeff returns to the car, he finds his child unresponsive, apparently overcome with the heat. The child is pronounced dead at the hospital. With what crime is Jeff likely to be charged?
Involuntary manslaughter
How does the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989 apply to federal employees?
It prevents reprisal against federal employees who report their employers for rule violations, wasting funds, or abusing authority (among other concerns).
A researcher is attempting to estimate the number of rape offenses that have not been reported to the police over the past 6 months. Which of the following databases would most likely have the best information related to these data?
National crime victimization survey
When an officer misuses his/her authority for the purpose of personal gain for the officer or others, it is referred to as
Police corruption
The two major schools of criminological through are classical and __________.
Positivism
A sentencing option open to the court that allows a convicted person to remain at liberty as long as he/she complies with certain conditions and restrictions such as drug testing or treatment is known as
Probation
Processes such as obtaining search and arrest warrants, reading the accused his/her Miranda warnings, and appointing an attorney for those accused who cannot afford their own are all examples of ____.
Procedural law
What did Locke believe was the chief purpose of government?
Protection of property
______________________ means that after hearing all the evidence in a trial, the jurors do not possess an overwhelming belief that the charges against the defendant are true.
Reasonable doubt
The ___ test is the test of legal insanity, asking whether the defendant understood the nature and quality of his or her act and, of so, if he or she understood it was wrong.
Right-wrong
This crime involves taking or attempting to take anything of value from another person by force or threat of force or violence, during which the victim is in fear of injury or death.
Robbery
These theorists argue that criminal behavior is related to culture and social class.
Social structure theorists
___ argue that criminal behavior is related to social class.
Social structure theorists
Offenses such as truancy and running away that only apply to juveniles are known as
Status offenses
It was decided more than 75 years ago that the primary duty of the prosecutor is __________.
That justice be done
The original intent of which laws was to require violent offenders convicted of a qualifying felony, with two prior qualifying felony convictions, to serve a minimum of 25 years in prison?
Three strikes laws
What is a nolo contendere plea?
When the accused accepts the penalty ordered by the court without admitting guilt
The creation of a(n) __________ unit is critical to maintaining the integrity of the officers and the department.
internal affairs
The defendant chooses between two types of trials: either a bench trial or a ___ trail
jury
All of the following have been identified as norms of correctional work EXCEPT
never report mistreatment of inmates by another officer.
Judges exercise discretion in setting or denying bail.
true
