Criminology 1101: Chapters 1-6

What is an example of an indictable offence?

Murder, aggravated sexual assault

Yes or No: has psychological harm been properly addressed in the CJS?

No

How do you calculate crime rates?

Number of offences ---------------------- x 100,000 = Crime Rate Population

What is the Constitution Act?

Sets out the division of responsibilities between federal, territorial and provincial governments

what are companies?

employ their own in-house security officers

What does the term Statute Law mean?

written laws that are enacted by a Legislative body example: Parliament of Canada

What is beyond a reasonable doubt?

standard that must be met to convict a defendant in a criminal case

What is accountability?

the actions of police services and officers are subject to review

What are the 2 main types of private security?

1. Security firms 2. Companies

What are the 3 categories of offences?

1. Summary offences 2. Indictable offences 3. Hybrid offences

What is the average cost of crime?

$21 billion

What is anonymous?

-"Hacktivism" -people, groups that expose offenders that they believe the CJS failed to punish

How many divisions do the RCMP: Federal Police have?

-15 divisions

What is an issue with ethics?

-Broad social questions Example: what laws to pass, what sentences to attach to crimes

What is restitution?

-Court ordered -compensate for loss of damage or property

The role of victims is set out in what form of legislation?

-Federal and Provincial

Why was the first police force created?

-Increase in fear of crime, and disorder from the industrial revolution

Name 5 things that influences the Criminal Justice System

1. Task environment 2. Cultural values (sexism, racism) 3. Religious beliefs 4. Media 5. Politics

What do Municipal Police forces cover?

-Jurisdiction within a cities boundaries -enforce the criminal code -enforce provincial and territorial statues -enforce municipal bylaws -enforce federal statues like the Controlled Drug and Substances Act -largest body of police personnel in the country

When and where was the first police force created?

-London, 1829

What does NIMBY stand for?

-Not in my Backyard

What is a hybrid offence?

-Offences can either be summary or indictable (dependent on circumstances) -Up to the Crown to decide

Where is the RCMP headquarters?

-Ottawa

What is the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms?

-Primary law of the land -guarantees freedoms, legal rights, and equality rights

What do provincial police forces cover?

-Provincial laws -enforces the criminal code -policing rural areas -policing areas outside municipalities and cities

What is a challenge with victims in the CJS?

-Revictimization

What is an example of anonymous?

-Surrey Creep Catchers

What is an example of community surveillance?

-The Vancouver Stanley Cup riot

What is an example of discretion?

-When police must make a decision of how to react to a situation (gun, baton, verbal)

What is compensation?

-automatically charged to offender at time of arrest -Financial remunition -paid to victim from offender

What is Criminal Law?

-deals with harmful conduct -sets out rules and laws police and judges must follow

What do Regional Police services cover?

-full policing services to communities -less expensive than individual municipalities -provides services to more than 50% of Ontarions

What do First Nations Police forces cover?

-full powers to police on reserve lands -enforce the criminal code -enforce federal/provincial statutes -enforce band bylaws

What is police peacekeeping?

-involves RCMP, provincial/municipal -peacekeeping activities -instruct police forces in new strategies

What is a summary offence?

-less serious offences -crime less than $5000

What is an indictable offence?

-more serious -maximum prison sentence is 14 years

What is the crime severity index?

-severity of crimes -volume of crimes -records any changes

What types of people are usually victims of crime?

-young, single women -victims are usually under 30 -Males between 18-24

What 2 things must be present for an offender to be found guilty?

1. Actus reus 2. Mens rea

What are 2 crime models?

1. Crime control model 2. Due process model

Who has reported ''fear of crime'' ?

1. Elderly 2. Social disordered people 3. Low income families 4. Single parents 5. Visible minorities (homeless)

What are the 4 levels of policing?

1. Federal 2. Provincial/Territorial 3. First Nations 4. Municipal

What are 3 crime trends?

1. Highest crime rates in the territories 2. Property crime has decreased 3. Police reported crime has increased (2017)

What are 3 things the Charter can protect you from?

1. Irrational sentencing 2. mistreatment 3. prevent unlimited use of police power

What are the 4 main key values to understand police work?

1. Justice 2. Equality 3. Accountability 4. Efficiency

Name 3 aspects involved with criminology?

1. Law breaking 2. Crime patterns and trends 3. Types of crime

What are Canada's 2 primary sources of Criminal Law?

1. Legislation 2. Judicial

What are the 3 provincial police forces in Canada?

1. Ontario provincial police (OPP) 2. Surete du Quebec (SQ) 3. Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC)

What are 2 compensations for victims?

1. Restitution 2. Compensation

What are 3 aspects of criminal Justice?

1. Roles responding to crime 2. Prevention and response to crime 3. Charging and conviction of crimes

What are 3 characteristics of the rule of law?

1. fair and efficient 2. clear and concise 3. justice be delivered timely

What are the negatives that the media covers?

1. negative criminal justice outcomes 2. extreme crime and not the micro crime 3. focuses on story not the offenders past

What are the 2 forms of police work?

1. private police 2. public police

When was the Constitution Act enacted?

1867

What is the due process model?

An orientation to the CJS in which the legal rights of citizens, innocent or guilty, are paramount

What is the crime control model?

An orientation to the CJS in which the protection of community and apprehension of offenders are paramount

What is contract policing?

Arrangement where the RCMP and provincial or territorial police forces provide provincial and municipal policing sentences

What is a example of a hybrid offence?

Assault, sexual assault, assault with a weapon

What is revictimization?

Being a victim more than once

What must police peacekeeping organizations abide by when making an arrest?

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms

What is the dark figure of crime?

Crime that goes unreported or undetected by officials

What are ethics?

Describes right/wrong or better/worse and applies it to harm/care or fairness/reciprocity

What source of Criminal Law is the Criminal Code? (Judicial or legislation)

Federal legislation

What was the RCMP act?

Federal legislation that provides framework for the operation of the RCMP

What are moral entrepreneurs?

Individuals or groups that seek action against certain groups and certain behaviours; pressure on legislators to enact criminal statues

What source of Criminal Law is the Constitution Act of 1867? (Judicial or legislation)

Legislation

What is Criminal Justice?

Police, courts, corrections that are involved in law making

Criminal Law is a type of what?

Public Law

What is criminology?

Scientific study of crime and criminal behaviour

What is the Criminal Code?

Sets out criminal laws, procedures for prosecuting federal offences and sentencing and procedures for administration of justice

What is task environment?

The cultural, geographic and community setting that the CJS operates and makes decisions

what is discretion?

The freedom to choose from different options when faced with the need to make a decision

What is the rule of law?

The requirement that governments and individuals are subject to, and abide by the law

What does NIMBY mean?

The resistance of communities in response to correctional systems to locate programs and prisons in a specific area

What is pluralization of policing?

The sharing of responsibility for safety and security in the community between public and private police

What is the conflict model?

The view that crime and punishment reflect the power some groups have to influence and apply Criminal Law

What is the value consensus model?

The view that the behaviours are as criminal and the punishment impacts offenders; Shows limits of tolerance

What is an example of a summary offence?

Trespassing, noise complaints

True or False: Aboriginal women are more likely to report domestic violence?

True

True or False: Canadian legal system is a common law system.

True

True or False: Police do NOT have monopoly on policing but RETAIN monopoly on use of force?

True

True or False: Police security outnumbers police officers?

True

True or False: Significant differences exist between criminal law and civil law.

True

True or False: attempts are crimes too.

True

what does the term Common Law mean?

Unwritten law based on custom, practice and tradition

what does the term Stare Desisis mean?

When higher courts set out precedents that lower courts MUST follow

What does the term Precedent mean?

a judicial decision that may be used as a standard in similar cases

What is the adversial system?

a system of justice that fights for opposing sides and argues the innocence or guilt of the accused before a judge and jury

What is police work?

activities of any individual or organization acting legally on behalf of public or private persons to maintain security and social order

What is equality?

all citizens are entitled to policing services that contribute to their feelings and safety

What is crime?

an act or omission that is prohibited by criminal law *actus reus and mens rea must be present

What is community surveillance?

any footage by bystanders or communities

What does the term Case Law mean?

law that is established by previous court decisions and based on the rule of precedent

What are police acts?

legislative framework for police services

What are crime rates?

number of incidents known to police in the number of people in a given population

What is the duty to act fairly?

obligation of corrections to ensure that offenders are treated fairly by corrections officers

What is efficiency?

policing services must be cost-effective

What is police standards?

provisions that set out how police services are maintained and delivered

What is Justice?

requirement that police maintain peace and security in the community while ensuring human rights and fairness

What are security firms?

sell their services to businesses, industries, private residences, and neighbourhoods