Criminology Ch 1 - 8

If human behavior has a substantial heritable component, any observed relationship might be expected to be stronger between monozygotic than between dizygotic twins. True False

True

Increased levels of testosterone may be linked to aggressive behavior in women. True False

True

Jack Katz argues that crime may be sensually compelling to an offender. True False

True

Neuroplasticity refers to the brain's ability to change its structure and function in response to injury or experience. True False

True

Prefrontal cortex dysfunction may predispose someone to criminality. True False

True

Psychopaths are unable to feel guilt of shame. True False

True

Recent research suggests that there is no relationship between the XYY chromosomal pattern and excessive violent behavior. True False

True

Robert Martinson's research suggests that programs designed to rehabilitate offenders do not work. True False

True

Situational crime prevention focuses on removing criminal opportunity. True False

True

The Minnesota Twin Study has found that MZ twins reared apart are about as similar as MZ twins reared together. True False

True

The broken windows theory suggests that the physical deterioration of a neighborhood can affect crime. True False

True

The key element in the contemporary street code is the issue of respect. True False

True

The original positivists completely rejected the notion of free will. True False

True

The Milgram study was about what? a. Cruel environment b. authority / obedience c. Psychopaths d. Bystander effect

b. authority / obedience

The Chicago Area Project focused on addressing the root causes of crime through direct social action. True False

False

The case of Buck v. Bell struck down a Virginia statute permitting sterilization. True False

False

Contemporary biosocial theorists see the interaction between an individual and his or her environment as the key determining factor in most behavior. True False

True

Crime is a social construction. True False

True

Eugenic criminology accepts the idea of genetic determinism. True False

True

According to William Sheldon, endomorphs are most likely to engage in criminal or delinquent behavior. True False

False

According to differential theory, a lower-class youth who becomes addicted to drugs is probably involved in a conflict subculture. True False

False

According to the Classical School of Criminology, the two key determining factors of human behavior are right and wrong. True False

False

All deviant behavior is illegal. True False

False

An offender who has identified as a criminaloid by Lombroso would have atavistic traits. True False

False

Anger and fear are examples of positive affective states. True False

False

Atavism implies that individuals learn to be criminals. True False

False

Both men and women can exhibit the XYY chromosomal abnormality. True False

False

Cesare Beccaria considered the primary purpose of punishment to be retribution. True False

False

High levels of oxytocin have been linked to an increased risk of criminal involvement. True False

False

According to Ellis and Walsh, there is likely to be a gene for criminal behavior. True False

False

According to Eysenck, neurotics are the most likely to be criminal. True False

False

According to Jeremy Bentham, punishment needs to be cruel and extreme in order to be an effective deterrent. True False

False

According to Kohlberg's cognitive structural theory of morality, individuals at higher stages of moral development are more likely to commit crimes. True False

False

A general theory of crime focuses on explaining one specific type of criminal behavior. True False

False

High recidivism rates suggest that current methods of punishment are not effective in deterring crime. True False

True

Hypoglycemia is believed to reduce an individual's ability to reason effectively or judge the long-term consequences of behavior. True False

True

Childhood exposure to lead can affect adult criminality. True False

True

A crime is cleared when an arrest is made. True False

True

A wealthy and socially privileged individual may still experience relative deprivation. True False

True

According to Freud, an individual with a poorly developed superego is more likely to be led into crime. True False

True

According to attachment theory, delinquent behavior arises when nonsecure attachments are created. True False

True

According to general strain theory, strain may occur when you are presented with negatively valued stimuli. True False

True

According to psychological and psychiatric theories, the primary unit of analysis is the individual. True False

True

According to the Classical School, punishment serves to deter law violators. True False

True

According to the NCVS, less than 50 percent of all crimes are reported to the police. True False

True

Alloplastic adaptation involves empowerment. True False

True

The concentric zone research conducted by Park and Burgess identified Zone _________ as being in transition. a. II b. III c. IV d. V

a. II

Lawrence Sherman's research found that 50% of all calls to police in Minneapolis came from about ____________ of places in the city. a. 3 percent b. 14 percent c. 7 percent d. 22 percent

a. 3 percent

Atavism implies the notion that criminals: a. Are born that way b. Learn to be criminals from influential peers c. Become criminals out of personal choice d. Learn to be criminals from their parents

a. Are born that way

Which of the following is considered to be the first modern approach to making sense of crime and criminal behavior? a. Classical School b. Neoclassicism c. Positivism d. Rational Choice

a. Classical School

According to the key principles of Classical Criminology, the purpose of punishment is to: a. Deter offenders from future involvement in crime b. Treat offenders the way they deserve c. Rehabilitate offenders d. Treat offenders the same way that their victims were treated

a. Deter offenders from future involvement in crime

Which of the following crime prevention techniques would best meet the objective of reducing the rewards of crime? a. Engraving identification codes on items to facilitate the identification of stolen property b. Closing residential streets to reduce offender access to homes c. Starting a neighborhood watch program to increase informal surveillance d. Controlling access to alcohol and drugs

a. Engraving identification codes on items to facilitate the identification of stolen property

Which of the following crimes is measured by the UCR but not by the NCVS? a. Murder b. Rape c. Motor vehicle theft d. Robbery

a. Murder

According to Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the id conforms to the: a. Pleasure principle b. Morality and conscience c. Reality principle d. Unconscious mind

a. Pleasure principle

According to Cesare Beccaria, punishment should be imposed to: a. Prevent the offender from committing additional crimes b. Rehabilitate the offender c. Obtain revenge against the offender d. Injure the offender in the same way that the offender injured teh victim

a. Prevent the offender from committing additional crimes

Which of the following was an element of the Chicago Area Project? a. Provide recreational opportunities for youth b. Develop welfare-to-work programs c. Hold rent strikes against "slum landlords" d. Hold voter registration drives

a. Provide recreational opportunities for youth

Broken windows theory emphasizes: a. Reducing physical deterioration to reduce a location's attractiveness to offenders b. Identifying hot spots of crime for targeted police patrol c. Designing locations to reduce opportunities for criminal activity d. Reducing neighborhood density to reduce opportunities for deviance and crime

a. Reducing physical deterioration to reduce a location's attractiveness to offenders

A ________ psychopath is born with a normal personality but develops psychopathic characteristics as a result of personal experiences. a. Secondary b. Distempered c. Charismatic d. Primary

a. Secondary

Aggressive behavior in men may be influenced by high levels of testosterone combined with low brain levels of which neurotransmitter? a. Serotonin b. Oxytocin c. Dopamine d. Thyroxine

a. Serotonin

The main goal of criminological research is to develop effective ________ based on scientific evidence. a. Social policies b. Reporting Systems c. Clearance rates d. Integrated theories

a. Social policies

The relationship between testosterone and aggressive behavior in young males appears to be moderated by: a. The social environment b. Age c. Prenatal substance abuse d. Genetics

a. The social environment

A(n) _________ is made up of clearly stated propositions suggesting relationships between events and occurrences being studied. a. Theory b. Hypothesis c. Sample d. Component

a. Theory

__________ was based on Shaw and McKay's theory of social disorganization. a. Mobilization for Youth b. The Chicago Area Project c. Welfare-to-Work d. The Welfare Reform Reconciliation Act

b. The Chicago Area Project

Biological theories tend to focus on ___________ as the major determinant in controlling human behavior. a. Hormones b. The brain c. Chromosomal makeup d. The environment

b. The brain

According to moral development theory, peope are likely to turn to crime when they: a. Learn to shift back and forth between developmental stages of moral reasoning b. Are unable to successfully transition between developmental stages of moral reasoning c. Develop moral relativism d. Learn to appreciate the needs and interests of others

b. Are unable to successfully transition between developmental stages of moral reasoning

According to neoclassical criminology, the role of punishment is: a. Retribution only b. Both deterrence and retribution c. Deterrence only d. Neither deterrence nor retribution

b. Both deterrence and retribution

Zimbardo's experiment was about what? a. Psychopaths b. Cruel environments c. Nature v. Nurture d. The by-stander effect

b. Cruel environments

According to the key principles of the Classical School of criminology, the purpose of punishment is to: a. Treat offenders the way they deserve b. Deter offenders from future involvement in crime c. Rehabilitate offenders d. Treat offenders the same way that their victims were treated

b. Deter offenders from future involvement in crime

Walter Miller identified six key values or __________, which are considered important by members of a delinquent subculture. a. Conduct norms b. Focal concerns c. Culture conduct d. Cultural norms

b. Focal concerns

Sigmund Freud suggested that aggressive behavior is a natural response to: a. Neurosis b. Frustration c. Psychosis d. Anger

b. Frustration

A(n) ________ theory of crime is one that attempts to explain all or most forms of criminal conduct through a single overarching approach. a. Unicasual b. General c. Integrated d. Complete

b. General

According to relative deprivation theory, _____________ can be blamed for most crime. a. Growing up in a transitional neighborhood b. Inconsistencies in the ability to achieve the American Dream c. Socialization into a violent subculture d. Being held to a middle class measure rod

b. Inconsistencies in the ability to achieve the American Dream

The concept of genetic memory refers to: a. The focus on physical changes in the brain as an explanation of criminality b. Inherited information present from birth in the absence of learned experience c. The belief that the interaction between genes and the environment determines behavior d. The process by which the coded information stored within a gene is used to create a biological product

b. Inherited information present from birth in the absence of learned experience

According to William Sheldon, ____________ have the greatest likelihood of becoming criminal offenders. a. Endomorphs b. Mesomorphs c. Balanced types d. Ectomorphs

b. Mesomorphs

According to John Bowlby, __________ attachment is a healthy form of attachment. a. Insecure b. Secure c. Anxious-resistant d. Anxious-avoidant

b. Secure

A positivist would be most likely to argue in favor of: a. Rational choice b. Social determinism c. Free will d. The social contract

b. Social determinism

Situational choice theory is an example of: a. Hard determinism b. Soft determinism

b. Soft determinism

According to the NCVS, which crime is the least likely crime to be reported? a. burglary b. larceny c. arson d. motor vehicle theft

b. larceny

Santa Claus is typical of which of William Sheldon's body types? a. Mesomorphs b. Ectomorphs c. Endomorphs d. Balanced types

c. Endomorphs

The just deserts concept is inherent in which model: a. Lifestyle theory b. Routine activities c. Justice model d. Rational choice

c. Justice model

Sarah is six years old and is not able to use logical thinking yet. She completely believes in Santa Claus. Sarah is most likely in which of Piaget's stages of human development? a. Concrete operational stage b. Sensory-motor stage c. Preoperational stage d. Formal operational stage

c. Preoperational stage

According to differential theory, drug use predominates in the __________ delinquent subculture. a. Conflict b. Deviant c. Retreatist d. Criminal

c. Retreatist

According to research on crime patterns in concentric zones, what will happen to rates of offending as different groups move in and out of the zone of transition? a. The crime rate will increase b. The crime rate will decrease c. The crime rate will stay about the same d. We do not know what will happen

c. The crime rate will stay about the same

In the case of Buck v. Bell, the U.S. Supreme Court endorsed: a. Harsher prison sentences for XYY males b. Social policies developed by the eugenics movement c. The development of a comprehensive biologically based crime prevention program d. The use of the PMS defense by women

c. The development of a comprehensive biologically based crime prevention program

According to advocates of capital punishment, a key question is: a. Whether ethnic differences exist in the rate of imposition of the death penalty b. Whether there is a racial disparity in the ethnicity of murder victims in the United States c. Whether the death penalty is fairly imposed d. Whether the death penalty is too expensive

c. Whether the death penalty is fairly imposed

According to Terrie Moffitt, about what percentage of population variation in antisocial behavior is influenced by genes? a. 5 - 10 percent b. 20 - 30 percent c. 80 - 90 percent d. 40 - 50 percent

d. 40 - 50 percent

Biological theories assume that the basic determinants of human behavior are ____________ based. a. Psychologically b. Deviance c. Economically d. Constitutionally

d. Constitutionally

According to Lombroso, __________ were occasional criminals who were tempted to commit a crime by a situational or environmental factor. a. Insane offenders b. Atavists c. Born criminals d. Criminaloids

d. Criminaloids

Jane is caught shoplifting from Walmart. She claims that she is not really a criminal because Walmart is so large and can afford the small loss form the item she took. Jane is using the ________ technique of neutralization. a. Denying responsibility b. Denying the victim c. Condemning the condemners d. Denying injury

d. Denying injury

Which of the following processes allows someone who devalues aggression to engage in it? a. Repression b. Sublimation c. Psychopathy d. Disengagement

d. Disengagement

Positivism is based on an acceptance of ___________ determinism. a. Positivist b. Classical c. Soft d. Hard

d. Hard

Jeremy Bentham's ________ approach emphasizes the determination of behavior based on the amount of pleasure or pain the behavior can be expected to produce. a. Common law b. Just deserts c. Positivist d. Hedonistic calculus

d. Hedonistic calculus

Which of the following is an example of the technique of neutralization known as the metaphor of the ledger? a. Mark illegally downloads music and claims that everybody does it b. Susan argues that she should not be arrested for shoplifting because she is the mayor's daughter c. Joel claims that his background of poverty and child abuse causes him to abuse his spouse d. Luke claims that he has been very good about obeying the traffic laws, so he is entitled to speed to work today

d. Luke claims that he has been very good about obeying the traffic laws, so he is entitled to speed to work today

According to Merton, the ___________ made of adaptation involves rejecting culturally defined goals but accepting socially approved means. a. Conformity b. Retreatism c. Innovation d. Ritualism

d. Ritualism

A clash between middle-class values and lower-class norms would result in _________ culture conflict. a. External b. Primary c. Internal d. Secondary

d. Secondary

According to Gall, the shape of the ________ can be used to predict criminality. a. Feet b. Heart c. Hands d. Skull

d. Skull

The concept of collective efficacy emphasizes: a. Cultural transmission b. Defensible space c. The identification of hot spots of crime d. Social cohesion

d. Social cohesion