Criminology Chapter 1

Gemeinschaft refers to:

A communal society that predominantly relies on informal methods of social control

A particular crime is punishable by 5 years in prison; this crime is most likely:

A felony

Prohibition had the unintended effect of increasing corruption, disobedience, and public disrespect for the law. This unintended effect is an example of:

A latent function of law

Crime has evolved over time. The most common types of criminals observed during the 1970s included:

Bank robbers, burglars, and car thieves

The early writings of this man, including his famous essay, On Crimes and Punishments led to the reform of criminal law in Western Europe.

Cesare Becaria

The belief that criminal law originates from an agreement among members of society is consistent with:

Consensus perspective

Famed sociologist Emile Durkheim argued that crime is normal. By this he meant that:

Crime is a predictable product of, and in some ways a useful element of, the structure of society.

The field that attempts to define, explain, and predict criminal behavior is known as:

Criminology

Behavior that is outside the range of normal societal toleration is best described as:

Deviant

"Deviant behavior" is defined as "behavior which is in violation of written laws."

False

Despite its American roots, most of the major developments in modern criminology took place in Europe.

False

Folkways refer to serious customs that involve moral judgments as well as sanctions.

False

Many of the early criminological theories provided biological frameworks that have only recently been considered in the U.S.

False

Practicing bad manners such as putting elbows on the table while eating is an example of Sumner's mores.

False

The government requires that federal courts allow cameras in the court room during trials.

False

The residents of country X have diverse viewpoints regarding which behaviors are considered moral. People in this society tend to be individualistic, which may be a product of the economic structure, which is characterized by extensive division of labor. County X would be considered a:

Gesellschaft society

Which of the following is not a characteristic of criminal law?

It must be administered by federal authorities

Which of the following is an example of a person violating a folkway?

Johnny was eating dinner at a friend's house and openly expressed distaste for the meal being served.

Driving 26 miles per hour in an area where the speed limit is 25 miles per hour would be best described as an act:

Mala prohibita

Prohibition had the intended goal of forbidding alcohol consumption to reduce substance abuse. This intended goal is an example of:

Manifest function of the law

The use of philosophy, rationality, and logical argument to explain crime is more reflective of which stage of the progression of knowledge?

Metaphysical

According to French sociologist Auguste Comte, the last stage of the progression of knowledge is:

Scientific

As society becomes increasingly complex and heterogeneous, which of the following is typically true of society's effort to maintain order?

Society becomes increasingly reliant on informal methods of social control.

Criminology is considered a sub-discipline of:

Sociology

Mores are:

Strong norms that carry sanctions/ punishment if broken

As society becomes more complex, it becomes increasingly reliant on informal methods of social control to maintain order.

True

Changes in the law may be needed in an effort to define and sanction conduct related to technology.

True

Crime as a violation of criminal law can only have negative consequences for the social solidarity of any society.

True

Criminologists have a clear understanding of the economic, social, and psychological impacts of crime.

True

Definitions of deviance are relative to the time, place, and person(s) making the evaluation.

True

Gambling is an act that would be considered mala prohibita.

True

In decades past, societies possessed cultural values that were practices and beliefs intended to benefit a group of people. Cultural values do not hold the same level of importance today.

True

Laws, which are codified rules of behavior, represent informal methods of attempting to assure social control.

True

The field of criminalistics is focused on the scientific evaluation of physical evidence.

True

Corporate violence, racism, structured inequality, and systematic wrongdoing by political officials are examples of:

Undercriminalization

Most of the modern-day developments in criminology have taken place in which country?

United States

Overall crime rates:

Vary by social and historical context

Being arrested for possession of marijuana would best be described as an act:

that is Mala in se