Criminology final

What is it called when an accused individual is released prior to trial with a promise to appear back in court and no other contingencies such as bail?

Release on recognizance

What Supreme Court case established that executions were unconstitutional for crimes committed by those younger than 18 years of age?

Roper v. Simmons (2005)

The U.S. government has many different agencies. Which agency prepares and submits the budget for federal prisons and has operational control of prisons?

The Federal Bureau of Prisons

Henry was imprisoned as part of the penitentiary system in 1800. He worked on crafts in his cell, in isolation, all day. What was this system called?

The Pennsylvania system

What is the court of last resort in the federal court system?

The U.S. Supreme Court

A misdemeanor is a criminal offense that is less serious than a felony and usually punishable by incarceration of no more than one year in jail, or by probation or immediate sanctions. What are some examples of misdemeanors? Select all that apply.

simple assaults, shoplifting, vandalism, traffic offenses

Robert Lewis Dear, age 57, killed three people, including one police officer, at a Planned Parenthood Center in Colorado Springs, Colorado. He expressed strong opposition to the availability of abortion and other government policies. What is this crime best classified as?

terrorism

Service style of policing emphasizes discretion for minor matters to avoid embarrassment or punishment.

true

What are some of the elements that officers must establish to conduct a stop of a person they believe is about to, or has just, committed a crime based on how they are behaving and how they are dressed? Select all that apply.

A police officer's belief that criminal activity is afoot Articulable facts that would be recognized by others in a similar situation

is a key objective of contemporary police reform.

Accountability

Facial recognition has been explored by several police departments as a new technology to help lower crime. However, it does not always identify the right individuals. What concern about new technology in policing does this raise?

Accuracy and effectiveness

What are elements of the process of decarceration? Select all that apply.

Alternative sentencing accelerated release Flexible parole enforcement

A suspect is arrested for a crime and decides to exercise his right to a trial. In court, there is not only a judge, prosecutor, and jury but also a defense attorney whose sole job is to ensure the defendant's rights are preserved in the process and present a case of the defendant's innocence where law is the basis of decision making. Which model of the criminal justice system does this represent?

Due process model

An ------ is a court order that authorizes a police officer to arrest a suspect

Arrest warrant

According to the Pew Center, when should prison officials begin preparing for the release of convicted offenders?

At the time of admission

After several high-profile killings of people of color, such as Eric Garner over allegedly selling cigarettes without a license, Freddie Gray for running from police in a high crime area and allegedly having an illegal knife, and Breonna Taylor dying after a warrant search, what changes are happening in police practices and training across the country? Select all that apply.

Ban on chokeholds Implementation of body-worn cameras Ban on no-knock warrants

Why is the modern correctional officer's role considered contradictory?

Because they are expected to counsel, supervise, and protect prisoners while maintaining an impersonal relationship with prisoners and following formal procedures.

What is a trial called that is conducted by a judge who acts as a fact finder, determines issues of law, and renders a verdict?

Bench trial

What technology has been implemented and adopted by many police departments since 2015 following the death of Freddie Gray while he was in police custody of the Baltimore Pollice Department?

Body-worn cameras

Which short-term institutional sentence, usually followed by probation, puts the young or first-time lawbreaker through a physical regimen designed to develop discipline and respect for authority?

Boot camp

Peter J. Juvenile has been stopped on the street by a police officer and as Peter J. Juvenile was walking away, he accidentally dropped what appeared to be a pipe for smoking drugs. The officer noticed and stopped Peter J. Juvenile for further questioning to then recover a baggie of marijuana. He was arrested. In the time of processing, Peter J. Juvenile was screened out for counseling since this was his first offense. What is this called?

Diversion

What is an example of community service applied during an intermediate sanction?

Cleaning public areas

Which period in corrections is identified by capital and corporal punishment?

Colonial (1600s-1790s)

Which era of policing focused on moving away from a crime-fighting focus and moving toward greater emphasis on keeping order and providing services to the community?

Community policing era: 1970-present

Which sentence requires the individual to perform unpaid labor in the community?

Community service

Clint is placed under parole supervision following his release from his felony conviction. As part of his release, he must abide by laws and follow rules. What are these requirements known as?

Conditions of Release

Parole release greatly affects other parts of the criminal justice system. What does it affect? Select all that apply.

Correctional Institutions Plea Bargaining Sentencing

What period in corrections is identified by determinate sentences, mandatory sentences, and risk management?

Crime control

What are examples of support services that police officers are able to provide for the community? Select all that apply.

Crime prevention Rescuing animals Providing first aid

There are several ways that police measure productivity. What data are used to evaluate police productivity? Select all that apply.

Crime statistics Traffic stops and citations Clearance rate

The conflict model of criminal justice arises from which set of theories?

Critical theories

When are Miranda warnings required?

Custodial interrogations

What scientific technique identifies people through their distinctive gene patterns?

DNA analysis

What is the purpose of the arraignment? Select all that apply.

Defendant advised by their attorney Charges read Enters a plea

What type of sentence has a fixed term of imprisonment?

Determinate

At a South Carolina real estate company's Christmas party in December 2019, several fights broke out. One man was pulled from his vehicle and beaten several times as he tried to leave the party. He suffered a broken eye socket and other facial injuries. As one attacker was standing above him and continuing the assault, the victim pulled out a gun and fired a single shot that killed the attacker. What type of defense was most likely used?

Self-defense

What are some of the powers that the prosecuting attorney possesses in the criminal justice system? Select all that apply.

Setting charges Dropping charges Negotiating for guilty pleas

PREA established a zero-tolerance policy against what type of abuse?

Sexual assault

Jennifer received incarceration as a sanction for a white-collar federal crime, but after three months due to the coronavirus it was converted to supervision in the community. What is this called?

Shock probation

What action did the Supreme Court endorse in Terry v. Ohio (1968)?

Stop and frisk

What type of law defines acts that are subject to punishment and specifies the punishments for such offenses?

Substantive criminal law

What are ways that probation can be revoked or terminated? Select all that apply.

Successful completion of the period of probation A drug test returns positive Arrest

What are the main tasks of a parole officer?

Surveillance and assistance

Judges can combine various forms of punishment in order to tailor the sanction to the offender. What are some ways they do this? Select all that apply.

Suspended sentence Sentences running consecutively Sentences running concurrently

On September 11, 2001 the United States faced its worst foreign terror attack. Many things changed. What was one of the impacts of terrorism on the American criminal justice system?

The Department of Homeland Security (DHS) was formed.

Which juvenile justice development period did Roper v. Simmons influence, such that the death penalty for juveniles was unconstitutional?

Kids are Different

is run by states and large cities to analyze and facilitate sharing of information to assist law enforcement and homeland security agencies.

fusion center

is the principle that illegally obtained evidence must be excluded from trial.

91108238-7bba-4129-a099-e2584401acad

Recently there has been a shift in prison rehabilitation to focus on what type of programming?

Reentry

is responsible for the prosecution of crimes that violate the laws of the United States and is appointed by the President?

United States attorney

Which law enforcement organization is an example of a special jurisdiction agency?

University police

Which crime category typically swamps the criminal justice system and increases the chances of corruption due to the use of informers and payoffs?

Victimless crimes

Who studies the role victims play in certain crimes?

Victimologists

The Supreme Court case of ------ provided juvenile delinquents the right to counsel and other due process rights.

In re Gault (1967)

Which Supreme Court ruling established equal proof standards of "beyond a reasonable doubt" (as in adult criminal cases), as part of delinquency hearings?

In re Winship (1970)

A judge wants to ensure that a convicted sexual offender is unable to reoffend during their sentence. What is the appropriate criminal sanction?

Incarceration

What is the branch of a police department that receives and investigates complaints alleging violation of rules and policies by officers called?

Internal affairs unit

What features and characteristics are part of the crime control period of corrections? Select all that apply.

Determinate sentences Risk management

What is it called when police officers make wise choices in often ambiguous situations about how and when to apply the law?

Discretion

is the authority to make decisions without reference to specific rules or facts, using instead one's own judgment. Its use allows for individualization and informality in the administration of justice.

Discretion

What type of court system does the United States have with separate federal and state court systems?

Dual court system

What are some of the possible explanations identified in chapter 2 as to why both violent and property crime rates are well below the 1984 and 1995 levels?

Economic booms and increased standard of living Aging of the baby boomer population Dramatic decrease in use of crack cocaine An increase in security system use

A police agency has reviewed current research about a particular crime-control strategy and it has decided to adopt the strategy. What is this process known as?

Evidence-based policing

What term is used to describe the application of force against individuals by police officers that violate either departmental policies or constitutional rights by exceeding the level of force permissible and necessary in each situation?

Excessive use of force

As a form of corrections, which branch of government does probation fall under?

Executive

What kinds of searches may be legally conducted without a warrant and still comply with the Fourth Amendment? Select all that apply.

Exigent circumstances Stop and frisk on the streets Search incident to a lawful arrest Search by consent

Louis committed robbery in the second degree in his state. What is the goal of punishment that seeks to discourage other would-be criminals from committing crime?

General deterrence

What are some of the exceptions to the exclusionary rule? Select all that apply.

Good faith Inevitable discovery rule

What are some examples of community programs following an inmate's release from prison? Select all that apply.

Halfway houses Work and educational release Furlough

Congress passed the Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act, which included provisions for taking juveniles who commit status offenses out of correctional institutions. What are examples of these status offenses? Select all that apply.

Living a wayward, idle, or dissolute life Running away from home Truancy

What are some benefits of institutional reentry preparation programs? Select all that apply.

Lower costs Lower recidivism

What principle of criminal law requires that for a crime to have been committed, it must be accompanied by a guilty state of mind?

Mens rea

What are some of the most important elements in modern, progressive police training? Select all that apply.

Mental health crisis identification training De-escalation training

What is "the inmate code"?

Norms and values adopted by inmates within the subculture of a prison

According to psychologists, what kinds of stress do officers face? Select all that apply.

Operational stress Personal stress External stress Organizational stress

Which group is the most common perpetrator of inmate sexual assault in male prisons?

Other inmates

Susan is a prosecutor with the local state's attorney's office. Susan is new and is establishing relationships with key stakeholders. What are some of the key relationships for Susan to establish as a prosecutor? Select all that apply.

Police Victims and witnesses Judges and courts

What was James Q. Wilson's key finding in his classic 1968 study regarding policing styles?

Political culture has a major impact on policing style.

is prepared by a probation officer, presents a convicted offender's background, and is used by the judge in selecting an appropriate sentence.

Presentence report

James was unable to make bail so he must remain in jail prior to trial. What is it called when someone like James needs to remain in jail while they await trial?

Pretrial detention

What does the criminal justice system focus on? Select all that apply.

Preventing crime The protection of the public

Judy committed assault with a deadly weapon and was sentenced to three to eight years of prison time. In which institution will Judy serve her time?

Prison

Corrections is a term for many types of programs, facilities, and organizations. What are some examples of corrections? Select all that apply.

Prison and jails Halfway houses Probation

What are the requirements for a search warrant to be issued by a judge? Select all that apply.

Probable cause Must be specific Oath or affirmation

In 1880, Massachusetts was the first state to institute which correctional system?

Probation

Kim was one of nearly 60 percent of adults convicted of a federal crime to receive the most popular criminal sanction that is served in the community under supervision. What criminal sanction did Kim receive?

Probation

is the approach to policing in which officers routinely seek to identify, analyze, and respond to the circumstances underlying the incidents that prompt citizens to call the police.

Problem-oriented policing

What are some of the potential negative consequences to failing to make bail for poor people? Select all that apply.

Property repossession Job loss Eviction

Which official makes decisions about whether to pursue criminal charges, which charges to make, and what sentence to recommend?

Prosecuting attorney

Which of the following crimes are considered victimless? Select all that apply.

Prostitution Drug use Gambling

What is the legal immunity granted to police officers called?

Qualified immunity

The "War on Drugs" began in the 1980s, coined in the Reagan administration. There have been several criticisms of the decades-long crusade. What are some negative consequences of the "War on Drugs"? Select all that apply.

Racial targeting Prison population explosion

What objective standard was developed by courts for determining whether a government intrusion into an individual's person or property constitutes a search because it interferes with the individual's interests that are normally protected from government examination?

Reasonable expectation of privacy

Franklin is accused of his first offense of aggravated assault that occurred at a bar one night when he and some friends were out drinking. Franklin holds a full-time job, has never been cited before, much less arrested, and the fight is contended to have been started by the other party. Franklin is a single father of two young children and his wife is recently deceased from cancer. What will the defense attorney stress at the bail hearing? Select all that apply.

Record Family Job

What central concerns in the police reform movement are triggered by Black Lives Matter and the George Floyd protests? Select all that apply.

Reducing use of force Improved training Implicit bias

is the questioning of prospective jurors in a criminal case to screen out people the attorneys think might be biased or otherwise incapable of delivering a fair verdict.

Voir Dire

What is the major difference between the programming needs of women's prisons and those of men's prisons?

The need to address trauma from physical and sexual abuse

Developed in the late 19th century, the early juvenile justice system was based on:

The state should act as a parent.

Under Miranda v. Arizona (1966), what must a suspect be told before a police interrogation? Select all that apply.

The suspect has the right to remain silent. The suspect has the right to consult with an attorney and have the attorney present during interrogation. If subjects of an interrogation decide to make a statement, it can and will be used against them in court. If a suspect cannot afford an attorney, the state will provide one.

Gideon v. Wainwright (1963) was a landmark Supreme Court decision. Why?

This case made the Sixth Amendment right to counsel binding to the states.

The adversarial process for approaching the resolution of crime that exists in the United Stats courts derives from British law.

True

is the first formal meeting between the prosecutor and the defendant's attorney

arraignment

What is the sum of money called that is used as a condition of pretrial release?

bail

is a movement designed to ease the challenge of a convicted individual's ability to find a job.

ban the box

What factor is receiving the most emphasis as to why probation is favored as a community corrections option for lower crime levels in the criminal justice system?

cost

are actions that violate laws defining which socially harmful behaviors will be subject to the government's power to impose punishments.

crimes

are the sworn officers who typically work in plain clothes investigating crimes.

detectives

is a defense that is often used to show a lack of intent due to inducement by government agents.

entrapment

Prison gangs are not a major source of threats to prison security.

false

The purpose of criminal law is to protect a citizen's constitutional rights.

false

is a criminal offense that can lead to incarceration of a year or more.

felony

is when you unknowingly associate individuals with stereotyped characteristics of a demographic group and potentially use these stereotyped assumptions in reacting to these people?

implicit bias

Which excuse defense is very rare and is predicated on the existence of mental illness that does not allow intent to be formed, and in 2020 the U.S. Supreme Court ruled the U.S. Constitution does not require the availability of this defense?

insanity

What are some types of conditions probationers must abide by? Select all that apply.

interactions Drug tests Curfews

Individual X is unemployed. He was never good in school and in fact did not graduate high school and barely made it out of 8th grade. He has been married twice, and his mom was married four times to alcoholics and abusers. Individual X engages in a life of crime that started before his teens. The researchers have followed this individual from childhood to adulthood to find this pattern, which also included disruptive behavior and bullying. This all ended after individual X joined the military. He subsequently earned his GED. Which theory is this study and behavior best represented by?

life course theories

Staff-on-inmate sexual victimizations are more common among:

male inmates

The U.S. Supreme Court controls its own caseload by choosing 70 to 80 cases to hear from among the 7,000 cases submitted annually. How many Supreme Court Justice positions on the court are there in 2021?

nine

Restorative justice is a new approach to punishment that is designed to repair the damage done to the victim and community by the offender's criminal act. To be effective, what is the three-way approach to restorative justice? Select all that apply.

offender Community Victim

doctrine is the premise that the king is to be the father of the realm and pertains to how the state oversees and is responsible for juveniles.

parens patriae

is the conditional release of a person from incarceration, but not from the legal custody of the state

parole

Who is often thought of as being on the "front line" of controlling crime in terms of contact with potential criminals?

police officers

What type of organization, within corrections, is a building in which people are legally held as punishment for a crime they have committed or while awaiting trial?

prison or jail

Pseudofamilies are the relationships women in prisons form to:

provide emotional support

What are the core elements of the Fifth Amendment?

right to due process, right not to be subjected to double jeopardy, right to not self-incriminate

Who pushed the parliament in Britain to pass the Metropolitan Police Act, which created the first organized modern police force, the London police force?

robert peel