Criminology Final

_______ may be defined as sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, or oral penetration) without the consent of the victim a. Simple assault b. Rape c. Sexual assault d. Pornography

b. Rape

Most shoplifters are _________, or amateurs. a. Choppers b. Snitches c. Coasters d. Boosters

b. Snitches

Looking at different regions of the U.S., homicide rates are highest in the ______. a. North b. South c. Northwest d. Southwest

b. South

The United States has long had a system modeled after combat. By what term is this system better known? a. The inquisitorial model b. The adversary model c. The fencing model d. The quandary model

b. The adversary model

___________ constitute most involuntary manslaughter cases. a. Kidnappings b. Traffic Fatalities c. Store Robberies d. Medical errors

b. Traffic Fatalities

T/F: According to Amnesty International, an estimated one-third of Native American women will be raped at least once in their lifetime.

True

T/F: Women are less likely than men with similar offenses and prior records to be incarcerated.

True

T/F: Early American police were known as bobbies.

False

Evidence indicates that _________ is more common than rape. a. Domestic violence b. Terrorism c. Arson d. Murder

a. Domestic violence

___________ is traditionally committed with malice aforethought; the offender planned to kill someone and then did so. a. Third-degree murder b. Fourth-degree murder c. Second-degree murder d. First-degree murder

D. First-degree murder

T/F: Federal, state, and local governments less than $7 million yearly on criminal expenses related to illegal drugs.

False

T/F: Illegal drugs cause 10 times more deaths each year than legal drugs.

False

T/F: Non-Latino whites are much more likely than African-Americans and Latinos to be arrested for possessing illegal drugs African-Americans and Latinos.

False

T/F: The prison population has decreased since the start of the "War on Drugs"

False

T/F: The vast majority of criminal cases go to trial.

False

The Court ruled in _____ that evidence obtained by police in violation of the Fourth Amendment of the Constitution cannot be used in court. a. Mapp vs. Ohio b. Miranda v. Arizona c. U.S. v Escobedo d. U.S. v Simpson

Mapp Vs. Ohio

Which of the following groups of property crimes does the FBI classifies as Part I offenses? a. Burglary, larceny/theft, motor vehicle theft, and arson b. Arson, rape, larceny/theft, and burglary c. Arson, simple assault, DUI, and motor vehicle theft d. Burglary, motor vehicle theft, truancy, and simple assault

NOT B

Drug use was very common in the U.S. in the late ____ century. Dozens of over the counter products containing opium, and its derivatives (such as morphine) were used across the country by people with headaches toothaches, menstrual cramps, sleeplessness, depression, and other problems. a. 17th b. 18th c. 19th d. 20th

NOT D

Which of the following statements is accurate regarding criminal defense? a. Criminal defendants who are poor are much more able than wealthy defendants to afford bail, to hire a skilled defense attorney, and to pay for investigators. b. Criminal defendants who are African-American are much more able than white defendants to afford bail, to hire a skilled defense attorney, and to pay for investigators. c. Criminal defendants who are women are much more able than male defendants to afford bail, to hire a skilled defense attorney, and to pay for investigators. d. Criminal defendants who are wealthy are much more able than poor defendants to afford bail, to hire a skilled defense attorney, and to pay for investigators.

NOT D

T/F: Amateur criminals comprise the vast majority of property offenders.

True

T/F: Forms of corporate violence include dangerous workplaces and unsafe products.

True

T/F: In India and Pakistan, dowry deaths claim the lives of thousands of women annually.

True

T/F: In a democratic society, a key question is how much power to give to the police to preserve law and order.

True

T/F: In early England, a system of community policing called the frankpledge developed.

True

T/F: In the 1990s, New York City began to use an ongoing, aggressive style called zero-tolerance policing.

True

T/F: Katz described property offenses as sneaky thrill crimes that offenders commit because they are excited by the idea of stealing.

True

T/F: Most burglarized structures are homes and businesses.

True

T/F: Rationalizations play an important role in fencing.

True

T/F: Restitutive law is marked by an interest in restoring relationships to their previous state.

True

T/F: Robbery involves both theft and interpersonal violence.

True

T/F: The United States has long been said to have an adversary system of criminal justice.

True

Women from which of the following age groups are most likely to be victims of intimate partner violence? a. 25-34 b. 62 and older c. 50-61 d. 35-49

a. 25-34

Law enforcement officers, security guards, and ______ experience the highest rates of nonfatal workplace violence. a. Bartenders b. Delivery drivers c. Paramedics d. Strippers

a. Bartenders

The murder of women is known as _______. a. Femicide b. Matricide c. Patricide d. Fratricide

a. Femicide

Some experts on women's violence talk about a sense of _____ that some women develop from repeated battering. This self-defense mechanism helps a battered woman cope by giving up any hope of improvement and by becoming passive. a. Learned helplessness b. Accepted strengths c. Gender inequality d. Passive backlash

a. Learned helplessness

Social inequality affects the exercise of _____ and the extent to which reliance on the criminal justice system can reduce crime. a. Legal discretion b. Legal maxims c. Personal discretion d. Personal maxims

a. Legal discretion

Which of the following is a victimless crime? a. Prostitution b. Arson c. Homicide d. Theft

a. Prostitution

Research on African-American and other women officers of color indicate that they face a double burden of both _____. a. racism and sexism b. physical burdens and stress at home c. higher entry standards and physical requirements d. ageism and ethnocentrism

a. Racism and sexism

The Court ruled in Miranda v. Arizona that police must advise suspects that they may _____. a. Remain silent b. Keep their guns c. Speak freely d. Post bail

a. Remain silent

Which of the following is the definition of sexual assault? a. Sexual contact of any kind outside of the confines of marriage b. Sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, or oral penetration) without the consent of the victim c. Sexual contact without the consent of victim that does not include intercourse d. Sexual contact of any kind with any person, boy or girl, under the age of 21

a. Sexual contact without the consent of victim that does not include intercourse

The male proportion of larceny arrests is lower than for the other crimes. This is because females are more involved in __________ than they are in other crimes. a. Shoplifting b. Motor vehicle theft c. Burglary d. Arson

a. Shoplifiting

____________ is the deadliest, filling about 435,000 people each year. a. Tobacco b. Alcohol c. Heroin d. Marijuana

a. Tobacco

All but two states, Maine and Vermont, prohibit prison inmates from _____ if they were convicted of a felony. a. Voting b. Driving c. Working d. Smoking

a. Voting

Beginning in the 1990s, several police departments, especially New York City's, began to use an ongoing, aggressive style of _____ policing that falls short of a crackdown, but is more intense than directed policing. a. Zero-tolerance b. Shakedown c. Moderate-allowance d. Countdown

a. Zero-tolerance

The NCVS estimates that nearly _______ rapes and sexual assaults occurred in 2011 against people age 12 or older. a. 3,900,000 b. 244,000 c. 88,000 d. 17,000

b. 244,000

In 2011, firearms accounted for slightly more than two-thirds of all homicides, with handguns accounting for ____ percent. a. 10 b. 49 c. 22 d. 67

b. 49

This routine practice in many Islamic countries affects an estimated 140 girls and women worldwide. a. Limb amputation b. Genital mutilation c. Tongue piercings d. Ear piercing

b. Genital mutilation

Computer crime is a growing problem and involves offenses as ______. a. Chirping and fencing b. Hacking and phishing c. Stalking and stacking d. Tweaking and tweeting

b. Hacking and phishing

Which of the following is true regarding prostitution? a. The first record of prostitution was recorder in France in 1875. b. It was legal in brothels in many U.S. cities through the early 1900s. c. It was deemed illegal in the 1700s. d. Almost a third of all states have legalized prostitution.

b. It was legal in brothels in many U.S. cities through the early 1900s.

Killings considered less serious or less blameworthy but not justifiable are labeled ____. a. Negligent homicide b. Manslaughter c. Third degree murder d. Second degree murder

b. Manslaughter

In 1920, a constitutional amendment banning the manufacturing and sale of alcohol began the ____________. a. Smugglers era b. Prohibition era c. Ether era d. Steroid era

b. Prohibition era

A key issue in the nation's response to pornography is: a. no laws have been passed to stop or limit that pronography b. that pornography is very difficult and perhaps impossible to define precisely c. that pornography is completely legal even if minors are involved d. the Supreme Court of the U.S. has refused to rule on pornography cases

b. that pornography is very difficult and perhaps impossible to define precisely

Mass murder involves: a. the methodical taking of a human life one at a time over a period of days, weeks, months or even years b. the taking of several lives at once or within a very short time frame c. the taking of human lives in repeated use of self-defense over time d. the involuntary killing of people by accident such as a car accident

b. the taking of several lives at once or within a very short time frame

____________ rob in order to acquire money to buy illegal drugs. a. Habit robbers b. Dependent robbers c. Addict robbers d. Pharmacy robbers

c. Addict robbers

____________ is defined as attempted or completed unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or a theft. a. Truancy b. Rape c. Burglary d. Armed robbery

c. Burglary

As its name implies, the _____ key concerns are the apprehension and punishment of criminals, and it stresses the criminal justice system's need to capture and process criminals in the most efficient manner possible. a. Due process model's b. Diversity control model's c. Crime-control model's d. Eradication process model's

c. Crime-control model's

The first stage of _____ justice is the police officer's decision to arrest or cite someone. a. Logical b. Participatory c. Discretionary d. Tactical

c. Discretionary

________ buy and sell stolen goods. a. Movers b. Archers c. Fences d. Coppers

c. Fences

One aspect that slows the adjudication process is the _____ burdening prosecutors, public defenders and other defense attorneys, and judges alike. a. Prison overcrowding b. Inflexible laws c. Heavy caseloads d. Overabundance of law school graduates

c. Heavy caseloads

__________ commit their murders for sexual pleasure, and may even sex with a corpse. a. Power-control killers b. Pornographic Killers c. Hedonistic lust killers d. Frustrated killers

c. Hedonistic lust killers

Evidence suggests rape myths are part of the larger culture and that they are ____________. a. Biologically transferred b. Mandated c. Learned d. Extricated

c. Learned

A ______ against brothels, carried out by the same white, middle-class Protestants bhenid the temperance movement, began in the U.S. about 1910. a. Values agenda b. Norms invasion c. Moral crusade d. Religious Blitzkrieg

c. Moral crusade

Feminist scholars see rape and battering as inevitable consequences of ___________. a. Television influence b. Female hierarchy c. Patriarchy d. The military industrial complex

c. Patriarchy

The UCR defines ____ as an attack "where no weapon is used and which do not result in serious or aggravated injury to the victim." a. Aggravated assault b. Involuntary assault c. Simple assault d. Fourth-degree asault

c. Simple assault

When deviance occurs, which type of societies engage in repressive law marked by harsh physical punishment of deviants? a. Large, modern societies b. Early, aboriginal societies c. Small, traditional societies d. Collective, heterogeneous societies

c. Small, traditional societies

Property crime is the highest in the __________ and lowest in the ___________. a. Northeast; South b. Northwest; Northeast c. South; Northeast d. Southwest; Midwest

c. South; Northeast

Which of the following reflects a liberation hypothesis? a. The idea is that in the most misdemeanor cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence. b. The idea is that in the most juvenile cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence. c. The idea is that in the most serious cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence. d. The idea is that in the most civil cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence.

c. The idea is that in the most serious cases, there is little room for prosecutorial or judicial discretion to affect the sentence.

National self-report surveys of drug use: a. include such people as inmates, college students and government officials who are often illegal drug users. b. are completely accurate. c. exclude people whose illegal drug use may be especially high, such as the homeless, prisoners, and runaway teens. d. rarely measure drug use among teenagers, judges and illegal immigrants.

c. exclude people whose illegal drug use may be especially high, such as the homeless, prisoners, and runaway teens.

We spend more than $1 trillion every year on: a. moonshine, purple drank, absinthe and peyote b. phone sex lines and escort services c. legal gambling at casinos, race tracks, state lotteries, and church bingo d. strip clubs, brothels and peep shows

c. legal gambling at casinos, race tracks, state lotteries, and church bingo

The possibility of wrongful convictions and executions and other problems in the application of the death penalty have led: a. the Texas state assembly to call for the end of the use of death penalty in all states. b. the United Nations to condemn all nations that utilize the death penalty. c. the American Bar Association to call for a moratorium on executions. d. the National Corrections Officer Association to call for a strike on any maximum security facility.

c. the American Bar Association to call for a moratorium on executions.

Directed police patrolling occurs when: a. the police direct citizens away from high-crime areas by blocking streets and thus reduce crime. b. the police utilize high tech devices such as drones in order to identify crimes and direct patrol vehicles to the scene. c. the police focus on hot-spot locations for crime, which appears to be able to reduce the amount of crime at these locations. d. the police adopt community policing strategies in traditional high-crime areas, such as suburbs.

c. the police focus on hot-spot locations for crime, which appears to be able to reduce the amount of crime at these locations.

Females are more likely to use illegal drugs ________, whereas males are more likely to use illegal drugs for excitement. a. in order to increase their ability to stay alert and supervise their children b. to impress their friends and gain respect among their cohort c. to cope with depression and other psychological distress, often stemming from sexual abuse d. as a means of escaping poverty and finding economic success

c. to cope with depression and other psychological distress, often stemming from sexual abuse

Some feminists distinguish between ______, which depicts sexual violence against women, and ________ which depicts respectful nudity and consensual, loving sexual interaction between adults. a. soft-core pornography, violent pornography b. erotica, violent pornography c. violent pornography, erotica d. pedophilia, high-class pornography

c. violent pornography, erotica

Approximately what percent of cases end in a plea bargain? a. 12 b. 67 c. 75 d. 90

d. 90

In the wake of Furman v. Georgia (408 U.S. 238), states revised their death-penalty laws and procedures to reduce _____ in the application of the death penalty. a. Articulation b. Deliberation c. Demarcation d. Arbitrariness

d. Arbitrariness

Anthropological evidence supports the view that ___________ helps to explain violence against women. a. Tribal equality b. Chemical imbalances c. Rational choice d. Gender inequality

d. Gender inequality

The backlash hypothesis suggests that violence against women is: a. Higher when women feel greater empowerment to assault their intimates b. Lower when women increase their economic equality and political power c. Lower for poorer women, and a normal part of cultural evolution d. Higher when men feel threatened by women's growing equality compared to what men already have

d. Higher when men feel threatened by women's growing equality compared to what men already have

Robbery is committed for economic gain, This is an example of a(n) __________ in Robert Merton's strain theory. a. Rebel b. Ritualist c. Retreatist d. Innovator

d. Innovator

When teenage boys steal a care, it is generally for ________. a. Stripping b. Racing c. Chopping d. Joyriding

d. Joyriding

__________ refers to the killing of armed and dangerous felons by police or private citizens. a. Honor homicide b. Vigilante homicide c. Revenge homicide d. Justifiable homicide

d. Justifiable homicide

___________ is defined as an attempted or completed unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another. a. Truancy b. Burglary c. Arson d. Larceny/theft

d. Larceny/theft

Which of the following is the view of the chivalry hypothesis? a. Female police do not arrest female suspects because of notions of chivalry: They feel that women need to be protected, not punished. b. Male police are more likely to arrest female suspects because of notions of chivalry: They feel that women need to be punished, not protected. c. Female police are more likely to arrest female suspects because of notions of chivalry: They feel that women need to be punished, not protected. d. Male police do not arrest female suspects because of notions of chivalry: They feel that women need to be protected, not punished.

d. Male police do not arrest female suspects because of notions of chivalry: They feel that women need to be protected, not punished.

Nearly all states have _______ that restrict the use of a woman's sexual history in rape cases. a. Predator- shield laws b. Anti-defense laws c. Anti-cross examination laws d. Rape-shield laws

d. Rape-shield laws

The evidence for juvenile arrests is fairly clear that girls are disproportionately arrested or otherwise brought to the attention of juvenile authorities for _____, such as running away from home, curfew violations, and premarital sexual intercourse. a. Traffic offense b. Parental offenses c. Rank offenses d. Status offenses

d. Status offenses

Some studies even show that homicide actually increases after executions occur. What is this phenomenon called? a. The electric chair effect b. The deterrent effect c. The termination effect d. The brutalization effect

d. The brutalization effect

Murder victims are ____ as likely to be killed by someone they know than by a stranger. a. Twice b. Four times c. Five times d. Three times

d. Three times

Burglars tend to target homes that are: a. at least two stories so they can toss items from the upstairs to the lawn b. within just a few miles of where they sell their stolen goods c. close to the street so they can easily access the getaway vehicle d. less visible to possible scrutiny by neighbors and people passing by

d. less visible to possible scrutiny by neighbors and people passing by

Although women's gender may protect them from police beatings, it subjects them to _____. Such violence includes rape and other sexual assaults and unnecessary strip searches and body cavity searches by male officers. a. police erotic encounters (PEE) b. law enforcement rape (LER) c. law enforcement incest (LEI) d. police sexual violence (PSV)

d. police sexual violence (PSV)

Social organization refers to a. the role of all the community in preventing crime b. the individual characteristics of property criminals c. the risks and benefits of property crime depending on the community d. the roles that different property criminals play and the social networks that support their criminal ways

d. the roles that different property criminals play and the social networks that support their criminal ways

Consensual crimes are distinct because: a. they involve people who are affiliated with gangs. b. they involve people who otherwise never commit crime. c. they involve people who are coerced. d. they involve people who participate in these behaviors willingly.

d. they involve people who participate in these behaviors willingly.