CRJS 253 Exam 1

The separate system is part of which model? a. Pennsylvania Prison Model b. New York Prison Model c. Walnut Street Jail d. Western Pennsylvania Prison

A. Pennsylvania Prison Model

Intensive supervision probation, work release, and boot camps are all examples of what? a. Intermediate sanctions b. Coercive corrections c. Alternate justice d. Community corrections

A. intermediate sanctions

Who provided the following definition, "justice consists of treating equals equally and unequals unequally according to relevant differences"? a. Plato b. Beccaria c. Aristotle d. Howard

Aristotle

The Enlightenment concept of human nature sees individuals as all of the following except: a. Possessing free will b. Constrained in their choices c. Hedonistic d. Rational

B. Constrained in their choices

Which early evaluator of American jails and prisons tended to prefer the Pennsylvania model over the New York model, but argued that both models were abject failures in that they both promised so much in terms of reform for inmates? a. Tocqueville b. Dorothea Dix c. Dr. Benjamin Rush d. Zebulon Brockway

B. Dorothea Dix

Elmira Reformatory and Brockway's management of it led to the creation of what time of sentence? a. Determinate b. Indeterminate c. Mandatory d. Three Strikes, You're Out

B. Indeterminate

________ is designed to control offenders in a secure environment while at the same time allowing them to maintain employment. a. Intensive supervision programs b. Work release c. Shock probation d. Victim-Offender reconciliation program

B. Work Release

Which early facility had small coffin-like cells and allowed inmates to work together during the day, but in silence? a. Eastern Pennsylvania Prison b. Walnut Street Jail c. Auburn Prison d. Sing Sing Prison

C. Auburn Prison

What type of sentence are two or more sentences that must be served sequentially? a. Split b. Determinate c. Consecutive d. Concurrent

C. Consecutive

What type of sentences are two sentences ordered to be served at the same time? a. Split b. Determinate c. Consecutive d. Concurrent

D. Concurrent

What type of sentence means that convicted criminals are given a fixed number of years they must serve rather than a range? a. Split b. Determinate c. Indeterminate d. Mandatory

Determinate

Which type of sentence requires participants to be involved in an intensive treatment program that lasts about one year? a. Shock Probation b. Split Sentences c. Non-Custodial Sentence d. Drug Court

Drug court

What established a 100 to 1 quantity ratio differential between powered and crack cocaine? a. Sentence Disparity b. Fair Sentencing Act c. Anti-Drug Abuse Act d. U.S. Sentencing Commission Report to Congress U.S. Sentencing Commission Report to Congress

Fair Sentencing Act

What increased the amount of cocaine subject to the five year minimum sentence from five grams to 28 grams? a. Sentence Disparity b. Fair Sentencing Act c. Anti Drug Abuse Act d. U.S. Sentencing Commission Report to Congress

Fair sentencing act

What type of sentence is one in which the actual number of years a person may serve is not fixed, but rather is a range of years? a. Split b. Determinate c. Indeterminate d. Mandatory

Indeterminate

A moral concept that is difficult to define, but in essence means to treat people to ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior is known as what? a. Ethics b. Justice c. Truth-in-Sentencing d. Just Desserts

Justice

What type of sentence can exist in the context of both determinate and indeterminate sentencing structures and simply means that probation is not an option and that the minimum time be set by law? a. Split Sentence b. Determinate c. Indeterminate d. Mandatory

Mandatory

The creation of the sentencing guidelines intended to do what? a. Create Judicial Bias b. Help determinate guilt or innocence c. Reign in judicial discretion d. Classify offenders into intuitions

Reign in judicial discretion

What is a punitive penalty ordered by the court after a defendant has been convicted of a crime either by a jury, a bench trial, by a judge, or in a plea bargain? a. Confinement b. Fine c. Imprisonment d. Sentence

Sentence

What occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences received by different offenders? a. Sentence Disparity b. Fair Sentencing Act c. Anti-Drug Abuse Act d. None of the above

Sentence disparity

What type of sentence exposes offenders to the reality of prison, life for a short period of time, followed by probation? a. Shock Probation b. Split Sentence c. Drug Court d. Indeterminate e. None of the above

Shock Probation

What was the main reason cited for Southern prisons developing on a different trajectory than other prisons? a. The whip b. Good time c. Slavery d. Convict leasing

Slavery

Which type of sentence requires felons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to placement on probation? a. Determinate b. Split Sentences c. Mandatory d. Indeterminate

Split Sentence

Which prison was built as a panopticon in 1925 in reaction to the deplorable conditions of the old Joliet, IL, prison? a. Stateville Prison b. Sing Sing Prison c. Elmira Reformatory d. Eastern Pennsylvania Prison

Statesville Prison

Three quarters of inmates with mental health problems are: a. Dependent on or abuse substances b. Homeless c. Violent d. All of the above e. Both a and b

a. Dependent on or abuse substances

Which population(s) is/are increasing in prisons and jails at an exponential rate? a. Elderly b. Physically ill c. Mentally ill d. All of the above

a. Elderly

The convict lease system allowed prisons to: a. Exploit the labor of prisoners by selling it to local farms or contractors b. Use prison laborers to maintain the prison itself c. Enforce the congregate work system d. Increase the internal production of goods

a. Exploit the labor of prisoners by selling it to local farms or contractors

Which statuses are derived from the same punitive atmosphere that led to truth in sentencing statuses? a. Habitual Offender b. Truth-in-Sentencing c. Life without Parole d. None of the above

a. Habitual Offender.

Probation and parole officers can follow a "third" role, which follows what approach? a. Hybrid b. Profiler c. Investigator d. Social worker

a. Hybrid

Positivism _____ the amount of discretion judges enjoyed in sentencing individuals. a. Increased b. Decreased c. Had no impact on d. Removed

a. Increased

Parole is different than probation in so far as it: a. Is an administrative function b. Is a judicial function c. Is dependent entirely on the good time an offender earns d. Involves a formal legal trial to determine guilt or innocence

a. Is an administrative function

The first jail in America, built around 1606, was located in: a. Jamestown, VA b. Philadephia, PA c. Ossining, NY d. Barnstable, MA

a. Jamestown, VA

Which types of jails may be better equipped to monitor and prevent suicides in their facilities? a. Larger b. Smaller c. City d. County

a. Larger

_________ are characterized by rounded architecture and living units with directly supervising staff a. New generation jails b. Community jails c. Equipped with more amenities d. All of the above e. None of the above

a. New generation jails

What did Sykes (1958) argue can have the cumulative effect of destroying the psyche of the inmate? a. Pains of imprisonment b. Prison subculture c. Rioting d. Mature coping

a. Pains of imprisonment

The primary reason why the homeless are more likely to have negative contact with the police is: a. Propensity for criminal behavior b. Mental Illness c. Public Illness d. Anti-Homeless Sentiments

a. Propensity for criminal behavior

Parole in the United States refers to the practice of: a. Releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence b. Releasing convicted criminals from prison after the completion of their full sentence c. Allowing individuals to serve the totality of their sentence in the community d. All of the above

a. Releasing convicted criminals from prison prior to the completion of their full sentence

Which of the following supervision-level categories is given to offenders who are low risk and low needs? a. Selective intervention b. Environmental structure c. Casework/control d. Limit-setting

a. Selective intervention

Opponents to supermax prisons generally argue all of the following except: a. Supermax prisons are more dangerous environments than other prisons b. Supermax prisons violate prisoners' civil rights c. Supermax prisons are extremely costly d. Supermax prisons contribute to inmates' psychological problems

a. Supermax prisons are more dangerous environments than other prisons (not sure)

Prizonization is best described as: a. The means whereby prisoners adopt the subculture of the institution b. The general trend of increasing incarceration rates in a given population c. The bleeding of prison culture into popular culture d. The manner in which prisoners self-perceptions change due to violence

a. The means whereby prisoners adopt the subculture of the institution

Which of the following is a benefit associated with the practice of transportation? a. The removal of criminal classes b. Exploitation of labor satisfy a growing need c. Humane treatment of criminals d. Both a and b e. Both a and c

a. The removal of criminal classes

The primary reason for the increase in the minority population in jail is: a. The war on drugs b. Immigration c. Racial Profiling by police and courts d. An increase in minority criminal activity

a. The war on drugs

Which institution do many scholars regard as the "first prison"? a. Walnut Street Jail b. Western Pennslvania c. Auburn Prison d. Sing Sing Prison

a. Walnut Street Jail

What is/was judicial reprieve? a. A delay in sentencing following a conviction that became permanent b. A sentence suspension by a judge, releasing a defendant on his or her own recognizance c. A postponement of sentencing continent upon an offender's future behavior d. All of the above e. None of the above

b. A sentence suspension by a judge, releasing a defendant on his or her own recognizance

Which deprivation involves not being able to decide when you eat, sleep, and work? a. Goods and services b. Autonomy c. Liberty d. Heterosexual relationships e. Security

b. Autonomy

Any activity performed by agents of the state to assist offenders in establishing or reestablishing functional law-abiding roles in the community while simultaneously monitoring their behavior for criminal activity is known as: a. Parole b. Community Corrections c. Probation d. Judicial Reprieve e. None of the above

b. Community Corrections

This type of institution is characterized by the idea that programming on the outside does not begin or end with incarceration. a. New generation jails b. Community jails c. Coequal staffing jails d. Reentry programs for jails

b. Community jails

Parole granted to an offender after a board chooses to do so is known as: a. Unconditional release b. Discretionary parole c. Mandatory parole d. Parole board

b. Discretionary parole

What was significant about the Massachusetts legislature's authorization of Boston's hiring of probation officers in 1878? a. It marked the first probationers received supervision b. It mared the first time probation officers received pay c. It marked the first time convicted offenders had an alternative to incarceration d. It marked the beginning of the first probation program in America

b. It mared the first time probation officers received pay

What was the first type of correctional facility to develop? a. Bridewells b. Prisons c. Jails d. Poor farms

b. Jails

With regard to inmates with mental health problems: a. Prisons experience higher percentages than jails b. Jails experience higher percentages than prisons c. Prisons and jails experience comparable numbers d. Prisons experience higher percentages for males; jails experience a higher number for females

b. Jails experience higher percentages than prisons

Historically, the primary focus of county sheriffs has been: a. Corrections b. Law Enforcement c. Public Relations d. Both a and b e. Both b and c

b. Law Enforcement

The inmates of Norfolk Island followed what type of system that rewarded them for good behavior? a. Irish Marks System b. Marks System c. Galley Slavery System d. Parole System

b. Marks System

The congregate system is part of which model? a. Pennsylvania System b. New York System c. Walnut Street Jail d. Western Pennsylvania Prison

b. New York System

The philosophical foundation of parole has historical roots in the: a. Eastern State Penitentiary b. Norfolk Island Penal Colony c. Elmira Reformatory d. Walnut Street Jail

b. Norfolk Island Penal Colony

A subset of culture within a prison that has its own norms, values, beliefs, traditions, and even language is known as: a. Pains of imprisonment b. Prison subculture c. Rioting d. Mature coping

b. Prison subculture

What may be defined as the state authorized imposition of some form of deprivation (i.e. liberty, resources, or even life) upon a person justly convicted of a violation of the criminal law? a. Sentence b. Punishment c. Retaliation d. Revenge

b. Punishment

Research finds that mature coping in the prison system is _________. a. Absent b. Relatively rare c. Relatively common d. Very common

b. Relatively rare

What type of sentence is work release whereby a person is housed in a special part of the jail on weekends and nights, but released to go to work in the day? a. Shock Probation b. Split Sentence c. Determinate d. Indeterminate

b. Split Sentence

The earliest known written code of punishment was: a. Roman Common Law b. The Code of Hammurabi c. The Code of Honda d. The Code of Jamestown

b. The Code of Hammurabi

Which early prison was built to hold inmates in complete solitary confinement, with no labor, for the full span of their sentences? a. Walnut Street Jail b. Western Pennsylvania Prison c. Auburn Prison d. Sing Sing Prison

b. Western Pennsylvania Prison

Offenders on/in which type of intermediate sanctions are generally the least likely of all community-based corrections offenders to be rearrested and imprisoned within one year and five years of successful completion? a. Intensive supervision probation b. Work release c. Shock probation d. Correctional boot camps

b. Work release

The first real probation system was developed in the ______ by ______ in Boston, MA. a. 1790; John Augustus b. 1820; John Jocke c. 1840; John Augustus d. 1870; John Locke

c. 1840; John Augustus

When bringing lawsuit against jails and prisons, an offender is most likely to win cases when the claim involves: a. Sexual Abuse b. Poor Diet c. Inadequate Healthcare d. Overcrowding

c. Inadequate Healthcare

By design, prisons are intended to house: a. Only serious offenders b. Longterm offenders c. Individuals convicted of a crime d. Misdemeanor offenders e. People with serious mental illness

c. Individuals convicted of a crime (not sure)

Being influenced by the Enlightenment period, this former Sheriff went about reforming goals (jails) throughout England and Europe. a. Jeremy Brentham b. Cesare Beccaria c. John Howard d. William Penn

c. John Howard

According to Beaumont and Tocqueville, solitary confinement without _______ can be injurious to the person and expensive for the state to maintain. a. Supervision b. Counseling c. Labor d. Rewarding good behavior

c. Labor

Which deprivation involves the offender not being able to have contact with whomever they want to whenever they wish? a. Goods and services b. Autonomy c. Liberty d. Heterosexual relationships e. Security

c. Liberty

Which type of sentences may seem popular with the public at large until they get the bill? a. Habitual Offender b. Truth-in-Sentencing c. Life without Parole d. None of the above

c. Life without Parole

In which type of prison can the exterior security be tight while internally providing inmates with many opportunities to attend school, treatment, and church programming? a. Supermax b. Maximum security c. Medium security d. Minimum security

c. Medium security

When an inmate suffers from the loss of the many roles he or she occupied in the wider world, this is known as: a. Total institution b. Prisonization c. Mortification d. Importation

c. Mortification

The _____ model finds its roots in the medical model. a. Incapacitation b. Retribution c. Rehabilitation d. Deterrence

c. Rehabilitation

According to the 1976 case of Estelle v. Gamble, inmates have the right to: a. Freedom of the press b. Right to special religious diets c. Right to reasonable medical care d. All of the above

c. Right to reasonable medical care

________ involves being sentenced to prison, serving a short period of time, and then being placed on probation. a. Intensive supervision programs b. Work release c. Shock probation d. Victim-Offender reconciliation program

c. Shock Probation

Probation and parole officers have two main roles, one is law enforcement, and the other is that of a: a. Profiler b. Investigator c. Social worker d. Supervisor

c. Social Worker

In 1831, which pair came to America with the intention to study the newly minted prison system? a. Bentham and Beccaria b. Howard and Penn c. Tocqueville and Beaumont d. Tony Bennett and Lady Gaga

c. Tocqueville and Beaumont

The removal of those deemed as criminal to other locations such as the American colonies or Norfolk Island is known as: a. The Marks System b. Galley Slavery c. Transportation d. Deportation

c. Transportation

Those selected for shock probation tend to be: a. Violent offenders b. Repeat, serious offenders c. Young, first time offenders d. All of the above

c. Young, first time offenders

What percent of jail inmates have metal health problems? a. 12% b. 26% c. 47% d. 64%

d. 64%

If operated correctly, new generation jails are a. More cost effective b. Safer c. Equipped with more amenities d. All of the above e. None of the above

d. All of the above

The effect of punishment on future behavior depends on: a. Swiftness b.Severity c. Certainty d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Early workhouses were known as: a. Goals b. Reformatories c. Prisons d. Bridewells

d. Bridewells

_________ describes the act of encouraging probationers to seek treatment through carrots and sticks: a. Recividating b. Sanction c. Probation d. Coercion

d. Coercion

What emanated from the Prison Congress of 1870? a. Doctrine of Habeas Corpus b. Declaration of Independence c. Declaration of Prisons d. Declaration of Principles

d. Declaration of Principles

The marks system was a component of which prison system? a. Sing Sing b. Auburn c. Pennsylvania d. Elmira

d. Elmira

When a person entering prison brings with them aspects of his or her own culture from the outside, this is known as: a. Total institutions b. Prisonization c. Mortification d. Importation

d. Importation

The rationale of supermax prisons is to: a. be more efficient than other forms of prisons b. Protect prison staff members and inmates c. Rehabilitate prisoners in a more timely manner d. Keep society's most offensive people from public sight

d. Keep society's most offensive people from public sight

With which population is it the true number of inmates in the correctional population not known? a. Elderly b. Physically ill c. Mentally ill d. LBGT community

d. LBGT community

Alexander Maconochie served as a warden of what location? a. The first English Bridewell b. Devils Island c. Sing Sing Prison d. Norfolk Island

d. Norfolk Island

A panel of people presumably qualified to make judgements about the suitability of a prisoner to be released from prison after having served some specified time of his or her sentence is known as a: a. Unconditional release board b. Discretionary parole committee c. Mandatory parole advisory committee d. Parole board

d. Parole board

What did Attorney General Janet Reno refer to as "one of the most pressing problems we face as a nation? a. The imprisonment binge b. Sex crimes c. Prisons conditions d. Prisoner reentry

d. Prisoner Reentry

__________ refers to the way in which inmates become socialized into the inmate culture. a. Total institutions b. Deprivations c. Importation d. Prisonization

d. Prisonization

This type of program is characterized by the provision of services that make the transition from incarceration to freedom more manageable. a. New generation jails b. Community jails c. Coequal staffing jails d. Reentry programs for jails

d. Reentry programs for jails

Powerful barriers against criminal offending are ______ and _______? a. Social bonds; Social culture b. Social Capital; Familial bonds c. Familial bonds; Social culture d. Social bonds; Social Capital

d. Social bonds; Social Capital

A decent prison is one in which: a. Prisoners are subject to very little supervision b. There are abundant options for rehabilitative programming c. The staff is well educated d. There is relatively little violence e. There is no such thing as a decent prison

d. There is relatively little violence

The incapacitation perspective on punishment often views offenders as ________. a. Generally good people who have made bad decisions b. Mentally ill who need treatment c. Rational beings who weighed the cost and benefit of their crime d. Wicked people who need to be separated from the innocent

d. Wicked people who need to be separated from the innocent

Corrections services which function for accused and convicted individuals: a. Management b. Punishment c. Supervision d. Treatment e. All of the above

e. All of the Above Functions carried out by agencies having to do with the punishment, treatment, and management of individuals who have been accused of or convicted of criminal offenses.

Which of the following factors can affect a judge's decision when sentencing a defendant? a. Seriousness of the crime b. Prior Record c. Offender Cooperation d. All of the above e. Only a and b

e. Only a and b

Which deprivation involves inmates having to live with other inmates at the risk of being victimized? a. Goods and services b. Autonomy c. Liberty d. Heterosexual relationships e. Security

e. Security

What was the first major prison reform in the United States? a. The Declaration of Principles b. The establishment of reformatories c. The contraction of the Walnut Hill Jail d. Declaration of Independence

the declaration of principles