CRM2280-001 Intro of Criminology Exam 2
What are British police called in order to honor Sir Robert Peel?
"Bobbies"
What type of crimes are typically targeted by Proactive Policing?
"Victimless Crimes" like gambling, prostitution, and the sale of narcotics.
Before the ________ in 1066 there was no police.
Norman Conquest
Who was a student of August Vollmer and was instrumental in the use of advanced police training in Wichita, Kansas and Chicago.
Orlando W. Wilson
What is "reasonable suspicion?"
Police need to have(20%) of certainty that an individual has been, is involved in, or is about to engage in criminal activity to stop and question someone.
What was the conclusion of the Kansas City Experiment?
Police patrols have little value in preventing crime or making citizens feel safe.
What was the Kansas City Patrol Experiment?
Precincts were divided into 3 groups and given different amounts of routine patrol assignments in effort to test the effectiveness of police patrols on crime.
The legal standard for a search, with or without a warrant is __________.
Probable Cause.
What is the sole legal justification for police to frisk someone?
Protection
The 4th Amendment
Protects the right to be Free from Unreasonable Searches & Seizures
The wealthy people in this time would pay people to ___________ for them to avoid having to serve as watchmen.
Serve in the watch system.
What did the "Silver Platter Doctrine" allow?
It allowed federal agents to use evidence provided to them by state and local law enforcement agents in federal courts that would have been illegal had the federal agents procured the evidence in the same manner.
What was the main outcome of U.S. v. McConney (1984)?
It established exigent circumstances
What was the main outcome of Mapp v. Ohio (1961)?
It made the 4th Amendment's prohibition against unreasonable searches and seizures applicable to state and local law enforcement agents.
What effect does aggressive preventive patrol and "hot spots" patrolling have on communities?
It merely displaces crime from one location to another.
What does the Exclusionary Rule accomplish?
It prohibits the use in trials of illegally obtained evidence that is obtained through illegal searches and seizures.
In the early 1300s, the ____________ was created to help shire reeves control their territories.
Justice of the Peace
Police work today is finally becoming ____________ of the heterogeneity of American society.
More Representative
What large city in America created its own police department in 1844 using Peel's method?
New York City
The Rand Study showed that the most important determinants of whether a case is solved are:
-the amount of time between the commission of the crime and police notification -the completeness of information given by the victim to the patrol officers responding to the complaint initially
How many law enforcement officers suffered line-of-duty deaths in 2016?
135
When was the first metropolitan police force established in London, England?
1829
Black people are ________ times more likely to be killed by police.
3
How many police canines lost their lives in the line of duty in 2016?
34
The legal standard for a search is said to be _______ percent certainty that the incriminating evidence desired will be found on the person or at the place specified.
50.01
The Rand Study illustrated that ________% of crimes are solved because a patrol officer caught the offender at the scene, a witness identified the criminal, or through routine clerical work.
95%
What percentage of persons in the federal witness protection program have extensive criminal histories?
97%
What is the "Searches by Private Citizens Exception"?
A wrongful search or seizure conducted by a private party does not violate the fourth amendment.
All _________ were expected to participate and uphold the watch system.
Adult males
What was the outcome of U.S. v. Robinson (1973)?
After arrest, a suspect may be searched by police even though the officer does not fear for his or her personal safety or believe that evidence will be destroyed, and a warrant is not necessary for such searches.
Constables in early England could not function on their own, so they hired ____________.
Assistants(who became the first form of paid police officers)
Who is considered the "Pioneer of American Policing" and instituted university training for incoming young police officers in his cadre?
August Vollmer
In what city was the first "professional" police department established in America in 1838?
Boston
Slave patrols had the power to _______________________.
Break into houses and whip/punish any slave that got in their way.
The first Black officer in the north was in ____________ in 1872.
Chicago
What are exigent/emergency circumstances?
Circumstances that would cause a reasonable person to believe that entry (or other relevant prompt action) was necessary to prevent: -Escape of a suspect -Physical harm to other people including police -Destruction of relevant evidence
In early Colonial American Policing, sheriffs made more money ___________ than stopping crimes, which made crime a low priority for them.
Collecting taxes
The police originated in ____________.
Early England
What Supreme Court case eradicated the Silver Platter Doctrine?
Elkins v. U.S.
The early Colonial American Police worked on a _____ system, in which they made money for each arrest made, each subpoena served, and each court appearance.
Fee
By the seventeenth century, a combination of night watchmen, constables and their assistants, and justices of the peace made up the ______________.
First criminal justice system
Who is credited with having the 1st official crime reports and establishing the Bow Street Runners?
Henry Fielding
What was the outcome of Stoner v. California?
Hotel rooms share the same privacy as a normal living space, and hotel employees do not have the authority to let police search rooms that people are staying in without a warrant.
What is the roommate exception in terms of searches and seizures?
If one of the roommates in a shared living space gives police consent to search the place, they are allowed to search common areas but not the private bedrooms of roommates who are not present.
Kings appointed people to this position to be able to maintain order in the shires.
Shire Reeves
What was the first formal relationship between the police and the judicial system?
Shire Reeves and Constables serving under the Justice of the Peace
The hundreds of tithings were grouped into ___________ to be able to keep order.
Shires
Who is credited with organizing the first metropolitan police force in London, England?
Sir Robert Peel
What group formed around the 1740s and were vigilante groups of whites who policed the slave quarters and other black communities prior to the Civil War?
Slave Patrols
Police are also referred to as __________.
Street Corner Psychiatrists
What is the leading case on police "Stop and Frisk?"
Terry v. Ohio(1968)
What was the conclusion of the Minneapolis "hot spots" study?
That most areas in many cities experience relatively few serious crimes, and that concentrating police presence on high-crime areas makes more sense.
What network allowed pawnbrokers to report property as stolen and have someone chase down the thieves to return the property to its rightful owner?
The Bow Street Runners
Early Colonial American Police followed which policing model?
The British policing model
Who was responsible for all the tithings in early England and appointed by the local Noblemen?
The Constable
Before police were formed, who was responsible for aiding communities in fighting off thieves and outlaws?
The people
In this system, people pledged to help protect their neighbors, and their neighbors pledged to protect them.
The pledge system
What was the main outcome of Georgia v. Randolph?
The police had no constitutional right to search a house where one resident consents to the search while another resident objects.
What is Incident-Driven Policing?
The typical way police learn about a crime is via the initial complaint when a victim or witness contacts the police to report a crime.
What is the Fruit of the Poisonous Tree Doctrine?
This Doctrine established that if evidence seized by the police was the product of illegal activities, then anything that evolved from that action would be considered tainted and not admissible for trial.
What is the purpose of the "Good Faith Exception"?
This exception allows evidence unlawfully obtained by police into court if the police officer acted in good faith when he violated the rights of the accused.
In early England, ten families were grouped together in a _______ and bound by a pledge system?
Tithing
Some places had ___________, which led vigilante groups known as posses to help prevent crime.
Town Marshalls
The killing of which individual inspired the BLM Movement?
Trayvon Martin
The _______ was created in larger cities and towns in the 1300s to patrol the cities at night looking for disturbances, thieves, and fires.
Watch System
The Fourth Amendment prohibition against unreasonable search and seizure in the United States was not taken seriously by federal agents until 1914 when the U.S. Supreme Court decided ___________.
Weeks v. U.S.
What was the main decision of Minnesota v. Dickerson?
When a police officer who is conducting a lawful patdown search for weapons feels something that plainly is contraband, the object may be seized even though it is not a weapon.
What is Proactive Policing?
When the police go out and actively look for criminal activity.
The legal standard of probable cause is necessary to __________.
legally make an arrest
Most searches in the U.S. occur _______ a warrant.
without