Crop Production Exam 1
Plant families end it what suffix?
-aceae
There are approximately ____ billion people in developed countries and _____ billion people in developing countries.
1,5
Who long is a typical Conservation Reserve Program contract?
10 years
When were the first crops domesticated?
10,000 Years Ago
Humans can synthesize how many amino acids?
11
How many essential vitamins must be obtained from the diet?
13
The budget of the USDA in 2011 was how much?
146 Billion
Each American farmer provides food and fiber for approximately how many people?
150
How many minerals are essential to the human diet?
17
How much of the world's population faces food insecurity?
17%
The number of man hours to produce 100 bushels of wheat on 3 acres in 200 is:
2
There are approximately how many farms in the U.S.?
2 million
The percent of total energy that agriculture in the U.S. uses directly or indirectly is:
2%
The average DRI for number of calories per women is:
2,200
Which was the first widely used herbicide?
2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid
A large farm would be characterized as what by the USDA?
2,500 acres and $500,000 + in sales
How many amino acids are used for protein synthesis?
20
Plants can synthesize how many amino acids?
20
Migration of early humans into North America occurred how many years ago?
20,000 to 25,000
The 2008 Farm Bill will govern federal agricultural programs until which year?
2013
How many hectares of crop land are lost each year?
5 million
What percentage of energy worldwide used by human comes from biomass crops?
5%
What percentage of medicines used today were originally discovered in plants?
50%
What percentage of the U.S. land resource is devoted directly or indirectly to agriculture?
50%
How many more calories per day does the average American now consume compared to 1970?
600
How many native people were estimated to have been in the Americas at the time of Columbus's arrival?
70 Million
How many elements occur naturally?
91
What is a commodity payment?
A direct payment or price support
A crop planted for the purpose of adding nutrients to the soil is called:
A green manure crop
What is a tendril?
A modified leaf
What is a conservation payment?
A payment to reduce production of crops on environmentally sensitive land.
What is a farm?
A plot of land devoted to agriculture and to the raising of crops and livestock
Opium poppy is an example of what type of crop?
A psychoactive crop
Roots that arise from atypical places are:
Adventitous
Chemical inputs became common in agriculture around what time period?
After WWII
What is the belief that farming is the best way of life and the most important economic endeavor?
Agrarianism
What includes all firms engaged in producing, processing, transporting, marketing, and distribution of products in the food and fiber sector?
Agribusiness
What is the primary scientific research agency of the USDA?
Agricultural Research Service
What is the largest use of water in the U.S.?
Agriculture
What is the practice of cultivating land to raise food, feed, or fuel from crops or livestock?
Agriculture
What is the production of crops while sustaining the soil and environment?
Agronomy
What are the two forms of starch?
Amylose and Amylopectin
What is a disaster payment?
An emergency payment when yields are low or nonexistent due to poor conditions.
What is the study of internal tissues and cells of plants?
Anatomy
What is land called that is used or could potentially be used for agriculture?
Arable land
Where are axillary meristems located?
At the nodes
Which are the leading livestock exports from the U.S?
Beef and Pork
What describes the production of energy from biological systems?
Bioenergy crops
What is the flat part of the grass leaf?
Blade
The energy we consume as food is measured in what unit?
Calorie
What are the top countries from which the U.S. imports agricultural products?
Canada and Mexico
The most prevalent nutrients in plant parts and seeds are:
Carbohydrates
What are the compounds in which the sun's energy is captured during photosynthesis?
Carbohydrates
Ruminants, unlike most non-ruminants can digest:
Cellulose
The long-chained glucose polymer important in the structural support of plants is:
Cellulose
Where was corn domesticated?
Central America
Grasses that produce edible grains are called:
Cereal crops
What is corn, wheat, and rice?
Cereal crops
Which of the following is a perfect protein to meet human nutritional needs?
Chicken Eggs
The most consumed fruit in the US is?
Citrus
Why were crops originally domesticated?
Climate change resulted in favorable growing conditions, Human populations were becoming increasing sedentary, Many animal species became extinct.
Is big bluestem a clone or crown former?
Clone former
What connects the blade of a dicot leaf to the stem?
Collar
An example of a sugar crop is:
Corn
The leading crop from ethanol production:
Corn
What is an example of a monoecious plant?
Corn
What are the three sister crops?
Corn, Beans, and Squash
What is an example of a perennial fiber crop?
Cotton
A crop that protects the soil when summer annuals are not present is what?
Cover Crops
What is the waxy covering over the epidermis?
Cuticle
What is a compound found in moldy sweet clover hay that has hemorrhagic properties?
Dicoumarol
Carbohydrates that are composed of two monosaccharides are
Disaccharides
What is the primary byproduct form corn ethanol?
Distiller grains
Norman Borlaug stated that in addition to technology, _________ is needed to fight world hunger.
Distribution
What is adapting or taming of wild species of plants or animals in order to be utilized by humans called?
Domestication
Mesopotamia was an area of land within which region?
East Asia
What food has decreased in consumption by Americans in the past 30 years?
Eggs
Whole grain products include what parts of the grain kernels?
Endosperm, Bran, Germ
What are nutrients from plants and animals used for when consumed by humans?
Energy, structure, metabolism
When refined flours have nutrients put back in they are called:
Enriched
What is the outer protective cell layer on the stem and leaves?
Epidermis
What are the two primary types of seed emergence?
Epigeal and hypogeal
Which plant families are more important agronomically?
Fabaceae and Poaceae
Lipids from animals are solid at room temp are called:
Fats
Where was wheat domesticated?
Fertile Crescent
The USDA has established how many classes of farms?
Five
What are the individual flowers in an inflorescence?
Florets
A crop whose vegetative parts- including stems, leaves, and sometimes seed or grain- are used for livestock feed called what?
Forage
Sucrose is composed of which two compounds?
Fructose and Glucose
A ripened or mature ovary containing the seed or seeds is called:
Fruit
What are involved in precision agriculture?
GPS, Computers, Yield Monitors
What carbohydrates are Monosaccharides?
Galactose, Fructose, Glucose
A scientific name is composed of:
Genus and Species
The first step in the development of a plant from seed is:
Germination
In addition to fructose, what is the other monosaccharide in high fructose corn syrup?
Glucose
Lactose is composed of what?
Glucose and Galactose
The measure of the value of a nation's total production is their ______ ________ ________?
Gross Domestic product
Forages can be what?
Hay or Silage
What classifies countries by their level or well-being on the basis of education, standard of living, and life expectancy?
Human Development Index
What carbohydrates are polysaccharides?
Inulin, starch, cellulose, gylcogen
What are examples of tuber crops?
Irish potato, sweet potato, cassava
What is morphology?
It deals with the form and structure of plants
What is a companion crop?
It is seeded with another crop to provide erosion control, weed control, and insurance against loss of other crops.
What are examples of recreational turf crops?
Kentucky bluegrass and perennial ryegrass
What carbohydrates are Disaccharides?
Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose
The trend in farm size and crop diversity is:
Larger size, less diversity
Where does the most photosynthesis and transpiration occur?
Leaf
What is the Homestead Act of 1862?
Legislation provided a United States citizen that is 21 years or older the right to claim 160 acres of public land. They had to live on it for 5 years and make improvements.
What is it called when one or more essential nutrients are lacking even through caloric intake is sufficient?
Malnutrition
What refers to all the biochemical reactions throughout the body and their regulation?
Metabolism
What are nutrients that are inorganic compounds existing as free ions?
Minerals
Simple sugars that are the basic units of all carbohydrates are known as
Monosaccharides
Potato, jimsonweed, mandrake, and tobacco are members of what family?
Nightshade family
Where was the sunflower domesticated?
North America
What aquifer is one of the largest underground bodies of water, which is being depleted faster than it can recharge due to irrigation in the Plain States?
Ogallala aquifer
Lipids from plants are liquid at room temperature are called:
Oils
Which component should comprise the least amount of a person's diet according to MyPyramid?
Oils
How much of the population is directly involved in farming?
One
What are free range chickens raised on?
Pasture or forage for insects with some supplementation of grains to their diets.
A compound leaf of a dicot is composed of:
Petiole, and blade with leaflets
Complex lipids include:
Phospholipids and steroids
The most consumed vegetable in the US is?
Potatoes
Legumes that are grown for their edible, high-protein seeds are known as..
Pulses
What is the process that makes white flour?
Refining
What food is high in omega-3 fatty acids?
Salmon
What are the three major types of lipids?
Saturated fatty acids, Unsaturated Fatty Acids, Trans fatty acids
What is an area called that is the size of one square mile?
Section
The green leaflike structures at the base of flower petals are:
Sepals
What can fiber be classified as?
Soluble and Insoluble
Rice was first domesticated in which region?
Southern China
The Anasazi lived in what part of the United States?
Southwest
Biodiesel can be produced from:
Soybean
Which two crops lead in exports from the U.S.?
Soybean and Corn
Which two parts are required for a flower to be perfect?
Stamen and pistil
A complete flower is composed of what?
Stamen, pistil, petal, sepal
Which two compounds are most commonly used as a source to produce biofuels?
Starch and Cellulose
What is the primary support system of the plant?
Stem
What is the location of vascular bundles?
Stems and roots of dicot plants
What are the tiny openings in the epidermis that aid in regulating the exchange of water vapor, CO2, and O2 are:
Stomata
What type of agriculture is where crops and livestock were raised for the use of the farmer's family with little to spare?
Subsistence agriculture
Which country did not benefit from the Green Revolution?
Sudan
Which of the following is correct for a township?
T7NR2W
What is the system of organizing all life based on similar genetic or morphological characteristics?
Taxonomy
The trade of crops, livestock, diseases, and people between the New World and Old World after Columbus's voyage to the New World is called what?
The Columbian Exchange
The earliest site of crop and animal domestication occurred where?
The Fertile Crescent
Where are most corn ethanol refineries?
The Midwest
Where are intercalary meristems located?
The base of internodes in grasses
Scientific names use what type of nomenclature system?
The binomial system
What is the location of a apical meristem?
Tip of root or shoot
Which crop did Columbus introduce to Europe?
Tobacco
The production of which crops contributed to slavery?
Tobacco and cotton
Which country pays the least per capita income on food?
United States
When one firm owns several stages of the production of food or fiber, it is called...
Vertical Integration
Which of the following vitamins can be synthesized upon exposer to sunlight?
Vitamin D
What are small organic compounds important for the regulation of metabolism?
Vitamins
The immediate effect of foreign pollen on the development and characteristics of the seed is known as what?
Xenia effect
What make up vascular bundles?
Xylem & Phloem
What are the major classes of plant hormones?
auxins, gibberellins, cytokinin, abscisic acid, ethylene
What are the three types of financial support given to farmers by the USDA?
commodity, disaster, conservation
Which comprises the majority of a whole grain kernel?
endosperm
What are the two most common root types?
fibrous and taproot
What is most likely to be a health risk as a result of obesity?
high blood pressure, diabetes
What is undernutrition?
it is an insufficient number of calories to maintain the daily energy
Areas of actively dividing cells is called:
meristems
What are carbohydrates classified as?
monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What is typically planted on Conservation Reserve Program land?
native grasses
Monocots have how many cotyledons?
one
Which four elements compose 96% of Earth's total mass?
oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon
What is ground tissue composed of?
parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma
What are the two categories of incomplete flowers?
perfect & imperfect
What transports sucrose throughout the plant?
phloem
The atomic number of an element is based on the number of:
protons
What are the three vegetative organs of the body of the plant?
roots, stems, leaves
The most widely grown pulse crop is
soybean
What plant has a symbiotic relationship with rhizobia bacteria?
soybeans
What are examples of small grain crops?
wheat, oats, barely
What transports water and nutrients from the roots to the rest of the plant?
xylem
