Cross Cultural Exam #3

suicide rates and motives

-Lithuania- 1994- 81.9 men and 13.4 women per 100,000- several hundred times higher than Egypt (0.1 mean and 0.0 women) -rates are far lower in Muslim cultures -Mirconesia- 1970s saw a dramatic increase in suicides- young men with no outward signs- strikingly similar cases- possible causes of the increase- change in culture's dominant family structure from a lineage to a nuclear household, loss of employment opportunities, loss of traditional roles for young men as the society was Westernized, and being a part of a tragic series of copycat suicides -rates are also high in many colonized indigenous populations around the world- Canada- First Nations adolescents rate is 5 times higher than mainstream adolescents- one hypothesis- indigenous communities are unable to provide a compelling cultural narrative to which young people can feel connected- one study found that more connections with traditional culture in a community-> lower suicide rates -Japan- Forty-Seven Ronin- 1701- upon being humiliated by a high official of the emperor a feudal lord committed a ritual suicide- seppuku- he killed himself by thrusting a sword into his belly- after his 47 retainers assassinated the official they all committed seppuku

treating mental illness cross-culturally

-Western form of psychotherapy may not work for all -issues with possible stigma associated with acknowledging mental disorders -non-westerners may be focused on their networks, rather than themselves -there can be regional differences within a country as well

Norwegian Fulbright scholars in US

-adjustment pattern shared by many of the scholars -first few months migrants were having a good time during their visit to the US -enjoying new experiences, meeting new people, trying new foods, communicating with people in a foreign language, and feeling the excited (honeymoon phase) -6-18 months- participants typically experience the most negative feelings toward their host culture Culture shock- crisis stage- the feeling of being anxious, helpless, irritable, and generally disoriented and homesick on moving to a new culture -after several months in crisis stage most of the participating scholars in the study started to adjust and began to enjoy their experiences more --U-shaped acculturation curve is not limited to experiences in a foreign country -sojourners can go through the same experience after they return to their home country -reverse culture shock- finding themselves puzzling over why they don't quite feel at home anymore, and feeling somewhat alienated from those around them

Acculturating individuals may move to...

-cultural enclaves in which they speak their original language and keep their old cultural traditions without having to interact with members of their new host culture -homogenous neighborhood where they are the only ones who appear different -move to an environment that actively discriminates against people from their cultural background -move to diverse expatriate neighborhoods primarily consisting of people who have recently migrated from places all over the world

health and ethnicity

-disadvantaged minorities around the world tend to have lower SES and often experience poor health -African Americans have much lower SES than European Americans- helps explain their higher mortality rate -hypertension common among African American men- slightly higher among AA men with college degrees than those with less education -hypertension linked to stress -discrimination and education are positively correlated among AA- might explain higher rates of hypertension among higher education AA men

Kufungisisa

An anxiety and somatic disorder in Zimbabwe believed to be caused by excessive thinking. Variants of this disorder are found in several other cultures of the world.

agonias

An anxiety disorder that can include a wide array of symptoms such as a burning sensation, a loss of breath, hysterical blindness, sleeping disorders, and eating disorders

liget

Anger, passion, and energy Ilongot- Philippines an emotional response to insult, disappointment, or irritation and especially envy when it is stimulated a person can work in the fields all day or climb high in the trees -head-hunting raids

hysteria

Europe- mid 19th century women exhibited symptoms such as fainting, insomnia, sudden paralysis, temporary blindness, loss of appetite for food or sex, and general disagreeableness "great neurosis" discussed since at least ancient Greece Reason for drop in prevalence- patients with hysteria-like symptoms are being diagnosed with other conditions- may have been a response to oppressive norms of Victorian Europe

Psychoanalysis

Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions

Hikikomori

A Japanese word literally meaning "pull away," it is the name of an anxiety disorder common among young adults in Japan. Sufferers isolate themselves from the outside world by staying inside their homes for months or even years at a time. several sociocultural changes: valuing work less because of relative economic comfort, more lenient and overprotective parenting norms, decreased interdependent self-views, and a restructured labor market that has eroded job opportunities -problem most common in eldest sons who have the strongest pressure -symptoms do not match any other set in the DSM-5 -largely unique to Japanese form of psychopathy

what is the argument for why West Africans are more concerned about enemies than North Americans?

North Americans only create relationships if they stand to benefit them, and enemies are not a benefit to them

Which of the following people appears to have kukungisisa?

Person E thinks he has overused his brain by thinking too much and is now experiencing panic attacks and irritability

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do in order to feel better?

Remind herself of her connections with others

the extent to which majority members of host culture value cultural diversity and tolerate cultural differences also predicts the amount of prejudice immigrants experience

Resistance against immigrants- rise of white nationalism in the US, support to Brexit, and growing support for various anti-immigrant political parties around the world can create real challenges for successful acculturation -Mauritius- migrants are more likely to adopt positive attitudes towards the host culture- leading to pursuit of integration or assimilation acculturation strategies

Sanjay is an Indian male who has been in an arranged marriage for 15 years. Sana is an Indian female who has been in a love marriage for more than 10 years. Which person is likely to be happier?

Sanjay

amok

Southeast Asian cultures- sudden outburst of uncontrolled behavior or unrestrained violence, preceded by a period of brooding and ending with exhaustion and amnesia some people who are unable to find culturally sanctioned means to express their frustration ultimately explode in an uncontrollably fit of anger and unresolved tension

how does taijin kyofushou (TKS) differ from anxiety disorder?

TKS involves some imagined physical symptoms not typical in social anxiety disorder

cultural variations in marriage

US has 3 distinct phases in terms of the functions of marriage 1. first decades after the American Revolution of 1765 to 1783- vast majority of Americans supported themselves through herding and farming, and marriages reflected their circumstances- marriages served an institutional purpose- functions- help spouses meet basic needs, including food production, child care, safety, education, elder care, sharing of resources, and shelter 2. second half of the 19th century- US population started moving from rural areas to urban centers- people more likely to engage in wage labor- more division of labor by gender (men outside of the home, women in the home)- marriages became less rule-bound and shifted towards more personal concerns- primary purpose was to help spouses fulfill their psychological and emotional needs for belonging, companionship, love, and passion 3. counterculture movement of 1960s to present- women pursuing higher education, launching their own careers, and were able to take charge of their own lives- marriage became an important vehicle for building self-esteem, personal growth, and a strong identity- people expect partners to satisfy their own emotional and psychological needs more than in the past

Westerners vs. East Asians

Westerners: -interpersonally disengaged emotions feel especially good -subjective well-being is associated with positive feelings -people operate under the implicit theory that opportunities for happiness should be maximized -positive emotions protect against depression -high-arousal positive emotions are preferred For East Asians: -interpersonally engaging emotions feel especially good -subjective well-being is associated with appropriate role behaviors -people operate under implicit theory that a balance between positive and negative emotions and experiences is natural -positive emotions do not necessarily protect against depression -low-arousal positive emotions are preferred

promotion orientation

a concern with advancing oneself and aspiring for gains -American view- individualistic

latah

a condition in which an individual falls into a transient dissociated state in which he or she exhibits unusual behavior after some kind of startling event

Ataques de Nervios

a condition most identified with Puerto Ricans, in which emotionally charged settings, such as funerals or family conflicts, lead to such symptoms as palpitations, numbness, and a sense of heat rising to the head

lactase persistence is an example of gene-culture coevolution because

a cultural practice (dairy farming) was a selection pressure that led to a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations

heritage culture

a culture identified as a person's culture of origin

social anxiety disorder

a fear that one is in danger of acting in an inept and unacceptable manner, and that such behavior will bring disastrous social consequences - evidence that social anxiety disorder is more common among East Asians -some symptoms such as extreme shyness are perceived less negatively in Asian contexts than in Western ones, more culturally normal interdependence has been associated with heightened social anxiety, while independence is associated with less discomfort in social situations

authority ranking

a form of exchange in which goods are divided according to a person's status in the group hierarchical -those with higher rank have prestige and privileges that those of lower-ranking do not- subordinates are often entitled to receive protection and care from those above -military

Taijin Kyofusho

a form of social anxiety common in Japan involving a fear of offending or embarrassing others with one's odor, eye contact, or appearance. "altruistic phobia"

which of the following statements is true? A. European Americans are less susceptible to leading causes of death than Latinos, unless you control for SES, and then Latinos fare better B. If you control for SES, European Americans and African Americans do not differ in their health outcomes C. The health advantages of Latinos over European Americans decrease the longer they live in the US D. The best-supported evidence for the good health of certain groups of Latinos is that only those who were healthy enough to make the long trip migrated to the US E. None of the above

C. The health advantages of Latinos over European Americans decrease the longer they live in the US

bipolar disorder

Characterized by periods of both depression and mania, hyperactive and may experience extreme euphoria and optimism to the point of impairing judgement. rates highest in English-speaking countries- US and New Zealand, lowest in South Asia and East Asia

Cultural consultation service

a group psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers, psychiatric nurses, medical anthropologists, and trainees from various disciplines meet regularly to discuss cases referred to them by therapists who feel they need expert advice when working with multicultural clients -can be prohibitively expensive

multiculturalism and creativity

a key feature of creative insight is the ability to see something from a new and different perspective, and adjusting to life in another culture might make that possible children who are raised with multiple languages perform better on perspective-taking tasks -studies -those who lived in multiple cultures were more likely to come up with outside-of-the-box creative solutions

Frigophobia

a morbid fear of catching a cold, which leads people to dress themselves in heavy coats and scarves even in summer

host culture

a new culture to which a person must acculturate

cognitive behavioral therapy

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior) therapist helps client restructure unhealthy thoughts by identifying dysfunctional biases, then alleviating their negative reactions to certain situations through controlled exposure Carl Rogers

interpersonal attractions

a sampling of body and facial decorations reveals a good deal of cultural variation in what's viewed as attractive

integrative complexity

a willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue -one study found that after living in a new culture for 10 months, people scored higher on a measure of integrative complexity -drawing aliens- those primed to think about adapting to life in another culture or observing another culture drew more creative aliens

research on personality and acculturation reveals that

none of the answers were valid- difficult to draw conclusions

obesity and diet

obesity rates vary- 1.5% Chinese women to 55% of Samoan women key reasons- greater consumption of higher calorie food, larger portion sizes, a sedentary lifFrestyle- excessive amounts of time online or watching TV

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Based on what's known about medical practices around the world, we might expect his French doctor would

recommend vitamins and rest

which of the following is not one of the six basic emotions a. anger, b. surprise, c. disgust, d. sadness, e. shame

shame

Jee-Yeong is a bicultural Korean Canadian who has high bicultural identity integration. Compared with other bicultural Korean Canadians who have low bicultural identity integration, Jee-Yeong

will engage in more frame-switching

consequences of positive and negative emotions

- for Asian cultures pursuing happiness as a reason for decision making is apparently less important than it is for Westerners -one reason Asians might be less interested in positive emotional experiences compared to Westerners is that feeling good might have fewer benefits for them -Dwelling on one's negative emotions, although common in Russia, does not lead Russians to fell more depressed, as it does for Americans. Wallowing in one's negativity does not have the same consequences across culture

Comparison of the two emotion theories

James-Lange theory suggests there are evolutionary origins to emotions- suggests that people in all cultures should have the same emotional experiences- researchers have discovered distinct physiological patterns of emotions that are similar across people from diverse cultural backgrounds two-factor theory- suggests that in addition to the physiological basis, emotions are constructed from the belief systems that shape people's interpretations- people might interpret their physiological signals in different ways across cultures- research reveals important cultural differences in the experience of emotions

Naikan therapy

Japanese indigenous psychotherapy of reflection on how much goodness and love are received from others

Several factors influence strategy

-in general a person will not strive to fit into the host culture if that culture shows a good deal of prejudice toward the individual's own cultural group -people with physical features that distinguish them from the majority in the host culture will probably face more prejudice than people whose physical features let them blend in -physically distant ethnic groups are more likely to maintain negative attitudes toward the host culture and pursue separation or marginalization strategies

basic relational models

-much cultural variation in the extent to which each model operates -market pricing characterizes broader range of American culture today than among the Fore in New Guinea -authority ranking characterizes a greater portion of behaviors in hierarchical class-based societies than in more egalitarian ones and norms for communal sharing are stronger in India than they in the US

moving to a new culture involves psychological adjustment

-new language -learning new interpersonal and social behaviors -getting used to new values -becoming part of a minority group -adjusting one's self-concept *One study found that the longer immigrants spend in a new culture, the more similar their emotional experiences become to those of other people living in that culture *changes can be associated with psychological distress and pain

Other methods of treating mental illness

-one study- indigenous healing practices commonly used in 16 societies- Africa, Asia, South America, the Middle East, and the Caribbean -1st method- family-families shared the problems with the individuals and were the key source of guidance, especially from elder members- Saudi Arabia- much perceived stigma and shame attached to mental and emotional problems, so families shelter a disturbed individual from the outside world -Spiritualism and religion

kinds of emotions

-people with independent and interdependent self-concepts will interpret situations differently- as either providing opportunities to distinguish themselves, or influencing their relationships with others Mexicans were more likely to experience interpersonally engaging emotions than Americans we should also expect common cultural concerns should be associated with the kinds of emotions relevant to those concerns- honor is very important to Turk and maintaining face is essential to the Japanese Olympians describing their reactions to winning- Japanese more likely to discuss relationships when describing their emotions - another study- Americans and japanese who reported feeling a great deal of positive interpersonally engaged emotions- positive feelings in general- Japanese felt especially good when focusing on how their emotional experiences enable them to connect with others, Americans feel good when dwelling on emotional experiences that distinguish them from others

Social Support

-receiving adequate emotional assistance and encouragement has been shown to play a key role in coping with psychological distress and various physical health benefits -European Americans are far more likely than East Asians or Asian Americans to actively seek help from others, such as telling a friend about their problems -East Asians do depend on social support from family members and close friends, however they are more likely than Westerners to rely on implicit support- emotional comfort in their close relationships -North-Americans typically give emotional-focused help, such as encouraging or comforting words, rather than problem-solving support, East-Asians-problem-solving

cultural difference for depression

-social stigma associated with having mental illness- Chinese societies there may be greater social cost in acknowledging a psychological disorder than a physical one clearly plays a role in cultural difference in somatization of depression -people from some cultures tend to notice and focus more on certain symptoms more than other and more than people in other cultures- Westerners pay more attention to their psychological symptoms because they are somehow more meaningful to them than to the Chinese

Globalization of the American Psyche

-spread of some conditions to places where they previously did not exist -Anorexia didn't exist in the same form in Hong Kong prior to the relatively recent importation of the concept of eating disorders, which encouraged both psychiatrists and clients to interpret certain related symptoms in a new light -PTSD wasn't much of a problem in Sri Lanka until 2004 tsunami- Western aid workers insisted the locals must have been suffering from it

evidence for cultural variability in emotions

-the success rates for identifying American-posed faces was better for English speakers than speakers of other Indo-European languages -On average people were about 90% more accurate in judging the facial expressions of people from their own culture than from another culture (about 58% accuracy overall)- therefore there is a large universal component of recognizing facial expression facial expressions and a smaller culturally specific component * the faces are interpreted to indicate similar emotions, but the degree to which each expression is recognized varies -brain imaging reveals a stronger fear response when people look at a fearful facial expressions on people in their own culture, as opposed to foreigners -easier to distinguish whether a person is from the US or Australia or whether a person is Japanese or Japanese American when looking at the face expressing emotion -Europeans recognize facial expression by observing both the eyes and the mouths, whereas East Asians did so by primarily focusing on an area near the eyes

Cross-cultural medical practices

-theories of illness across 186 non Western countries - modern medicine understand many illnesses as emerging from deterioration of organ systems, or from stress or infection- non of the societies view deterioration as a cause- only three thought stress was a cause (ingalik, javanese, and siamese)- Japan was the only one to think that infection was a major cause of illness -other notions- aggressive spirits, witchcraft, sorcery. mystical retributions, and sinful violations of taboos -Azande- West Africa- primary cause of illness- witchcraft- witchcraft through the mind -Traditional Chinese medicine- healthy body is one in which the opposite forces of yin and yang are in balance- imbalances are believed to ultimately lead to illness -France- Terrain- emphasizes how a sense of balance is key to good health by supporting the immune system- hospital stay are relatively long in France- double length of US- bathing habits- more inclined to think that germs and dirt are non-threatening -US- body like a machine- American medicine is known as the most aggressive in the world- more surgical procedures than anywhere else in the world- American doctors are more likely than European countries to search for an external cause for an illness- prescribe more antibiotics

Personal theories on satisfying life

-when participants recalled the previous week the European Americans remembered having a much better week than the Asian Americans did -European American operating under an implicit theory that they should be happy, whereas Asian Americans seem to operate under the theory that emotional experience should be balanced not necessarily upbeat all the time

2 issues critical to the success of anyone's acculturation experience

1. whether people attempt to participate in the larger society of their host culture 2. whether people strive to maintain their own heritage culture and identity as members of that culture

Voodoo Death

A condition in which an individual is convinced that he or she has been cursed or has broken a taboo, which results in a severe level of fear that sometimes leads to death

malgri

A syndrome of territorial anxiety in which an individual grows physically sick, tired, and drowsy when entering the sea or a new territory without engaging in the appropriate ceremonial procedures

equality matching

A type of relational structure based on the idea of balance and reciprocity in which people keep track of what is exchanged, and they are motivated to pay back what has been exchanged in equivalent turns. -car pools, reciprocal dinner invitations, and exchanging Christmas cards

catatonic schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia marked by striking motor disturbances, ranging from muscular rigidity to random motor activity.

paranoid schizophrenia

A type of schizophrenia that is dominated by delusions of persecution along with delusions of grandeur.

when making a choice between an activity that is useful and an activity that is enjoyable,

Asian Canadians are less likely than European Canadians to choose enjoyable tasks

which of the following questions does not represent a problem in defining the characteristics of a psychological disorder? A. When is behavior that interferes with one's life considered a disorder? B. How is the condition, the symptoms, or the behavior being treated- medically or psychotherapy? C. What if a behavior is considered abnormal elsewhere but not in the West? D. If a condition has physical symptoms but does not manifest psychologically, is it a mental disorder? E. All of the above

B. How is the condition, the symptoms, or the behavior being treated- medically or psychotherapy?

which of the following would not be considered universally attractive? a. a person whose face does not have features of abnormal size b. a person with an average-sized body c. a person whose left side of the face is the same as the right side of the face d. a person with blemish-free skin e. all of the above

B. a person with an average sized body

simpatico

In many latin american cultures, people place an emphasis on maintaining harmonious relationships and on making expressive displays of graciousness, hospitality, and congeniality Simpatico- is a highly valued relational style -easygoing, respectful, courteous, and agreeable Latin Americans act in more sociable ways than European Americans- spend a greater portion of their time socializing with others

love marriages

Individual choice, without the need to seek approval, which perhaps is the most common practice among Westerners today, was evident in only 31% of small-scale societies for men and only 8% for women - 1967 American college students- 65% of men would not marry someone they did not love- 24% of women wouldn't Westerners assume love is an individualistic choice -correlation between culture's emphasis on love as the basis of marriage and its divorce rate

Footprints

Laetoli- the earliest evidence of behaviors shared with modern humans- Australopithecines- not quite as bipedal as modern human- big toe more separated from the second toe- more pronounced arch- didn't wear shoes- shoes make your feet narrower and bring the first two toes closer together

one societal feature of a host culture that helps the adjustment of newcomers is the ease with which migrants can be accommodated

Lysgaard- U.S. is a country of immigrants and is one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the world- people from a wide array of backgrounds have come to view the US as their home and have adjusted accordingly -Japan- 98% of people are Japanese- one study found an L-shaped pattern rather than a U-Shape- no adjustment stage

acquired physical variation across culture

Moken- sea nomads in Southeast Asia- spend 7-8 months a year living on small boats in the archipelagos off of Burma, Thailand, and Malaysia- Moken children have more than twice the underwater vision acuity of European children- they gain the ability by regularly participating in the cultural practice of diving for food myopia- nearsightedness- 80-90% of high school graduates in urban areas of east asia and southeast asia have myopia- spending less time outside, exposure to sunlight can be protective against nearsightedness

moral relativism

The belief that there are no absolute truths, and that morality changes with each new situation. -people who lived in multiple cultures were more likely to score higher on a measure of moral relativism and were also more likely to act immorally

French Paradox

The fact that despite eating a cuisine that's rich in fat, French people have low obesity rates and relatively long lifespans -french drink more wine serves to inhibit platelet aggregation- reduces risk of coronary heart disease the french have smaller portion sizes yogurt containers are 80% bigger in the US compared to France- US has 70% more fries at McDonalds

epidemiological paradox

The surprisingly healthy outcomes of Latinos despite their having lower-than-average socioeconomic status -healthy migrant hypothesis- only the healthiest Latinos were able to endure and survive the often taxing and potentially dangerous move to the US -does not equally apply to all Latinos- not for Puerto Ricans -healthy habits- less likely to smoke and drink -cultural factors- Latino communities- high value placed on raising families- emotional support provided by family and community members- unusually high levels of positive emotions

koro

adult males are afraid their penises are going to go back in their bodies China causes tremendous anxiety and terror singapore- rumors that koro would develop after eating inoculated pig meat- hospitals flooded with people with koro symptoms grounded in classical Chinese medicine belief in the imbalance of yin and yang

racial differences

all genetic variability around the world only about 4% of it distinguishes people from different continental races small compared to other species- Chimps- 30% of genetic variability between chimps

separation strategy

an acculturation strategy that involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture while making little or no effort to participate in the host culture

marginalization strategy

an acculturation strategy that involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture or to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture

An example of communal sharing is

an office with a jar of coins, where workers can take or put as many coins as they like

research on facial expressions across cultures indicate that the expressions Americans make for the basic emotions

are recognized much above chance in all cultures studied

market pricing

based on proportionality and ratios -all the features of benefits that are exchanged can be reduced to a single dimension, usually money- similarly to equality matching, however, in market pricing, both sides of exchange usually occur at once, and different kinds of goods can be exchanged

bulimia nervosa

characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating along with inappropriate behaviors to prevent weight gain occurring at least twice a week

anorexia nervosa

characterized by the refusal to maintain a normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, and a denial of the seriousness of abnormally low body weight

Third Culture Kids (TCKs)

children who develop multicultural identities because they grow up in many different cultural contexts (global nomads) first culture of TCK is the heritage culture of their parents second culture is that of the current host culture third culture is that of the expatriate community they are exposed to in the various host cultures -TCKs typically form relationships with each of the cultures they inhabit, yet they don't feel a strong sense of connection to any of them, and often fell a sense of cultural homelessness -commonly report reverse culture shock when they return to their parents' heritage culture -sense of being a minority wherever they go

appealing faces

clear complexion- around the world there appears to be a strong agreement- skin that looks free of blemishes, blotches, sores, and rashes is viewed as more attractive than skin that does not - unconscious preference for traits that are associated with healthy mates are guided by natural selection bilateral symmetry- universally viewed as attractive- indicator of developmental stability - genetic mutations, pollution, pathogens, and stress in the womb can lead to asymmetry preference for bilateral symmetry strongest in hunter-gatherer populations - third characteristic- average faces are better- average in terms of size- less likely to have abnormalities-> reflect genetic health -average Eurasian face and averaged biracial face were judged to be the most attractive of all

how is creativity related to multicultural experiences?

creative people are more likely to have adapted to life in more than one culture

multicultural therapeutic settings

cultural competence 1. necessary for therapists to recognize their own cultural influences, so they can consciously monitor their personal preferences, interpretations, and projections 2. therapists should develop knowledge about the cultural backgrounds of their clients and the kinds of expectations clients may have for the counseling relationship, so their session will be productive and effective -important for the therapist to be flexible about when it appears appropriate to generalize from the client's culture to the mainstream culture and when it appears more appropriate to individualize the client

culture-bound syndrome

cultural concept of distress- a group of psychological symptoms that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors and therefore occur less often, or are manifested in highly diverse ways, in other cultures

Cultural display rules

culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation and how intensely they should be exhibited -example- for some Arab populations- it is dishonorable if a man does not respond to an insult with a great demonstration of anger- The Kaluli of New Guinea tend to show their emotions intensely and dramatically Why do some cultures have display rules that allow for more expressivity?- one explanation involves immigration history- US and Brazil- have high heterogeneous populations of people who have immigrated from a broad range of different cultures South Korea and Greece are more homogeneous people living in more homogeneous societies share such much-accumulated knowledge- heterogeneous do not- have to be more open and precise in their communications in order to be understood

Dhat syndrome

culture-bound syndrome found in India in which men develop intense fears about losing semen Hindus state- semen is a precious commodity feelings of crippling guilt and anxiety about indulging in disapproved acts

prevention orientation

defensive, cautious approach to not losing something -Chinese view- Chinese tend to be more interdependent

Based on the studies of Chinese, if Huang Bo is diagnosed with neurasthenia in China, which of the following Western diagnostic categories might be appropriate?

depression with somatization

schizophrenia

diagnosed based on two or more of the following symptoms: Delusion Hallucinations Disorganized speech Catatonic or grossly disorganized behavior Negative symptoms such as flat affect or loss of speech One of the most debilitating and prevalent mental disorders -the risk is only about 1% for the general population cause is unknown cultural similarity in the manifestation of this disorder cultural variability -development of universal criteria resulted in the exclusion of the majority of the mentally ill patients at each of the centers studied because they did not meet specific diagnostic features variation in subtypes of schizophrenia observed across cultures- paranoid schizophrenia most common in most locations although the proportions differed (75% in the UK, 15% in India) catatonic schizophrenia rarely seen in the West (1-3%) over 20% in India hallucinations- differences across cultures- different meanings in different cultures those with schizophrenia do better in less-developed societies- people in less-developed countries have a more fatalistic attitude and a weaker sense of personal control over their lives= more accepting of people with schizophrenia

The most widespread theory of disease in traditional cultures is that

disease is caused by aggressive spirits, such as ghosts

defining mental health conditions

disorders are usually described as behaviors that are rare and cause some kind of impairment to the individual, although there are many exceptions to this general pattern- example alcohol abuse is a disorder but may not seem rare

physically attractive people in Ghana

do not seem to experience the same benefits as attractive Westerners

genetic variation across populations

each person is genetically unique Skin color- body's ability to synthesis Vitamin D from sunlight- necessary for the intestines to absorb calcium and phosphorus from foods to use for bone growth and repair- body cannot make Vitamin D- skin absorbs UVR, but we can't take too much can cause breakdown of acid- lead to anemia, birth defects, or skin cancer Africa- UVR high-> evolved to have enough melanin or pigment to allow sufficient UVR absorption for Vitamin D but not enough to breakdown folic acid when humans moved to places with lower UVR darker skin was a disadvantage because they couldn't absorb as much Vitamin D-> evolved to have lighter skin Altitude pressure people who live up in the Tibetan Plateau have access to only about 60% of the oxygen that exists at sea level- many people develop altitude sickness- ethnic Tibetans evolved genetic variation that enable them to thrive despite low levels of oxygen

physical height

eating habits have an impact on height- Netherlands on average the Dutch are the tallest in the world genes play a role but are less useful for explaining height differences between cultures and across historical periods -19th century Americans were amongst the tallest in the world, the Dutch were in an economic slump- didn't recover until second half of the 19th century- Average height of the Dutch increased as the average incomes increased *income and height- stable secure income allows a healthier diet, especially around the age when people go through growth spurts such as infancy and adolescence -Korean women are 8 inches taller now than in the 19th century -consumption of dairy products affects height -The average height of Europeans decreased during the Industrial Revolution as people began to move into the cities, population swelled, and daily caloric intake dropped in many places

emotion and language

english has clear labels for all the basic emotions, yet many other languages do not Natyashatra identifies a list of eight basic emotions- list overlaps somewhat with the six universal emotions from Ekman and Friesen- disgust, sadness, anger, and fear, but not happiness and surprise- no overlap for other contenders such as pride, embarrassment, shame, interest, or contempt-- includes 4 that are not typically considered basic emotions: love, amusement, enthusiasm, and wonder not only due available number of emotion words but also because people categorize their feelings in very different ways as well- example Luganda speakers in Uganda do not make a distinction between sorrow and anger -emotions in other languages that have no equivalent in the English language- German- schadenfreude- describing the feeling of pleasure on gets when witnessing the hard times that befall another

the tyranny of the beautiful

enhanced value of attractiveness in high-relational-mobility contexts is evident -westerners physically attractive people have more positive life outcomes than those who are less physically attractive and some of these advantages may seem unfair -essays written by an attractive author are evaluated more positively -the first thing we often learn about someone is their level of physical attractiveness- easier to assume they have other positive features "halo effect" -results of study showed that tyranny of the beautiful was evident in Americans- more attractive Americans were more satisfied with their lives and friendships- Ghanaians- more attractive were less satisfied with their general life outcomes- lower-relational mobility

eating disorders

estimates for prevalence rates in females at American universities were once as high as 19%- current 5-7% binge eating is more common than anorexia- 25% of female students report past or current periods of regular episodes -rates of both anorexia and bulimia increased dramatically over the past 50 years -Denmark eating disorders increased more than a factor of four from the 70s to the 80s -age that people developed eating disorders has become younger over time in areas where starvation is a real threat to people's lives, it does seem hard to imagine how people could manage binge eating and purging- bulimia is a culture syndrome that is largely confined to modern cultures with Western Influences -Anorexia- those in Hong Kong diagnosed with anorexia often don't fear weight gain historical literature on self-starvation- voluntary starvation- 261 Catholics saints were ordained in the Italian peninsula since the 12th century- half refused food- reflected divine intervention- holy anorexia rates of anorexia are increasing globally anorexia could be an existential universal

emotions and facial expressions

facial expression are a way to communicate with others and many other forms of communication depend on what people learn culturally the same faces adults make are made by very young infants including those who were born blind and thus never seen the expression before- suggests facial expressions are part of our biological makeup -One study investigators took thousands of photos of people making six different emotional expressions: happiness, disgust, surprise, sadness, anger, and fear- reduce photo set to those most easily recognized by Americans and then showed to participants from US, Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Japan- people asked to select which set of six emotion terms best matched the feeling of the person in the photo- identified the emotion correctly 80-90% of the photos- findings support a claim for universality **People from different cultures may have learned how those other cultures express emotion through say television or experience with that culture ****SIX BASIC EMOTIONS THAT ARE UNIVERSAL: HAPPINESS, SURPRISE, SADNESS, ANGER, DISGUST, AND FEAR -strong evidence for universality of pride

ritualized displays

facial expressions that are expressed in some cultures but not in others as a function of cultural display rules

income inequality

feeling poor can matter as much as actually being poor relative deprivation- knowing others are doing better than you- can lead to stress and is associated with negative health consequences -wealth of a nation and the life expectancy of its citizens -poorer Americans are doing far worse than wealthier Americans- relationship between income and health, above $30,000 cutoff, is largely a relationship between health and one's income relative to others -countries with less income inequality- life expectancy tends to be longer- Japan has the longest life expectancy in the world- one of the most egalitarian income distributions -homicide rates, mental disorders, illegal drug use, obesity, high school dropout rates, teenage birth rates, and lower status for women- associated with higher income inequality

intimacy

feelings of closeness and connection -Western couples experience a great deal of intimacy, especially in terms of self-disclosure compared to East Asian couples one reason- that people with interdependent self-concept have their intimacy needs met across a larger network of close relationships, and the spouse or partner does not occupy such a central position when people have opportunities to form new relationships (high relational context) its necessary to invest more in their existing relationships if they want them to last and self-disclosure is one way to do that

neurasthenia

first identified in 1869 syndrome of more than 50 symptoms, including fatigue, poor appetite, headaches, insomnia, weakness in the back, hysteria, and an inability to concentrate "the American disease" 87% could have been suffering from some form of clinical depression

relational mobility

freedom to move between relationships in cultural contexts with high relational mobility people have flexible ties with plenty of opportunities to form new relationships- relationships determined by choice- mutually voluntary basis- relationships only happen when people take steps to form them- Latin America, North America, and W Europe- herding communities- North American college students- move away from home and are thus not bound by their past relationships - in an open relationship market- any kind of attributes that can attract potential new relationship partners should be more valued -Americans were more drawn to similar others and felt that they had more chances for starting new relationships than the Japanese did low relational mobility- people have few opportunities to form new relationships and their commitments and obligation to existing ones continue to guide them- relationships are viewed as stable- people do not choose- relationships are perceived to exist naturally regardless of what one does- independent of one's actions- East and SE Asia, North and W Africa, and Middle East- farming communities- societies with severe ecological threats (natural disasters)

attitudes about food

french view eating as a more leisurely a leisurely and enjoyable activity than Americans do -they spend twice as long eating as Americans- savor their food 80% of American females reported eating low-fat products a few times a week- 20% of French women -35% of Americans claim to be healthy eaters- 75% of French

Clarice is a patient in a hospital, and the doctors are hoping to improve her health while she stays there. Which of the following options is an example of something that has been shown to lead to positive health outcomes?

giving her control of visitation hours

Happiness and subjective well-being

happiness used to be seen as largely the result of good luck people in countries where happiness is defined as good luck report feeling less happy than those where luck is not seen as an important part of the definition -use of "happy nation" versus " happy person"- happy nation have steadily dropped whereas happy person has steadily risen- shift for American English to reflect more of an individual's state as opposed to collective

Bjorn is a nonvisible minority member, while Trang is a member of a visible minority. Trang is more likely than Bjorn to

have a separation acculturation strategy

People with a clear, well-defined cultural identity are more likely to

have a strong sense of loyalty their group membership becomes an important source of self-esteem and meaning in their lives

Because Juan Daniel, who is Latin American, scores highly on a measure of simpatico,

he socializes with more people than his European American friends do

arranged marrages

historically a majority of marriages around the world have been arranged by families, rather than by the couples themselves In India more than 90% of marriages are facilitated by parents and other elderly family members- attitudes among young Indians are changing -if a person had the qualities you desired would you marry them if you were not in love with them- 50% of participants from India, Pakistan said yes, more than 80% of Americans, Britons, Australians, and Latin Americans said they would not - larger number of important family members to consider the harder it is to ignore their concerns and follow the passions of the heart --Although many arranged marriages start with no feelings of love, typically husband and wife gradually come to have strong love feelings for each other - people who enter arranged marriages thus usually trust their families to make the right decision for them, taking into account all the parties involved and making a choice based on what seems best for everyone in the long term -studies have found that turkish couples and Israeli couples in arranged marriages were just as in love with their partners as those in love marriages -feelings of love might sometimes grow for those in arranged marriages and decline for those in love marriages, because people have different standards of comparison

variability in ideal affect

ideal affect- the kinds of feeling people desire, or emotions they want to have, so they structure their lives in order to maximize the opportunities for experiencing them Americans- ideal affect includes positive emotions are high in arousal, whereas for most East Asians, ideal affect contains positive feeling that are low in arousal cultural difference can be seen in Christian and Buddhist teaching and practices- high-arousal states were encouraged in Christian texts- low-arousal in Buddhist texts

beautiful bodies

in general, people are not necessarily attracted to people of average weight, height, with average-sized muscles, breasts, hips, and so on- rather bodies considered most attractive are those that depart from the average thin Western ideal is not universal- 'Patterns of Sexual Behavior' 1951- concluded that heavier women were viewed as the most attractive In west Africa the word for "fat" is often considered a compliment, indicating strength and beauty

emotional intensity

in one study Japanese and American participants were asked to report on occasions when they had experienced certain emotions - americans reported feeling emotions longer and more intensely than the japanese did Japanese were about three times more likely than americans to say they had not been feeling any emotions at all in some cultural contexts- expressing intense emotions may make it hard to fit in well with others, particularly an interpersonally disruptive emotion such as anger -Chinese Canadians found the scenarios to be less anger-provoking than European Canadians did when confronted with something that made participants angry- Chinese Canadians' blood pressure returned to normal much more quickly than the European Canadians'

Identity Denial

in which people's cultural identity is questioned because they are not recognized as matching the prototype of the cultural group to which they belong -study of Asian Americans -do you speak English? -actually, you have to be an American to be in this study Following these prompts Asian American were more likely to demonstrate their authentic American identity compared with those who were not confronted with identity-denying statements -Another study found that Asian Americans would actually order less healthy, but more typically American, food when first asked if they spoke English than those who did not have their American identity questioned

assimilation strategy

involves an attempt to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of one's heritage culture

what differentiates the pride expression from the six basic facial expressions?

it involves more than the arrangement and movement of facial expressions

code switching

kind of cultural frame-switching- an essential skill for inner-city children to learn if they are to survive and succeed two diverse cultural contexts- African American children learning to quickly discriminate between the norms and unwritten rules that govern mainstream society and that govern the streets

situated cognition

knowledge is situated within authentic activity, context, and culture -because culture is not uniformly available to all members of society, we can think of culture as information that is embedded into particular networks of ideas and situations

research reveals that, in contrast to Westerners, the preferred kinds of emotions for East Asians are

low-arousal positive state

Clinical diagnoses of social anxiety disorder are

lower among East Asians than among North Americans

two-factor theory

maintained that emotions are based on two factors: psychological responses and the interpretation of those responses -Stanley Schacter and Jerome Singer -believed emotion researchers had neglected to study people's interpretations of their psychological sensations because the earlier studies had never separated the two factors -experiment- first they had to provide the participants with situational cues to guide their interpretation- interpret feelings as euphoria or anger- euphoria questionnaire in a lab with props, confederate whose job was to get them in a giggly, playful mood- Anger questionnaire with a confederate who was supposed to get the participant to join them in frustration and anger Second factor- participants told how a vitamin affected vision- given an injection under one of three conditions- placebo-slaine- truthfully told what it did- epinephrine- informed- told truthfully it would stimulate arousal- third epinephrine- told they would not have any side effects (lie) In the last condition participants should feel arousal, but not know where it came from -strongest emotions experienced by third group- those under euphoria condition explained it as euphoria- those in anger condition explained it as anger

James-Lange Theory

maintains that our body responds to environmental stimuli by preparing us to react in order for survival and our emotions are the bodily cues that signal how we should behave -each emotion word is the description of a different bodily state or process example- embarrassment is the sensation of blood rushing to the face

depression

major depressive disorder (MDD) need at least five of the following nine symptoms for 2 or more weeks: Depressed mood Inability to feel pleasure Change in weight or appetite Sleep problems Psychomotor change Fatigue or loss of energy Feeling worthless or guilty Poor concentration Suicidality lifetime prevalence rates range from 4.9% to 17.1% in the US depression is less commonly diagnosed in some other cultures- China- 1/5th that of the US Nigeria has a rate 4x that of the US Question of universality questioned and complicated not all who are depressed have the same symptoms depressed European Americans often exhibit decreased emotional response, flattening of mood and depressed Asian Americans show exaggerated responses to same emotion-eliciting stimuli Somatization when their symptoms are primarily physical- more common for Chinese and some other East Asian societies for presentation of depression psychologization experiencing symptoms primarily psychologically

cultural influence on the genome

most adults in the world who drink milk develop the symptoms of lactose intolerance because insufficient lactase enzyme in their intestines to digest the lactose sugar- lactase nonpersistence existed in ancestral populations before they left Africa- developed in areas precisely where cows have been domesticated for the longest periods highest genetic diversity in the cattle populations cultural practice of dairy farming which brought with it various nutritional advantages- led to the adaptation of lactase persistence among cattle raising populations growing evidence of gene-culture coevolution and on --the strong selective role culture is playing on the human genome- societies where starch is a dietary staple- people are more likely to have a genetic mutation that increase the amount of amylase protein in their saliva- helps the digestion of starch -yam farming led to more pools of standing water- more malaria-carrying mosquitoes- selective force for changing specific disease resistance

commonality of strategies

most to least 1. integration 2. assimilation/ separation 3. marginalization

varieties of enemies

nature and meaning of friendship can vary - Americans- large number of friendships- more friends than people in other cultures- average social network= 20.76- Hong Kong adults= 13.23- German adults= 12.75 -Americans seem friendly- rather casual attitude towards making friends compared to other cultures -collectivist contexts- important aspect of friendship is giving advice- regardless if the listener wants it -What different cultures think of people with a large number of friends- Ghanaians said that person would be rather foolish- Ghanaians emphasized that friends provide practical support- only a minority of Americans listed this as a feature

friends and enemies

only 26% of Americans reported having any enemies 71% of Ghanaians claimed they were the target of enemies Americans who felt they had enemies were more likely than the Ghanaians to view those enemies as coming from outside their group Ghanaians were more likely to view their enemies as coming from their ingroups- neighbors, friends, or relatives relationships in low-mobility contexts are not always positive- some simply don't get along yet they stay in a relationship even if it's characterized by negative feelings when people in low-mobility contexts have enemies they show more desire to understand them, compared to people in high-mobility contexts who show more desire to just avoid their enemies

residential mobility

people are literally more mobile- they are more likely to change their place of residence Americans are residentially mobile -studies about American college students show -more conditional loyalty - identify with colleges only when they are described positively -more Facebook friends on campus and continue to acquire new ones over time -view their personality traits to be central part of their ID than their group memberships -prefer large national chain store which are wherever they go over local regional stores those who are willing to move have better employment opportunities compared with those who stay near family and don't want to move Nevada- highest rate of residential mobility in the US high mobility place have higher crime rates and less pro-community action

propinquity effect

people are more likely to become friends with people with whom they frequently interact - first- the effect is surprisingly powerful- people generally realize they're more likely to develop relationships with people they see more often, but they probably don't realize just how much the frequency of encounters affects their choice of friends- 45% of all friendships were made among those whose last mane was adjacent to the chooser's name alphabetically- proximity -second- mere exposure effect- the more we're exposed to someone or something, the more we like it, because it becomes familiar- culturally universal

stereotype threat occurs for what reason?

people risk behaving in ways consistent with stereotypes, thereby proving the stereotype and creating a self-fulfilling prophecy

similarity-attraction effect

people tend to be attracted to those who are most like themselves relationship is stronger is both people are similar in attitudes, personality, religion, social background, economic level, and activities --similarity-attraction effect is not as fundamental a psychological process as the mere exposure effect, since it is not found broadly across species - this effect has been studied almost exclusively in Western cultural contexts -study- Canadians showed evidence of the similarity-attraction effect, replicating much past research= they liked the highly similar person more than the dissimilar one- Japanese- less affected by their apparent similarity

immigrants

people who have left the country of their birth to live in another country (permanently)

migrants

people who move from a heritage culture (their original culture) to a host culture (their new culture), including those who intend to stay temporarily and those who intend to move permanently

sojourners

people who move into new cultural contexts for a limited period of time and for a specific purpose, such as for study or business

the findings from acculturation research are less coherent than many other topics. Why?

people's circumstances vary so much that it's hard to identify common patterns

passion

physical attraction and sexual desire -feelings of passion are universal in all romantic relationships they do not play as strong a role everywhere -westerners report higher degrees of passion for their romantic relationships than people from East Asian cultures and relationship satisfaction is based more on feelings of passion among westerners than east Asians passionate love serves as the glue that keeps couples together, and a stronger glue is needed when partners have more opportunities to stray (high relational context)

immigrant paradox

refers to a common finding that children of immigrants have a variety of negative outcomes, such as lower educational achievement and poorer physical and mental health, than their parents. This pattern is paradoxical because children of immigrants are more acculturated, or assimilated, than their immigrant parents --Example of undesirable trait acquired obesity --Latin Americans- adopting smoking and drinking

psychological variables

relationship between SES and health- psychological factors -hostility and pessimism associated with increase risk for illness- low SES neighborhoods- people are more likely to witness delinquent and criminally dangerous behaviors- overall sense of mistrust and cynicism-> health risks among poorer classes -the amount of cognitive overload people can suffer from when their income is inadequate- can undermine decision making and lead to harmful health outcomes- detrimental experiences of poverty have enduring physical consequences- impoverished people are more likely to engage in short-term strategies that can undermine their ability to make better decisions -difficult trade-offs -poor people are less likely to adhere to medical treatment regimens

Morita therapy

represents the action element of Japanese psychology, it teaches people how to accept and coexist with unpleasant feelings • Principle 1: Feelings are not controlled by will • Principle 2: Feelings must be recognized and accepted as they are • Principle 3: Every feeling however unpleasant has its uses • Principle 4: Feelings fade in time, unless restimulated • Principle 5: Feelings can be indirectly influenced by behavior involves periods of isolated bedrest, light manual activities, heavy manual labor, reading Moritist literature, and life training change perspective

Melting Pot vs. Salad Bowl

salad bowl (multicultural)- distinct qualities of immigrant cultures are maintained, while others have an assimilationist or melting pot model- immigrants relate to the dominant culture

Culture and Sleep

sleep- allowing for physical rest and physiological repair, consolidating memories, and clearing products of metabolism from the brain -culture influences variety in sleep times -common to believe sleeping 8 hours straight is the healthiest- this notion is not universal Medieval Europe shows that there were 2 distinct sleep periods- prior to electricity people would go to bed after sunset, wake up in the middle of the night, and then return to sleep- some societies have this today people will revert back to this patter is in a room that goes dark for 14 hours -Japanese and Korean adults sleep one less hour on average per night than French adults -adolescents in a variety of asian countries sleep about 40-60 minutes less than those in North America and 60-120 minutes less than those in Europe -even though Canadians were reportedly getting more sleep they felt more tried than the Japanese

which statement is true about languages around the world

some do not have emotion words that correspond with each of the basic emotions

predicting well-being

subjective well-being- the feeling of being satisfied with one's life in general the nations that score highest on this measure are Scandinavian and Nordic countries, much of latin America, various English-speaking countries, and Western Europe Low- Former Soviet republics and some impoverished countries in Africa and South Asia Factors income level- people who live in countries that provide income opportunities to meet basic daily needs are considerably more satisfied than those who are not Once a country has a GDP of at least 40% of the US- no longer a pronounced relationship between income level and subjective well-being Human rights protection- countries that promote human rights have the happiest citizens -variability- Latin American countries show average scores higher than would be predicted by variables of income level, human rights, and equality factors that predict may be different cross-culturally -people in individualistic societies were far more likely than those in collectivistic societies to base their life satisfaction on how many positive emotions they were experiencing

commitment

the decision to maintain a loving relationship -feelings of commitment are stronger in Asia than in the West and among Asian Canadians who identify with their heritage culture -indicator of relational commitment in a culture is the frequency of divorce- related to degree of individualism -one way commitment is sustained in romantic relationships is by idealizing one's partner- positively distorted views of one's partner should protect one from having to entertain thoughts about their partner's unlovable characteristics -collectivistic cultures people are less likely to view others in terms of their personal dispositions idealizing one's romantic partner should not be very common

cultural fit

the degree to which an individual's personality is more similar to the dominant cultural values in the host culture --Extraversion- people who score high on extraversion are more likely to move to other countries ---Malaysians and Singaporeans who scored high on extraversion demonstrated more signs of psychological well-being while living in New Zealand than those who scored low -English speakers expatriates living in Singapore who scored high on extraversion reported feeling more boredom, frustration, depression, and health problems than those who score low

cultural distance

the difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life

communal sharing

the emphasis, by the members of a group, is on their common identity rather than their idiosyncrasies- every person is treated equally, with the same rights and privileges -resources are pooled- belong to the larger whole for the greater good

bicultural identity integration

the extent to which people see their two cultural identities as compatible or in opposition to each other -some bicultural people integrate aspects of both identities into their everyday lives- high bicultural integration -those who see their two cultures as opposing- Chinese and American identities- feel they can identify with either but not simultaneously

stereotype threat

the fear of behaving in a way that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one's group -one study found that African Americans tend to drop out of school at far greater rates than European Americans, and this trend is apparent even among students who are the most qualified -Stereotypes represent cultural beliefs -Stereotype that African Americans perform poorly on intellectual tasks -Research- several things happen to people in a state of stereotype threat- realizing parallels between their own performance and the stereotype, they experience stress- blood pressure increases and their working memory capacity decreases- can directly influence performance -African American and Europeans American students at Stanford University- test of verbal items from the Graduate Record Examination- they took it once when presented as a psych test and again with a box to indicate race- no race prime nobody's performance was affected- race prime- African Americans did much more poorly -Native Americans- Disney's Pocahontas and Chief Wahoo, and Chief Illiniwek- after viewing images participants completed measures about self-esteem, community esteem, and their own achievement goals- lower on all scales after viewing the images

spiritual conception of mental illness can be seen in the Yoruba of West Africa

the person is viewed as the union of the ara (the body), emi (mind/soul), and ori (inner head), each of which comes into existence by specific gods emi- does not have any personal characteristics and individual's unique qualities come from the ori, which is viewed as a diety when Yoruba want to understand someone's mental afflictions, they use divination to explain what has gone wrong with the person's relationships with the gods

Acculturation

the process in which people who have moved to a new, unfamiliar location learn, and adapt to, a culture that is different from their own

integration strategy

the strategy that involves attempts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of one's heritage culture

Blending

the tendency for bicultural people to show psychological tendencies between those of their two cultures -Study of people of East Asian descent who moved to Canada- North Americans are more likely to express positive aspects about themselves and have higher self-esteem than East Asians- Japanese students self-esteem was significantly higher once they moved to Canada- Canadians who had moved to Japan had lower self esteem

frame-switching

the tendency for bicultural people to switch between different cultural selves -Language- example- Indonesian speakers who move to a predominantly English-speaking country speak Indonesian in Indonesian contexts and English in English contexts- don't speak a blended language -W.E.B. Du Bois claimed that African Americans experienced continual switching between "two souls, two thoughts, two unreconciled strivings, two warring ideals" -one study reasoned that people who are exposed to multiple cultural worlds would have multiple information networks in their thoughts- example Chinese Americans would have information networks regarding Chinese ideas and another regarding American ones- Example thoughts about a fish picture- when primed with American symbols describe fishes behavior less in terms of groups' influence than those in a neutral prime condition- Chinese primes- fish's behavior more in terms of group's influence -Frame switching is especially common among bicultural who were born in North America, compared to those who immigrated

best predictors of acculturation is language ability

there are many similarities between language and culture, and a very good proxy for how familiar a person is with a culture is his or her skill with its language - the easier it is for migrants to learn the language of their host culture, the better they should fare in the acculturation process -Average country scores on Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) --Indo-European languages tend to perform better than those speaking from highly distant language families -Malaysian University- after 3 years- those in Singapore reported having an easier time adjusting than those in New Zealand

the effect if socioeconomic status on physical health

those with the highest SES were more likely to live longer- larger differences due to SES than due to smoking status Mossi and Rimaibe- higher status as conquerors appears to provide them with enough health benefits to more than make up for their greater genetic variability to malaria -health variations tend to be just as large among adjacent SES groups at the higher end of the range -one possibility is that people lower in SES are more likely to have jobs that are hazardous- but still not the explanation

stress and lack of control

when people have severe and chronic amounts of stress in their lives the risk of illness increases 2 reasons 1. chronically stressed people typically engaged in unhealthy behaviors, such as smoking and drinking, in order to cope with the difficulties in their lives 2. chronic severe stress weakens the immune system's ability to fight off infections and respond to other health threats -low-SES individuals are more often on the lookout for potential threats, someone worried about threatening events is more likely to have a higher blood pressure and be at risk for coronary heart disease low levels of control are generally associated with poor physical functioning and an increased likelihood of illness -participants who had been offered opportunities for control ended up requiring fewer medications- rater being better in health -people in higher social positions report feeling more in control

The epidemiological paradox refers to

why Latinos have better health than European Americans

Romantic Love

young humans require such a long period of protective care and socialization they depend on having loving parents to take care of them- parental love- evolutionary origins romantic love and evolutionary origins- children in the ancestral environment would have a better chance surviving with two parents to provide resources and socialization- strong incentives for parents to stay together out of 166 cultures 89% had romantic love- lack of evidence for the other 11% is likely due to ethnographic oversight, rather than genuine absence of love ---HUMAN UNIVERSAL