Cross-Cultural Psychology Midterm

Countries/cultures in which differences are often celebrated and people have a relatively more relaxed attitude toward obeying rules and procedures would be characterized as? a) Low in uncertainty avoidance b) High in power distance c) Collectivistic d) High in restraint

a) Low in uncertainty avoidance

To what does the term "parental ethno-theories" refer? a) Parental cultural belief systems b) Beliefs about racial superiority c) Cultural differences in religiosity d) Cultural similarities in systems of thought

a) Parental cultural belief systems

Regarding platonic love, research by Kaplan and Keys (1997) suggests that _______ and ___________ can exist but their expression is well-monitored and carefully regulated. a) Passion / Sexual attraction b) Sexual intimacy / Emotional attachment c) Fascination / Sexual intimacy d) Sexual attraction / Sexual intimacy

a) Passion / Sexual attraction

Historically, arranged marriages have been very common in China and India. Research by Xiaohe and Whyte (1990) suggested that in China, people in ________ marriages were ________ than people in _________ marriages a) Arranged / Happier / Love b) Love / Happier / Arranged c) Arranged / Older / Love d) Love / Younger / Arranged

b) Love / Happier / Arranged

In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, emphasis is placed on the growth of normal and healthy ____________ development. a) Social b) Personality c) Cognitive d) Physical

b) Personality

According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which of the following levels captures the idea that right and wrong are defined by rewards and punishment? a) Post-conventional level b) Pre-conventional level c) Conventional level d) Anti-conventional level

b) Pre-conventional level

In Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, interconnections between the institutions / entities in the child's microsystem are captured by the ______________. A. Exosystem B. Mesosystem C. Macrosystem D. Monosystem

B. Mesosystem

What do Universalists believe? a) Cultures should be studied independently from one another. b) Cultures can be compared against one another c) Individuals of different cultures should be studied within the context of their culture d) Individuals from different cultures are unique and cannot be compared

B) Cultures can be compared against one another

The term "ethnocentrism" refers to which of the following? A) The inability to differentiate between the self and other B) The tendency to evaluate individuals and groups from different cultures based on the standards of one's own culture C) The tendency to be concerned chiefly with one's own personal profit D) The practice or principle of giving priority to the self over the group

B) The tendency to evaluate individuals and groups from different cultures based on the standards of one's own culture

The process of adapting or emulating the values, beliefs, language, customs, and mannerisms of a foreign culture is known as a) ethnocentrism b) acculturation c) cultural orientation d) enculturation

B. acculturation

According to research by David and Todd (1982), and Monsour and colleagues (1993), which of the following is not a dimension distinguishing romantic vs. platonic relationships? a) Jealousy b) Fascination c) Exclusiveness d) Passion

a) Jealousy

A collection of_______ are known as a______, and may include things such as a prayer rug, book, and the belief in heaven and hell. a) cultural artifacts/ group b) antiques/ cultural complex c) individuals/ cultural d) cultural traits/ cultural groups

D. cultural traits/ cultural traits

According to Kohlberg, moral development occurring during the post-conventional level was reflected by which of the following? a) An emphasis on basic rights and the democratic processes that give everyone a say b) An emphasis on being a good person, with helpful motives towards close others c) An emphasis on obeying laws without question to maintain order in society d) An emphasis on avoiding punishment and receiving rewards

a) An emphasis on basic rights and the democratic processes that give everyone a say

Which of the following is not a method by which Vygotsky suggests teachers can help children learn through the process of scaffolding? a) Providing rewards for correct responses and penalties for incorrect responses b) Providing examples with prompts c) Breaking content into manageable pieces d) Providing opportunities to practice the new information/task

a) Providing rewards for correct responses and penalties for incorrect responses

___________ represent an often formal context in which socialization occurs, whereas informal socialization often takes place via ____________ a) Schools / Peers b) Family / Religious institutions c) Mass media / Family d) Peers / Schools

a) Schools / Peers

Pazda and colleagues (2014) found that women in dating relationships perceived women who wore red (vs. green) as more ___________ and thus engaged in more ___________. a) Sexually receptive / Mate guarding b) Desirable / Welcoming behavior c) Jealous / Promiscuous behavior d) Enticing / Flirting behavior

a) Sexually receptive / Mate guarding

Critics of Erikson's theory suggest that his emphasis on the interaction of biological and social influences reflects a ___________, whereas which particular type of experience is necessary to resolve a conflict and move to the next stage reflects a __________. a) Strength / Weakness b) Weakness / Weakness c) Strength / Strength d) Weakness / Strength

a) Strength / Weakness

Which of the following is not a purpose/consequence linked to rites of passage? a) Symbolizes enhanced cognitive development b) Impacts others' and one's own perceptions of the self c) Enhances an individual's commitment to the group/cause d) Communicates societal and cultural expectations

a) Symbolizes enhanced cognitive development

The following example reflects which system/layer in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model: "A child/adolescent on a sports team is able to attend an international tournament because a local/national news organization sponsored the local team." a) The exosystem b) The macrosystem c) The mesosystem d) The microsystem

a) The exosystem

Research has shown that rites of passage occur ___________, and during __________ of the life cycle. a) Frequently / Only two stages b) Across cultures / Most stages c) Seldomly / The early stages d) Across cultures / Only two stages

b) Across cultures / Most stages

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development suggests that a crisis characterized by "Identity vs. role confusions" is associated with ______________. a) Middle adulthood (40s to 60s) b) Adolescence (teen years into 20s) c) Late adulthood (late 60s and up) d) Young adulthood (20s to early 40s)

b) Adolescence (teen years into 20s)

When examining the process of development, one of the primary goals advocated by the developmental niche model of Super & Harkness, is to _________________. a) Integrate the exogenous elements of society into a cohesive whole b) Adopt the perspective of the child to interpret/understand everyday life c) Integrate prominent cultural artifacts to understand the child's emotions d) Adopt the current societal perspective on best childrearing practices

b) Adopt the perspective of the child to interpret/understand everyday life

Structured groups or contexts in which we learn the values, beliefs, and norms of a given society are referred to as? a) Schemas b) Agents of socialization c) Primary socialization d) Religious institutions

b) Agents of socialization

David was recently hired at Price Waterhouse Cooper and decided to intensively research all aspects of their company culture to help ensure a smooth transition to his new job. This type of socialization is referred to as? a) Guided socialization b) Anticipatory socialization c) Primary socialization d) Resocialization

b) Anticipatory socialization

In Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development, the "more knowledgeable other" facilitates learning by doing what? a) Carefully observing the child's attempts to master a new task b) Attaching meaning to objects, events, and experiences c) Shaming the child when an incorrect response is given d) Encouraging the child to seek the guidance of less developed peers

b) Attaching meaning to objects, events, and experiences

Which of the following is not an example of anticipatory socialization? a) Practicing a new sport before trying out to join the team b) Being told by your new boss that your clothing is not appropriate c) Reading the policies of your new employer on the internet before starting the job d) Buying new clothes and music that matches the interests of the group you want to join

b) Being told by your new boss that your clothing is not appropriate

According to research by Moghaddam et al., (1993), when choosing a mate, non-western cultures tend to prioritize __________, whereas western cultures emphasize __________. a) Physical attractiveness / Family values b) Concerns of family / Freedom of choice c) Freedom of choice / Physical attractiveness d) Family values / Maintaining traditions

b) Concerns of family / Freedom of choice

In a broad sense, the tendency to think, feel, or behave in a way that is culturally determined refers to what? a) Acculturation b) Cultural orientation c) Collectivism d) Ethnocentrism

b) Cultural orientation

One of the weaknesses in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological model is that it _________ what constitutes ____________ a) Specifies / Direct contact b) Does not specify / Direct contact c) Describes / Interrelationships between systems d) Does not consider / Development

b) Does not specify / Direct contact

Erikson's theory proposed ________ stages of psychosocial development, each of which contained a _________ that must be resolved before successfully moving to the next stage. a) Ten / Puzzle b) Eight / Crisis c) Nine / Dilemma d) Seven / Problem

b) Eight / Crisis

Observable behaviors, rituals, symbols, and artifacts reflect the __________ elements of culture, whereas values, norms, attitudes, and beliefs reflect ___________ culture. a) Implicit / Core b) Explicit / Implicit c) Core / Explicit d) Implicit / Explicit

b) Explicit / Implicit

Which of the following is not true with regard to the key concepts in Piaget's theory? a) The order of stages does not change but the age and time per stage can change b) Four stages of development based on active and passive accommodation c) Progressively more complex cognitive mechanisms at each developmental stage d) Learning is an active vs. passive process of construction

b) Four stages of development based on active and passive accommodation

The name given to the cognitive bias whereby a salient feature of a particular person, item, or phenomenon colors our perception of it as a whole? a) False-consensus effect b) Halo-effect c) Confirmation bias d) Overconfidence effect

b) Halo-effect

Markus and Kitayama (1991) suggest that within _________ cultures, the disappearance of love is a sufficient reason to terminate marriage, which may contribute to ___________. a) Individualistic / Enhanced wealth b) Individualistic / Low fertility rates c) Collectivistic / Increased economic consumption d) Collectivistic / Arranged marriages

b) Individualistic / Low fertility rates

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural theory of development, __________ plays a major role in the process of learning. a) The use of technology b) Language, particularly self-talk c) The use of discipline d) Exposure to cultural trends

b) Language, particularly self-talk

Research by Chisholm (1983) suggested that one reason Navajo mothers strapped infants to a cradleboard was to ___________________. a) Enhance self-control once the child reached adolescence b) Regulate physiological responsiveness (arousal/sleep) c) Ensure the physical safety of their child d) Train the infant to become reliant on elders for food and protection

b) Regulate physiological responsiveness (arousal/sleep)

The principle of conservation suggests that the basic properties of an object ________ even if the physical appearance of an object ___________ a) Changes / Remains the same b) Remain the same / Changes c) Vary / Does not vary d) Adapt / Remain the same

b) Remain the same / Changes

Elements of implicit culture might include _______________, whereas explicit culture is represented by such things as ________________. a) Clothing/Gestures, Values/Norms b) Roles/Beliefs, Music/Hairstyle c) Jewelry/Norms, Beliefs/Clothing d) Values/Sculptures, Theater/Beliefs

b) Roles/Beliefs, Music/Hairstyle

Jankowiak and Fisher (1992) investigated whether romantic love is a western conceptualization and concluded that... a) Romantic love exists primarily in Western societies b) Romantic love is nearly universal c) Romantic love is a relatively new phenomenon created by Western society d) Romantic love has existed across time, cultures, and is 100% universal

b) Romantic love is nearly universal

During which stage in Piaget's theory of cognitive development do children learn the principle of object permanence? a) Preoperational b) Sensorimotor c) Formal operational d) Concrete operational

b) Sensorimotor

In Piaget's theory, the period from birth to 2 years is referred to as the ____________ stage, whereas the period from 7 - 12 years of age is referred to as the ____________ stage. a) Concrete operational / Formal operational b) Sensorimotor / Concrete operational c) Sensorimotor / Preoperational d) Preoperational / Formal operational

b) Sensorimotor / Concrete operational

Research by Elliot and Niesta (2008) revealed that males perceived females as more _______ and ________ when wearing a red vs. blue shirt. a) Intelligent / Attractive b) Sexually desirable / Attractive c) Likeable / Sexually desirable d) Attractive / Intelligent

b) Sexually desirable / Attractive

Research by Hill and colleagues (2012) found that during times of economic distress, women tended to _________________. a) Decrease their frequency of travel b) Spend more money on beauty products c) Adopt serial-dating strategies d) Increase their food consumption

b) Spend more money on beauty products

Which of the following is not an example of a rite of passage? a) College graduation b) Starting a new job c) Bar Mitzvah d) Getting married

b) Starting a new job

According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, which of the following is not part of a child's mesosystem? a) The family doctor b) The parent's workplace c) The child's peers d) The child's school

b) The parent's workplace

Schmitt (2006; 2009) found cultural differences in emotional investment, such that people from _____ were ______ on this dimension, whereas people from ______ were the ______. a) Hong Kong, Japan / Highest / United States, Slovenia / Lowest b) United States, Slovenia / Highest / Hong Kong, Japan / Lowest c) Germany, Spain / Highest / United States, Australia / Lowest d) United States, Australia / Highest / Germany, Spain / Lowest

b) United States, Slovenia / Highest / Hong Kong, Japan / Lowest

According to Super & Harkness, which of the following is not a component of the developmental niche? a) The psychology of the child's caretaker b) A child's physical and social settings c) A child's interactions with their exosystem d) Customs of child care and child-rearing

c) A child's interactions with their exosystem

According to Vygotsky, the "zone of proximal development" includes those tasks that... a) A person cannot do even with help b) A person can do on their own c) A person can do with another's help d) A person cannot do with another's help

c) A person can do with another's help

Which of the following is one feature of cognitive development that Piaget suggests emerges during the formal operation stage? a) Object permanence b) Inductive reasoning c) Abstract reasoning d) Principle of conservation

c) Abstract reasoning

According to Piaget, on which two processes do cognitive development and the ability to adapt to the environment depend? a) Accreditation / Accommodation b) Alliteration / Accreditation c) Accommodation / Assimilation d) Assimilation / Alliteration

c) Accommodation / Assimilation

The developmental niche framework can also be used to examining the developmental consequences of the interplay between ________ and different elements of their ________. a) Cultures / History b) Children / Language c) Adults / Environment d) Adolescents / Dreams

c) Adults / Environment

Regarding attitudes about love, Guerrero (1994) found that _______ tended to be more _______________ in love relationships compared to ________. a) Americans / Jealous / Chinese b) Europeans / Protective / Americans c) Chinese / Friendship-oriented / Europeans d) Americans / Status-oriented / Germans

c) Chinese / Friendship-oriented / Europeans

Which of the following is not a broad goal held by most cultural psychologists? a) Integrating research b) Investigating cultural differences c) Developing new statistical techniques d) Testing the generalizability of theories

c) Developing new statistical techniques

Piaget suggests that development is a __________ process of __________ to the demands of _______________. a) Static / Assimilating / One's parents b) Dyadic / Accommodating / Culture c) Dynamic / Adapting / The environment d) Reoccurring / Adjusting / Society

c) Dynamic / Adapting / The environment

In which of Erikson's life stages does he suggest that the crisis people face is that of intimacy vs. isolation? a) Adolescence b) Late adulthood c) Early and middle adulthood d) Childhood

c) Early and middle adulthood

According to Piaget, the point at which a child's existing mode of thought and schemes are adequate for confronting / adapting to environmental challenges is referred to as what? a) A schema b) Accommodation c) Equilibrium d) Equipoise

c) Equilibrium

Ashley's family has taken in an exchange student. She continuously judges this student's actions. For example, this student will take a nap after school, and Ashley believes that it would be better for her to work like normal 17 year olds in the U.S. This is an example of: a) Universalism b) Relativism c) Ethnocentrism d) Generalizability

c) Ethnocentrism

According to survey data conducted by Fitrated.com, both males/females of heterosexual and homosexual orientation rated the ___________ as the most attractive facial feature. a) Nose b) Cheekbones c) Eyes d) Eyebrows

c) Eyes

Erikson's theory suggests that successfully resolving a crisis in any of the stages results in a ________________, whereas unsuccessful resolution leads to _____________. a) More developed worldview / Depression b) Healthy personality / Cognitive decline c) Healthy personality / Maladjustment d) Inflated ego / Depression

c) Healthy personality / Maladjustment

Whereas women who wear red tend to be perceived as more physically attractive, men who wear red tend to be perceived as _____________. a) Unattractive b) More intelligent c) Higher status d) Having a warm personality

c) Higher status

The degree of interdependence a society encourages and / or maintains among its members is captured by which dimension in Hofstede's model? a) Masculinity vs. femininity b) Long-term vs. short-term orientation c) Individualism vs. Collectivism d) Gender equality vs. inequality

c) Individualism vs. Collectivism

More lenient sexual norms are typically observed in ___________ countries/cultures, whereas controlling one's behavior and emotions are typically observed in _________ countries/cultures. a) Collectivistic / Individualistic b) High power / Low power c) Indulgent / Restrained d) High uncertainty avoidance / Low uncertainty avoidance

c) Indulgent / Restrained

Kohlberg suggested that each stage in his model represented a more sophisticated view of _____________ and normative ___________ principles. a) Justice / Cultural b) Development / Judicial c) Justice / Moral d) Culture / Moral

c) Justice / Moral

Socialization is the _________ process by which we learn and internalize that values, beliefs and norms of a society in order to function as a ______________ of society. a) Intrinsic / Guided member b) Reciprocal / Sincere member c) Lifelong / Productive member d) Internal / Integral member

c) Lifelong / Productive member

What is the name given to the phenomenon that suggests we tend to prefer thing to which are frequently exposed? a) Similarity-bias effect b) Frequency-effect c) Mere-exposure effect d) Familiarity-consensus effect

c) Mere-exposure effect

Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model considers institutions / entities within the _________ as exerting influence on the developing child via direct contact, whereas institutions / entities within the ____________ influence the child via more indirect contact. a) Microsystem / Chronosystem b) Macrosystem / Exosystem c) Microsystem / Exosystem d) Macrosystem / Microsystem

c) Microsystem / Exosystem

Which of the following is the correct order of the 5 environmental systems described in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model? a) Macrosystem, Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Chronosystem b) Microsystem, Macrosystem, Exosystem, Mesosystem, Chronosystem c) Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem d) Microsystem, Macrosystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Chronosystem

c) Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

Which of the following is considered to be the dominant socializing agent from high school age through adolescence? a) Schools b) Family and relatives c) Peers (friends) d) Religious institutions

c) Peers (friends)

Research has shown that within individual-oriented cultures such as Germany, children experienced greater feelings of ______ when their parents demanded that they ________. a) Self-esteem / Conform with society b) Rejection / Express their individuality c) Rejection / Conform with society d) Self-esteem / Express their individuality

c) Rejection / Conform with society

The six value dimensions proposed by Hofstede reflect __________ differences in how cultures tend to operate, and should be viewed as a __________. a) Fixed / Dichotomy b) Continuous / Dichotomy c) Relative / Continuum d) Fixed / Continuum

c) Relative / Continuum

A ceremony and/or ritual that symbolically recognizes an individual's transition from one status to another is known as a _______________. a) Anticipatory socialization b) Initiation rite c) Rite of passage d) Transitory phase

c) Rite of passage

Super & Harkness describe the development niche as reflecting what? a) Personality traits present in infancy b) A child's process of thinking about themselves and the world around them c) The combined features of a child's habitat/environment d) The idea of a conflict at each stage of development that must be resolved in order to move onto the next stage

c) The combined features of a child's habitat/environment

Which of the following is not true regarding the family as the primary agent of socialization? a) Parents use positive/negative sanctions to help teach right/wrong b) Birth order of the child can influence the socialization process within the family c) The family remains the primary agent of socialization throughout adolescence d) The number of children in a family can influence the socialization process

c) The family remains the primary agent of socialization throughout adolescence

The following example reflects which system/layer in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model: "A child/adolescent may be withdrawn from his/her peers at school because they feel unloved or unappreciated at home. a) The exosystem b) The macrosystem c) The mesosystem d) The microsystem

c) The mesosystem

Which of the following is not true about attractive people? a) They typically receive higher wages b) They elicit higher rates of compliance (donation behavior) c) They are more educated than relatively unattractive people d) They are more likely to avoid incarceration and receive lighter prison sentences

c) They are more educated than relatively unattractive people

When interpreting cross-cultural differences in the work environment, which of Hofstede's five cultural dimensions best describes cultures that value interpersonal contact, gender equality, and group decision making in the work-place? a) Cultures with low power distance b)Individualistic societies c)Feminine cultures d)High uncertainty avoidance cultures

c)Feminine cultures

In Piaget's theory, an organized pattern of thought or action to make sense of people /objects/events in relation to the self and the world is known as what? a) Deductive reasoning b) Assimilation and accommodation c) The principle of conservation d) A cognitive scheme

d) A cognitive scheme

Research by Swami and colleagues (2010) found wide agreement across cultures in terms of which body type is perceived as most attractive. The researchers suggested this indicates... a) Every culture has attractive individuals b) A universal preference for individuals with athletic physiques c) Individuals evolved to favor physical cues that reflect the ability to provide security d) Attraction is based on evolutionary cues that reflect good health

d) Attraction is based on evolutionary cues that reflect good health

In thinking of the zone of proximal development, Vygotsky suggests that tasks perceived as too simple are likely to elicit ______, whereas tasks perceived as too difficult may elicit _______. a) Excitement / Boredom b) Pleasure / Displeasure c) Irritation / Joy d) Boredom / Frustration

d) Boredom / Frustration

According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, what is an example of the exosystem? a) The family doctor b) School c) Places of worship d) Community health and welfare services

d) Community health and welfare services

The cultural dimensions proposed by Hofstede provide a ______________ that can help organize societies into categories in order to identify similarities/differences between them. a) Theory b) Baseline c) Set of predictions d) Conceptual framework

d) Conceptual framework

Identifying similarities and differences in developmental processes and outcomes, as expressed by the behavior of individuals and groups, is captured by the study of: a) Cognitive-behaviorism b) Lifespan development c) Cultural appropriation d) Cross-cultural human development

d) Cross-cultural human development

According to Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model, the ________ refers to the structures and institutions with which the child does not have direct contact. a) Microsystem b) Macrosystem c) Mesosystem d) Exosystem

d) Exosystem

Which of the following dimensions is not included in the model proposed by Hofstede? a) Indulgence vs. restraint b) Power distance: high vs. low c) Uncertainty avoidance: high vs. low d) Gender equality: high vs. low

d) Gender equality: high vs. low

The bidirectional relationship that characterizes the process by which children actively participate in their own socialization is referred to as? a) Reciprocal socialization b) Primary socialization c) Cultural socialization d) Guided socialization

d) Guided socialization

Learning that occurs without a designated instructor and in unstructured settings is referred as _______, whereas learning that occurs within highly structured settings with a designated instructor is referred to as ________. a) Casual / Strict b) Informal / Rigid c) Formal / Casual d) Informal / Formal

d) Informal / Formal

Research suggests that romantic love does have some evolutionary benefits. Which of the following is not a benefit of romantic love? a) It can promote survival by enhancing protection b) It can promote reproduction and the continuation of one's genetic material c) It can reduce mortality rates and increase happiness d) It can reduce miscommunication and improve perspective-taking

d) It can reduce miscommunication and improve perspective-taking

Research by Gardiner (2018) and Yang & Han, (2002) suggested that co-sleeping was the norm among _______ mothers until their child was 6 years old, whereas _______ mothers encouraged autonomy by giving infants their own room at a much earlier age. a) Kenyan / Japanese b) Chinese / American c) American / German d) Japanese / American

d) Japanese / American

Research by Albert & Trommsdorff (2014) revealed that _________ mothers emphasized the importance of harmonious relationships, cooperation, and empathy, whereas ______ mothers emphasized the importance of developing independence, individuality, and autonomy. a) American / German b) German / Chinese c) Chinese / Japanese d) Japanese / German

d) Japanese / German

Countries/cultures in which employees are often consulted when making decisions are characterized as: ____________. a) Gender neutral b) Long-term oriented c)High in uncertainty-avoidance d) Low in power distance

d) Low in power distance

Which of the following is not a criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development? a) Kohlberg based his conclusions on a sample consisting only of males b) There are more aspects of moral reasoning to consider beyond justice c) Kohlberg's theory suggests that certain kinds of moral reasoning are superior d) Moral reasoning develops alongside cognitive development

d) Moral reasoning develops alongside cognitive development

According to Super & Harkness, a child's developmental niche consists of: a) Social setting of caretakers, psychology of environment, customs of daily life b) Ecological Setting, Psychology of peer group members,Developmental expectations c) Psychology of culture, Physical/social settings of daily life, customs of child care d) Physical/social settings of daily life, psychology of caregivers, customs of child care

d) Physical/social settings of daily life, psychology of caregivers, customs of child care

The term given to the process whereby a person is taught new attitudes, values, and behaviors that help smoothen the transition after moving from one social role to another? a) Cultural appropriation b) Anticipatory socialization c) Guided socialization d) Resocialization

d) Resocialization

Which of the following reflects the correct order of Piaget's four stages of cognitive development? a) Formal operational / Sensorimotor / Preoperational / Concrete operational b) Sensorimotor / Formal operational / Concrete operational / Preoperational c) Preoperational / Concrete operational / Formal operational / Sensorimotor d) Sensorimotor / Preoperational / Concrete operational / Formal operational

d) Sensorimotor / Preoperational / Concrete operational / Formal operational

Which system in Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model captures the idea that development is influenced by the values, traditions, attitudes, and laws of one's country? a) The chronosystem b) The exosystem c) The mesosystem d) The macrosystem

d) The macrosystem

Which of the following is a criticism levied by Francis (2013) against the research conducted by Elliot and Niesta (2009)? a) Their studies had too much power b) The generalizability of their results had not been thoroughly tested c) Their measures lacked content validity d) They likely made a Type 1 error (rejected the null hypothesis when it was true)

d) They likely made a Type 1 error (rejected the null hypothesis when it was true)

Research by Ingersoll-Dayton and colleagues (1996) suggested that couples from ________ tend to start their marriage with a relatively _______ level of intimacy, whereas intimacy tends to develop later for those couples from _________. a) Japan / Low / United States b) United States / Low / Japan c) Japan / High / United States d) United States / High / Japan

d) United States / High / Japan

Which term is not used to refer to the potential outcomes experienced by an individual from a minority culture after making contact with (e.g., immigrating) the dominant culture? a) Integrated b) Assimilated c) Marginalized d) Habituated

d) habituated

Which of the following is not a characteristic of Individualistic cultures? a) People in these cultures focus more on their own self-interest. b) People in these cultures highly value personal autonomy and independence. c) People in these cultures are known for taking initiative. d) People in these cultures tend to seek the approval of their family or group.

d) people in these cultures tend to seek the approval of their family or group.