cross cultural test 2

with which of the following is a low context culture most closely associated? -implicit communication -incremental theory of the world -explicit communication -entity theory of the self

explicit communication

low context culture

culture in which there is relatively less consensual informations hared among individuals, so that people need to rely heavily on explicit communication.

high context culture

cultures in which there is much consensual information shared among individuals, so that much can be understood without it needing to explicitly stated

taxonomic categorization

the stimuli are grouped according to the perceived similarity in their attributes.

thematic categorization

the stimuli are grouped together on the basis of causal, temporal, or spatial relationships among them.

Contrasting the attributions made by Indians and Americans in research by Joan Miller reveals all of the following EXCEPT -cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults. -Indian adults show evidence for a reverse fundamental attribution error. -Indians become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older. -Americans do not become increasingly likely to make situational attributions as they get older.

cultural differences in attributions are evident in young children as well as in adults.

associative reasoning

making decisions of categorization based on how similar the events appear to each other

As a Moritist practitioner, you want to raise the popularity of your therapeutic approach by teaching others about it. In your lectures to others, you are most likely to say, -"It is important that clients see how much kindness they have received from those around them." -"It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence." -"Clients will benefit from being empowered to engage in primary control." -"Ultimately, our goal is always to help clients get rid of their symptoms."

"It is important that clients see their symptoms as an important part of their own existence."

According to the textbook, which of the following patients with schizophrenia is going to have the best outcome? -Malcolm, who has paranoid schizophrenia -Jordan, who lives by himself in a developed society -Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society -Vanness, who lives with his family in a developed society

Latiri, who lives with her family in an undeveloped society

Which of the following is an example of someone defining emotions using the James-Lange theory of emotions? -Ryan thinks he is in love with Cheryl because she makes him happy every time he sees her. -Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool. -Ryan thinks he is happy because it is one of the basic emotions. -Ryan thinks he feels sadness because his long-time pet had just passed away.

Ryan thinks he feels excitement because his heart was racing after having held his breath for a minute while under water in the pool.

field dependence

ability to view objects as bound to their backgrounds

Which one does not belong: a human, a giraffe, and a car? -analytic thinker: giraffe; holistic thinker: human -analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe -analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: car -analytic thinker: human; holistic thinker: car

analytic thinker: car; holistic thinker: giraffe

Schacter and Singer's study of emotions found that people -sense clear physiological indicators of anger but not of euphoria. -attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations. -who took epinephrine felt the strongest emotions. -with independent views of self attend more to their bodily sensations than those with interdependent views of self.

attend to situational cues to interpret their bodily sensations.

analytic thinking

characterized by a focus on objects and their attributes

holistic thinking

characterized by an orientation to the context as a whole.

when it comes to analytic reasoning tasks, East Asians -are usually unable to solve them -typically provide holistic answers -choose family resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments -on average, have much difficulty them relative to westerners

choose family resemblance responses if there is a conflict between rule and similarity-based judgments

You are walking with your friend when both of you see a person on the street trip and fall. You think that a person is a clumsy person, but your friend thinks the person was distracted by something across the street. In this situation, which of the following more accurately captures what you are engaging in? -an argument -dispositional attribution -inferential judgment -conclusion making

dispositional attribution

rule based reasoning

making decision of categorization based on whether the categories follow a fixed rule

situational attributions

explaining people's behavior in terms of contextual variables.

dispositional attributions

explaining people's behavior in terms of their inner qualities, such as personality traits.

Just for fun, Mary decided to tape the corners of her mouth so that she would appear to be smiling for the duration of that day. According to the facial feedback hypothesis, which of the following emotions is Mary most likely to experience as a result? -happiness -sadness -disgust -anger

happiness

Pierre visited his doctor because he had been feeling sick for some time. Given what we learned about medical practices around the world, we might expect that his French doctor would -recommend surgery. -prescribe high dosages of pharmaceuticals. -recommend vitamins and rest. -recommend that he avoid germs.

recommend vitamins and rest.

Jeeyoung is an East Asian student who is going through a tough time. Given her emotional situation, which of the following is she most likely to do to make herself feel better? -seek the help of her close friends -seek professional help -remind herself of her connections with others -introspect and solve the problems herself

remind herself of her connections with others

Whorfian hypothesis

strong form: the words that are available to people determine how they think. Weak form: the words that are available to people influence how they think.

Which of the following examples best illustrates culture-gene coevolution? -The average height of a country has increased within a year due to an influx of very tall immigrants, carrying with them their genes for height. -A population lives in a very cold climate that has constant snowstorms. This leads the population to develop a genetic mutation that causes people to have a lot of body fat to keep warm. -A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin. -A population could not bury its dead because the climate was too cold, making the ground too hard to dig. This led the population to develop a funeral ritual of offering its dead to the animals.

A population began farming a healthier strain of rice, but it contains a mild toxin. This led the population to develop a genetic mutation that allows people to safely digest the toxin.

Which of the following is the best example of the "salmon bias"? -People tend to congregate close to their heritage cultures due to familiarity and a need for social connection. -Bears on the West Coast of North America have a preference for Pacific salmon more than bears on the East Coast of North America. -An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days. -Salmon tend to congregate in the places where they spawned.

An immigrant grandmother has been diagnosed with terminal cancer and decides to head back to her home country to live out her last days.

When comparing Minako, a Japanese person, with Erica, an American, which of the following will likely be true? -Compared to Minako, Erica will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder. -Minako will be more likely to develop social anxiety disorder than Erica. -Minako will develop taijin kyofusho. -Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

Compared to Erica, Minako will not be treated as negatively by others if she shows certain symptoms of social anxiety to her compatriots.

Which of the following examples most accurately portrays research on cultural differences in communication style? -Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail. -Hamada and Matsumoto, who are both Japanese, communicate with each other only by complimenting each other and do not criticize each other. -Yamazaki, who is Japanese, much prefers to communicate with his friends by writing, more so than his American friend, Claudia. -Eric, who is American, is more likely to speak in an indirect, roundabout way with his friends than is Itao, who is Japanese.

Endo, who is Japanese, cannot reach his friend, Tanaka, because Tanaka's cell phone is off, but Endo has great difficulty leaving messages on Tanaka's voice mail.

A researcher asks a participant to organize a series of pictures in temporal sequence. The person organizes the pictures so that the temporal sequence goes from right to left. Which of the following most likely describes the participant? -He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north. -He is facing south and conceptualizes time as going from east to west. -His mother language has a writing system that goes from left to right. -He sees time as going from south to north, and is currently facing west.

He conceptualizes time as going from east to west, and is facing north.

As discussed in the textbook, which of the following questions does NOT represent a difficulty with defining what constitutes a psychological disorder? -What if a behavior is considered abnormal elsewhere but not in the West? -What if a condition does not manifest psychologically? -When does one consider a behavior that interferes with one's life a disorder? -How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

How is the particular condition in question being treated—medically or psychotherapeutically?

As an American exchange student in Japan, Michael is trying to understand the cultural differences that he is noticing. In particular, he finds that his new Japanese friend, Michiru, has very different emotional experiences than his European-American friends back home. Based on research regarding cultural differences in emotional experiences, which of the following is the likeliest difference for him to notice? -His European-American friends experience both shame and anger more than Michiru. -Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect. -Michiru experiences a broader range of emotions than his European-American friends. -Michiru experiences more respect than his European-American friends.

Michiru feels better than his European-American friends when he is experiencing respect.

When comparing Morita therapy and Naikan therapy, which of the following is true? -Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not. -Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Morita therapy encourages one to exercise pri-mary control. -Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy encourages one to exercise pri-mary control. -Naikan therapy is more difficult and more expensive than Morita therapy due to different demands on the therapist.

Morita therapy encourages one to exercise secondary control, whereas Naikan therapy does not.

Cross-cultural comparisons of obesity rates reflect that -None of these statements is correct. -obesity rates are unrelated to a country's GDP. -obesity is largely the result of genetics. -cultural differences in obesity are largely a product of the percentage of fat in diets.

None of these statements is correct.

Stephen and Jon are both diagnosed with a form of anxiety disorder. The difference between them is that Stephen's primary symptoms are feeling anxious, mood fluctuations, and other mental issues. Jon's symptoms, on the other hand, are dis-comfort in the chest, headaches, and diarrhea. Which of the following best explains the differences in the symptoms that the two are suffering? -Stephen is concerned about how others might see him, while Jon is not. -Jon's anxiety disorder is less severe than Stephen's. -Jon's anxiety disorder is more severe than Stephen's. -Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Stephen is going through psychologization, whereas Jon is experiencing somatization.

Which of the following statements is true? -The best-supported evidence for the positive health outcomes for Hispanic-Americans is that only Hispanics who were healthy enough to make the long trip to the United States migrated there. -European-Americans have better outcomes for the leading causes of death than Hispanic-Americans, unless you control for socioeconomic status, and then Hispanic-Americans fare better. -The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States. -If you control for socioeconomic status, European-Americans and African Americans do not differ in their health out-comes.

The health advantages of Hispanic-Americans over European-Americans decrease the longer that they have lived in the United States.

Which of the following therapists is most accurately being described as demonstrating cultural competence? -Therapist B works as part of a cultural consultation service. -Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients. -Therapist A is well trained in the cultural perspectives of different cultures. -Therapist D is a practitioner of both Morita therapy and Naikan therapy.

Therapist C is familiar with his own cultural background's effect on his perspectives and strives to understand the cultural perspective of his clients.

Lara is of low socioeconomic status (SES) and lives in a low-SES neighborhood. Larry is of low SES but lives in a high-SES neighborhood. (Note that low SES here means $30,000 per year.) Which of the two will likely have a longer life expectancy? -They should live approximately equally long. -Lara -Larry -Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer.

They should live approximately equally long. Lara Larry Whoever has more money within that low-SES bracket will live longer.

Despite malgri, agonias, koro, and dhat all being described very differently, they all share one underlying similarity. True or False? -False—they share no underlying similarities at all. -True—they all share the element of anxiety. -False—some result in death while others do not. -True—they are all untreatable.

True—they all share the element of anxiety.

A Chinese art critic, Weiwei, and his American counterpart, William, are both looking at a painting of a group of people standing behind a vase in the middle foreground. If you were to compare the eye gazes of Weiwei and William, what would you find? -Their gazes initially start out in different places on the painting, but become more similar over time attending to an object. -William shifts his attention around more than Weiwei. -Weiwei and William describe the painting differently, but they are actually looking at the objects quite similarly. -William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

William spends more time gazing at the vase than does Weiwei.

The case of lactase persistence is an example of culture-gene coevolution because -a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) led to the creation of a cultural practice (dairy farming). -of a genetic mutation (lactase persistence), despite there being no selection pressures, but it allows people to engage in a cultural practice (digest milk into adulthood). -the genetic mutation for lactase persistence constitutes a form of transmitted culture. -a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations.

a cultural practice (dairy farming) led to the selection for a genetic mutation (lactase persistence) among dairy farming populations.

The tendency for Indians to sometimes bite their tongues—an expression not recognized elsewhere—reflects -feelings of sadness. -a basic emotion. -a ritualized display. -a reflexive emotional expression.

a ritualized display.

two factor theory of emotion

a theory that maintains that emotions are primarily our interpretations of physiological responses to stimuli

James-Lange theory of emotion

a theory that maintains that emotions are primarily perceptions of physiological responses to stimuli

Color terms from different cultures around the world -are pretty much the same everywhere, with the exception of colors in the blue-green spectrum. -all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms. -vary in arbitrary ways. -vary in that some cultures only have color words for red and green, whereas other cultures only have color words for blue and yellow.

all correspond to a small number of different possible sets of terms.

A classroom is full of European-Canadians and Chinese-Canadians, and they are all watching a movie that is intended to induce a lot of anger. According to research on cultural differences in anger responses, one would expect -that the Chinese-Canadian students will show more of an extreme physiological response, despite reporting being less angry than the European-Canadian students. -differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline. -differences in the intensity of their facial expressions, but not in their emotional experiences. -the Chinese-Canadian students to not show any physiological anger response, whereas the European-Canadian students will.

differences in the rate at which their physiological responses will return to baseline.

Depression is a condition that is -found at similar rates in the population in all industrialized societies. -found in every culture that has been explored. -a culture-bound disorder. -largely absent in China.

found in every culture that has been explored.

Which of the following is NOT one of Ekman's basic emotions? -pride -fear -disgust -surprise

pride

Eric's medical results show that there is an infection in his pancreas. What is his American doctor most likely to do in response to these results? -seek help elsewhere for the cause of the infection -perform an exorcism -recommend antibiotics or surgery -prescribe vitamins and lots of rest

recommend antibiotics or surgery

Mototeru is a Japanese teenager who reports feeling very positive emotions. According to research by Kitayama and colleagues on emotions associated with happiness, what other emotions is Mototeru likely experiencing for him to feel such positive emotions? -negative interpersonally engaged emotions -shame -positive interpersonally disengaged emotions -respect

shame

analytic thinking is best characterized by -taxonomic categorization -thematic categorization -multiple level categorization -any form of categorization

taxonomic categorization

field independence

the ability to separate objects from their background fields

Dr. House is a medical doctor in the United States. He is giving a seminar on health-related behaviors both to doctors from other countries and ordinary American citizens. Which group is most likely to agree with Dr. House? -Neither will agree with him. -the ordinary American citizens -the doctors from other countries -Both groups will equally agree with him.

the ordinary American citizens

Kartika abides by the idea that people should have emotional "smoothness." This means that she -tries to not have strong displays of emotions. -has emotional highs and lows. -feels no emotions. -transitions easily from one emotion to another.

tries to not have strong displays of emotions.

Leslie is going on a date and wants to maximize the likelihood of her date, Jessica, feeling happy about her. Leslie decides to take Jessica to watch a highly rated comedic film. Jessica feels very happy from the film, but attributes her happiness to Leslie. Which of the following explains Jessica's attribution of her happiness to Leslie? -linguistic relativity of emotional experience -universal emotions -two-factor theory of emotions -James-Lange theory of emotion

two-factor theory of emotions