Crypto and Adv Crypto (Ch 6, 7)

Blockchain relies on which cryptographic algorithm to make it computationally infeasible to try to replace a block or insert a new block of information without the approval of all entities involved?

Cryptographic hash algorithms

XYZ University wants to set up a VPN network to connect to the internet and ensure that all their data is safe. They have asked you to recommend the correct communication protocol to use. Which of the following protocols should you recommend and why?

IPsec, because it authenticates that the packets received were sent from the source and ensures that no other party can view the contents. It manages the keys to ensure that they are not intercepted or used by unauthorized parties.

A manager working in ABC Consulting shared a list of employees from his team who were eligible for an extra week off. Later, he claimed that he has never shared this list. Which principle or functionality of a secured communication can be used to substantiate or verify the manager's claim?

Nonrepudiation

Which of the following devices can perform cryptographic erase?

SED

Amtel University decides to keep a record of their student data in a backup server. The administrator contacts you to identify the right command interface protocol to be used in this. Which command interface protocol should you advise?

SSH

Which of following is a characteristic of electronic code book (ECB) mode?

Two identical plaintext blocks are encrypted into two identical ciphertext blocks, making them susceptible to attacks.

Which of the following provides confidentiality services?

Unauthentication mode

Which of the following is a standard format for digital certificates?

X.509

Which of the following statements describe a quantum computer?

A quantum computer is a computer that relies on qubits that can be both 0 and 1 at the same time.

Wilson has requested your help to suggest an encryption method that will provide the highest security against attacks. Which encryption process should you suggest?

AES

John needs to add an algorithm for his company communication process, in which encryption uses two keys. One is the public key, and the other one is a private key. Which algorithm will be suitable to achieve this?

Asymmetric cryptographic

A new e-commerce startup with global operations is looking for a method to manage its supply-chain data for production. Instead of using bar codes, scanners, paper forms, and individual databases, making the system difficult to use, which method should be used to quickly track shipments?

Blockchain

Which of the following is a combination of encryption, authentication, and MAC algorithms, like a collection of instructions on securing a network?

Cipher suite

Which attack sees an attacker attempt to determine the hash function's input strings that produce the same hash result?

Collision attack

Alex needs to find a method that can change a single character of plaintext into multiple characters of ciphertext. Which method should Alex use?

Diffusion

John and Sarah are working for Star Alliance. John had to send certain confidential data and messages to Sarah online. The use of which of the following will ensure that the message's sender is, in fact, John?

Digital certificate

Which encryption method in BitLocker prevents attackers from accessing data by booting from another OS or placing the hard drive in another computer?

Full disk encryption

Which characteristic of cryptography makes information obscure or unclear, and by which the original information becomes impossible to be determined?

Obfuscation

Which of the following uses hardware encryption technology to secure stored data and ensures the inseparability of SEDs among vendors?

Opal

Kainat is asked to suggest a cipher in which the entire alphabet is rotated (as in, A=N, B=O), making it difficult to identify.Which cipher should she suggest?

ROT13

Which of the following digital certificates are self-signed and do not depend on the higher-level certificate authority (CA) for authentication?

Root digital certificates

Which of the following is the earliest and most general cryptographic protocol?

SSL

Which of the following terms best describes the process in which a user believes that the browser connection they are using is secure and the data sent is encrypted when in reality, the connection is insecure, and the data is sent in plaintext?

SSL stripping

Which of the following protocols are used to secure HTTP?

TLS and SSL

Which encryption device you can use that has the following features?1. It should allow administrators to remotely prohibit accessing the data on a device until it can verify the user status.2. It can lock user access completely or even instruct the drive to initiate a self-destruct sequence to destroy all data.

USB device encryption

Jane, an IT security expert whose services are sought by XYZ Company, has recommended implementing CTR mode in the network. What is one requirement that needs to be fulfilled for computers to communicate when the CTR mode is implemented?Both sender and receiver should have acces to a synchronous counterSender should have access to a counter.c. Receiver should have access to a counter.d. Neither sender nor receiver need access to a counter.

-Both the message sender and receiver have access to a synchronous counter, which computes a new value each time a ciphertext block is exchanged. -With CTR mode, it would not be sufficient for only the sender to have a counter. -With CTR mode, it would not be sufficient for only the sender to have a counter. -CTR mode cannot be implemented if neither the sender nor the receiver has access to a counter.

Which cryptographic method should Susanne use to ensure that a document can be encrypted with a key and decrypted with a different key?

Asymmetric

Harry works at an automobile parts manufacturer. They sell these parts to retailers and deposit the proceeds in their bank. Using these funds, Harry pays the suppliers and employees. The Accounts Department maintains a ledger of all transactions of materials bought and sold. Similarly, the quality department and operations department also maintain a ledger of all transactions. Over the years, this process has become quite cumbersome, as growing data create confusion. Harry is looking at simplifying the process and has contacted you for a solution.Using which technology can this process be simplified and confusions avoided?

Blockchain

Sigma Technology is a company based in Singapore, with branches in 24 countries. It needs multiple CAs in different locations to verify and sign digital certificates for the company. They are looking for an option where, even in the absence of a CA, other CAs can issue the certificates. Additionally, they are also looking for CAs who will overlook other CAs in different locations. In such a scenario, which PKI trust model should they use?

Bridge trust mode

Star Technology is working on a project that needs a communication mode specializing in encryption, where only authorized parties should understand the information. The company also requires accuracy, completeness, and reliability of data throughout the project. The company has contacted you for an ideal cipher mode solution . Which mode should you suggest?

CBC

Sigma Solutions use hash algorithms in the communications between departments while transferring confidential files. A human resource employee informed you that one of the employees' salary statements sent from her end looks tampered with and requested your help.Which of the following tasks would enable you to identify whether the file is tampered with or not, and how will you make the determination?

Check the digest of the file with the original digest. If the values are different, it can be confirmed that the file has been tampered with.

ABC Enterprise is a global operation. As such, it needs to send regular, confidential messages and data between offices to communicate important market information, employee decisions, financial decisions, etc., for management consideration and senior-level decision making. Since these decisions impact the local employees and global businesses, they suspect that the data may be prone to attacks from threat actors internally and externally. While one of the senior systems administrators suggested implementing steganography to achieve this objective, the IT Department head at another branch suggested implementing cryptography. The management team has now called you for expert advice to select the best method to implement in the enterprise.What should your advice be, and why?

Cryptography should be implemented because it allows information to be viewed only by authorized users and checks whether the information has been altered or changed by anybody. It also makes the information unclear, even if other users see it. Cryptography is a more advanced technology than steganography. These features make cryptography the right choice for the enterprise to implement.

Which of the following is a state of data, where data is transmitted across a network?

Data in transit

Malik and Chris are shopping for shoes on an e-commerce website and need to enter their credit card details. Which of the following can assure them that they are using the retailer's authentic website and not an imposter's look-alike site that will steal their credit card details?

Digital certificate

John receives an encrypted document using asymmetric cryptography from Alex. Which process should Alex use along with asymmetric cryptography so that John can be sure that the received document is real, from Alex, and unaltered?

Digital signature algorithm

A company has multiple CAs and intermediate CAs issuing digital certificates in different departments, with no one cross-checking their work. Which PKI trust model should the company use?

Distributed trust model

Under which of the following modes does the ciphertext depend only on the plaintext and the key, independent of the previous ciphertext blocks?

ECB

ABC Enterprises plans to upgrade its internal confidential communication channel for the senior management team, which is geographically spread out, to enhance communication speed and security. They have decided to use cryptography to achieve this but can't decide on which model. The CEO has come to you for your suggestion on whether to use RSA or ECC.What should you recommend to the CEO, and why?

ECC, as it uses sloping curves to generate keys. This makes it very secure for smaller key sizes making it secure and the communication exchange extremely fast.

Which of the following is a process where a private key is split into two halves, encrypted, and stored separately for future use?

Escrow

You have been asked to implement a block cipher mode of operation that requires both the sender and receiver of the message to have access to a synchronous counter that adds an AAD to the transmission. Which operating block cipher mode should you use?

GCM

Which of the following protocols is embedded in a computer's operating system or communication hardware to secure internet communications?

IPsec

Spectrum Technologies uses SHA-256 to share confidential information. The enterprise reported a breach of confidential data by a threat actor. You are asked to verify the cause of the attack that occurred despite implementing secure cryptography in communication. Which type of attack should you consider first, and why?

Misconfiguration attack; the company should have configured a higher security hash algorithm rather than using the less-secure SHA-256.

Alliance Consulting, a company based in France, is shutting down. Louis, the owner of the company, applied to revoke his digital certificate. He is very busy with the other details of shutting the company down and needs to be able to check the certificate's status quickly and easily. Which of the following will help him get a real-time lookup of the certificate's status?

OCSP

Which of the following is defined as a structure for governing all the elements involved in digital certificate management?

PKI

Which of the following is used to create a sequence of numbers whose output is close to a random number?

PRNG

Fatima is responsible for conducting business transactions for XYZ Company, and she only had the stored private key. She is on leave and currently unavailable, and the organization needs to complete an urgent business transaction. Which of the following methods should enable the organization to access Fatima's private key and digital certificate?

Recovery

Sarah needs to send an email with important documents to her client. Which of the following protocols ensures that the email is secure?

S/MIME

Which of the following is a Linux/UNIX-based command interface and protocol?

SSH

Which of the following protocols can be used as a tool for secure network backups?

SSH

During an investigation, it was found that an attacker did the following:Intercepted the request from the user to the server and established an HTTPS connection between the attacker's computer and the server while having an unsecured HTTP connection with the user. This gave the attacker complete control over the secure webpage. Which protocol helped facilitate this attack?

SSL

Which function in cryptography takes a string of any length as input and returns a string of any requested variable length?

Sponge

Robert has two cryptographic keys, and he needs to determine which of them is less prone to being attacked. The cryptoperiod is limited and equal for both the keys. The first key has a length of 2 and uses 16 characters, while the other key has a length of 3 and uses 15 characters. Which of the following is the best conclusion for Robert to come to?

The second key is more secure than the first key.

Samira is developing a virtual private chat application for ABC Consulting. The following are requirements provided by the organization while making the application:1. All the communications should happen within the same network, network-to-network.2. The information shared through this app should be kept confidential. Hence, the whole IP packet should be encrypted, giving access to only authorized personnel.3. There should be a private network for network-to-network communicationWhich of the following modes should Sara consider for encryption in this project?

Tunnel mode

Alex is working for Alpha Technology as a system administrator. The enterprise's sales team uses multiple external drives, often containing confidential data, that they carry between their offices and their clients' offices. What should Alex do to ensure that data is secure if it is stolen or lost, and why?

Use encrypted USBs in the enterprise because they automatically encrypt the information and give Alex remote access to the drive to monitor and disable the user.

Which of the following is NOT an attack on cryptography?

Watering hole attack