CS 008 midterm 1
Record:
One complete entry in a database table; composed of the individual fields Can perform queries and create reports
Each (registered) file extension has a ____
Default Program Association .exe : executable program .docx : MS-Word .xlsx : MS-Excel .html : A web browser When you double-click on a file, the associated program is executed and the file loaded
8 bits =
1 byte
Bits used to measure transfer rates (such as an Internet connection) 1 Kilobit = 1 Megabit = etc.
1,000 (1 thousand) bits 1,000,000 (1 million) bits etc.
1 Kilobyte (K) = 1 Megabyte (M) = 1 Gigabyte (G) = 1 Terabyte (T) = 1 Petabyte (P) = etc.
1,000 (1 thousand) bytes 1,000,000 (1 million) bytes 1,000,000,000 (1 billion) bytes 1,000,000,000,000 (1 trillion) bytes 1,000,000,000,000,000 (1 quadrillion) bytes etc.
Gantt Chart:
A chart that shows the schedule and progress of a project Examples: Microsoft Project, Basecamp
Database:
A collection of information organized in a useful way (such as for fast retrieval of data) Examples: Microsoft Access, SQL Server, Oracle
Table:
A collection of related records in a database, arranged in rows and columns
Client:
A computer (or device) that requests services from a server
Server:
A computer that provides services to and/or share resources with client computers over a network
Folder
A container used to store and organize files on a storage device Operating systems come with some folders already created, called a hierarchy The folder structure created by an operating system Windows includes libraries
Library:
A tool used to gather files that are located in different locations Camera Roll, Documents, Music, Pictures, Saved Pictures, and Videos Path: The sequence of folders to a file or folder Example - C:\docs\classes\notes.txt (MS-Windows) Example - /docs/classes/notes.txt (Mac OSX / Linux)
Subscription
A monthly or yearly fee provides access to the software for a limited time Software updates / newer versions included
Application Software:
A program that performs a useful task for the user, such as productivity, entertainment, and education software.
Computer
A programmable (usually electronic) machine that converts raw data into useful information.
Field:
A single piece of information in a record in a database, such as a name, phone number, date, etc.
Embedded Computer
A specialized computer that is part of another device Gasoline pumps, microwave ovens, traffic lights,
Customer Relations Management (CRM) System
A system for maintaining customer information and connections Tracks interactions with customers Uses analytics (detecting patterns in data) to help make business decisions
Grace Hopper
Accidentally coined the term "computer bug" Created first compilers
Tax Preparation Software
Allows you to complete your income tax returns yourself on your computer or online (TurboTax, TaxAct)
Programs
Also known as software, applications, executable files On MS-Windows, end with ".exe"
Project Management Software:
Application designed to help complete projects, keep within budget, stay on schedule, and collaborate with others
Spreadsheet Software
Application that creates electronic worksheets composed of rows and columns Used for mathematical applications, such as budgeting, grade books, and inventory Examples: Microsoft Excel, Numbers for Mac, Google Sheets
Database Software
Application used to create and manage a database
Presentation Software
Application used to create electronic presentations, (slides) Design template (predefined colors, fonts, and layouts) Examples: Microsoft PowerPoint, Keynote for Mac, Google Slides
Accounting Software
Application used to to track your business finances and generate reports and graphs Can do expense tracking, invoicing, payroll, and inventory management Examples: Intuit QuickBooks, FreshBooks
Personal Information Manager (PIM) Software
Application used to your manage e-mail, calendar, and tasks Can share calendars and schedule meetings Examples: Microsoft Outlook, Google Calendar/Google Mail (gmail)
Ada Lovelace
Created programs (on punched cards for Analytical Engine) Considered to be the first programmer
Fourth Generation (1970s)
Basically an extension to the third generation Microprocessor: a complex integrated circuit that contains processing circuitry First microprocessors developed were as powerful as the ENIAC Central Processing Unit (CPU): The main microprocessor in a computer Faster, smaller, more reliable, and cheaper than Third Generation computers Personal computers developed
Midrange Computers / Minicomputers
Computers that are larger, more powerful, and more expensive than desktop computers but smaller, less powerful, and less expensive than mainframe computers Can have dozens or hundreds of concurrent users Primarily used by medium-sized companies As high-end desktops have become more powerful, fewer companies are using midrange computers
how do computers count (how many values are possible).
Computers use transistors and switches, which allow for only 2 possible values (i.e. digits)
Data files
Created by users (actually, by the programs they are using) Documents, images, audio, videos, etc.
Charles Babbage Designed the Analytical Engine, a mechanical computer Had all the basic components of modern day computers Never completeterm-5d... technology of the time was too limited
Designed the Analytical Engine, a mechanical computer Had all the basic components of modern day computers Never completed... technology of the time was too limited
ASCII / Extended ASCII
Developed for English, later expanded for similar "Romance" languages Uses 8 bits (1 byte) for each character Example: A = 0100 0001 Example: a = 0110 0001 Example: 0 = 0011 0000 Example: ? = 0011 1111 Cannot be used to represent characters from other languages
Unicode
Developed in early 1990's to handle other languages Uses 16 bits (2 bytes) for each character (instead of 8 bits / 1 byte) Backwards compatible with ASCII Can be used to represent characters from (almost) all languages Has been universally adopted
Distributed Computing
Distributes the processing of a task across a group of computers With distributing computing, a group of less powerful computers can often perform same tasks as more powerful (and more expensive) computers
Lossy
During compression, data (that humans typically cannot detect anyway) is removed from the file, allowing the compressed file to be much smaller than with lossless compression Media files (images, audio files, video files)
Steve Jobs
Founded Apple
Bill Gates
Founded Microsoft
Document Management System (DMS)
Enables a company to save, share, search, and audit electronic documents throughout their life cycle
Supercomputers
Fastest, most expensive computers in the world Can be a single computer or a group of computers that work together Perform complex mathematical calculations, such as those used in weather forecasting and medical research Usually found in major universities and research institutes Speeds normally measured in petaflops: 1 petaflop = one thousand million million (1015) floating-point operations per second top500.org
Alan Turing
Father of AI (Artificial Intelligence) Turing Test Helped break Nazi communication codes during World War 2
User Folders:
For each account created, a personal user folder (with sub-folders) is created By default, users are not allowed to view other users' folders and files
Volunteer Computing
Form of distributed computing that uses computers from around the world
Grid Computing
Form of distributed computing using a group of computers in one location
Donationware
Form of freeware where developers accept donations
Personal Finance Software
Helps you keep track of your bank accounts, monitor your investments, create a budget, etc. Quicken YNAB (You Need a Budget)
Cloud Computing: IaaS
Infrastructure as a Service Company uses provider's Internet servers instead of purchasing and maintaining their own Can reduce cost because u can just pay for what is needed
Cell
Intersection of a row and column Can contain text, numbers, or formulas
Joseph Marie Jacquard
Jacquard Loom Punched cards One of the first programmable machines
Mainframe Computers / Enterprise Servers
Large, very fast computers primarily used by large organizations for critical applications and bulk data processing Can have thousands of concurrent users
Open Source
License grants ownership of the software to the end user Source code must be made freely available User can modify and redistribute software (under same license)
Personal Computer Operating Systems (examples)
Microsoft Windows [Most popular (by far)] Mac OSX Linux (Chromebooks)
Updating
Need Internet connection Patch (hotfix): Addresses an individual problem (bug) when discovered Service pack: Larger, planned update that addresses multiple problems and/or adds features Software can be configured to automatically install updates, ask user for permission, or to not check for updates (not recommended)
Freemium
Mobile app that is free to download and install, but... You have to pay for additional features
Internal Storage
Mobile devices usually do not have a lot of internal storage space to store files
Download from a website
Most popular method
Installing
Most softwares use an installer, which guides user through a series of steps to install the software
examples of bits (binary digits)?
Numbers (integers and floating point) Characters Images Audio Video
Business Productivity Software
Office Application Suites or "Office Suites" Apps designed to work together and to provide a common interface and features Ex: Microsoft Office, G Suite by Google, Google Drive (free)
File Management
Opening, closing, saving, naming, copying, moving, deleting, and organizing digital files.
Cloud Computing: PaaS
Platform as a Service Provides a programming environment to develop, test, and deploy web applications Used to build, deploy, and maintain SaaS applications
Moore's Law
Prediction made in 1965 by Gordon Moore (co-founded Intel) Said that the number of transistors that could be placed on a computer chip would double every 2 years for at least a decade Actual pace was closer to every 18 months Pace actually held up until roughly 2016 (about 50 years), not just a decade More transistors on a chip --> faster and more powerful the chip is
Information Processing Cycle
Process that converts data into information Input - raw data entered Processing - raw data manipulated to create useful information Storage - information stored for later retrieval Output - information returned to the user
Boxed software
Purchase at retail stores Purchase online, shipped to you
Software Licensing
Purchasing software may not mean you own it, you may only be purchasing a license to use the software, normally on a single computer
Finder:
The tool used to navigate the file system and work with files, folders, and libraries on a Mac OSX computer
File Explorer:
The tool used to navigate the file system and work with files, folders, and libraries on a Windows computer
Freeware
Retail software that can be used at no cost for an unlimited period of time Example: Apple iTunes
Cloud Computing: SaaS
Software as a Service Involves the delivery of applications over the Internet Another name for web applications
Shareware (Trialware)
Software that can be used for free for a period of time At the end of the trial period, user is supposed to purchase or remove software
Ergonomics
Study of the relationship between workers and their workspaces Jobs involving mostly using computers can lead to health issues (over time) like: Carpal tunnel syndrome (most common), eye strain/headaches, back issues, etc.
Multiuser Computers
Systems that allow multiple simultaneous users to connect to them Advantages include centralized resources and security Much more powerful than personal computers
Ubiquitous Computing
Technology that recedes into the background and becomes part of the environment (invisible computing) all around us but has become so commonplace we don't notice
Internet of Things (IoT)
The connection of the physical world to the Internet Devices located, monitored, and controlled by embedded computers example: Smart homes
Convergence
The integration of different technologies onto multifunction devices One device can replace multiple devices example: smartphones
System Requirements
The minimum hardware and software specifications required to run an application How much storage space is needed, minimum RAM required, minimum CPU, etc.
Compression
The process of making a file smaller Conserves disk space Can be transferred more quickly
Lossless
There is no loss of data, so compressed file can later be decompressed User data files (MS-Word docs, MS-Excel spreadsheets, etc.) Zip (MS-Windows), StuffIt (Mac OSX)
general-purpose machines
Unlike other machines, most computers are general-purpose machines, meaning they can be programmed to do different things.
Uninstalling
Use uninstaller that came with software Do not just delete files
Third Generation (1960s)
Used integrated circuits (computer chips) that contain large numbers of transistors to process data Faster, smaller, more reliable, and cheaper than Second Generation computers
Second Generation (1950s)
Used transistors to process data Faster, smaller, more reliable, and cheaper than First Generation computers
First Generation (1940s)
Used vacuum tubes to store and process data Were massive in size Not reliable Programming done by manipulating switches (took days)
Retail Software
User pays a fee to use the software (pay for the license, not the software itself) Grants a proprietary software license, which means ownership of the software remains with the publisher
Formulas:
What makes spreadsheet so useful Usually start with an "=", such as =SUM(A1:A5) or =A1+A2+A3+A4+A5 Performs a calculation, with result shown in a cell Can contain functions (pre-built calculations like SUM) Automatic recalculation
File Properties
provides information about the file, form of metadata,
All data entered into a computer must be converted into ____ ?
bits (binary digits)
Back up:
copying files to another storage device or the cloud
UNIVAC
first commercially available computer, famously predicted outcome of 1952 presidential election
ENIAC
first working digital, general-purpose electronic computer
All-In-One: (example): ?
integrated monitor and system unit ex: desktop computer
If your computer's system specs do not meet the system requirements for a program, _____
it (probably) will not work
External Storage
micro SD cards Cloud storage
netbook computers
not as powerful, less expensive, been replaced by tablets mostly
Subnotebook computers
notebook computers that are smaller and lighter than ordinary notebooks (more expensive)
Storage is key:
rather than keeping files on local drives, files are stored on a server or on the web, making them more accessible and secure Examples: Microsoft Sharepoint, Dropbox, Google Drive
Cloud computing: )
takes processing and storage off your hardware and puts it in the cloud (i.e. on a provider's Internet servers
EULA (End-User License Agreement)
the agreement between the user and the software publisher User typically required to accept the EULA before software can be installed Can be lengthy and contain lots of "fine print"
binary number system
the base 2 number system - counts by 2's ( 1 or 0, True or False)
The file name:
the property that is used to identify it
Byte:
unit of measurement that equals 8 bits
Word Processing Software
used to create, edit, and format (mostly) text documents various formatting features (font style/size, page layout, etc.) spell/grammar checking] Examples: Microsoft Word, Pages for Mac, Google Docs
2 bits → 3 bits → 8 bits →
→ 4 values → 8 values → 256 values