CSCI Module 0

Discrete Disadvantages/Advantages

1. Assembling and wiring of all individual discrete components take more time and occupies a larger space required. 2. Replacement of a failed component is complicated in an existed circuit 3. The elements are connected using soldering process so, so that may have caused less reliability

Integrated Disadvantages/Advantages

Advantages: 1. An integrated circuit quite small in size practically around 20,000 electronic components can be incorporated in a single square inch of IC chip. 2. Many complex circuits are fabricated on a single chip and hence this simplifies the designing of a complex circuit. And also, it improves the performance of the system. 3. IC's will give high reliability. A lesser number of connections. 4. These are available at low cost due to bulk production. 5. IC's consume very tiny power or less power. 6. It can easily replaceable from the other circuit. Disadvantages: 1. After fabrication of an IC, it is impossible to modify the parameters within which an integrated circuit will operate 2. When a component in an IC gets damaged, the whole IC has to be replaced by a new one 3. For high value of capacitance (>30pF) in an IC, we should have to connect a discrete component externally 4. It is not possible to produce high power IC's (More than 10W)

Integrated Circuits Description

Was developed to replace discrete circuits. An integrated circuit is a microscopic array of electronic circuits and electronic components (resistors, capacitors, inductors...) that are diffused or implanted into the surface of semiconductor material wafer such as silicon. Integrated Circuit invented by Jack Kilby in the 1950s. A chip is commonly termed as Integrated circuits (IC).

Semiconductors

a solid substance that has a conductivity between that of an insulator and that of most metals, either due to the addition of an impurity or because of temperature effects. Devices made of semiconductors, notably silicon, are essential components of most electronic circuits.

What is meant by digital?

a. (of signals or data) expressed as series of the digits 0 and 1, typically represented by values of a physical quantity such as voltage or magnetic polarization.

How does circuit integration increase computer speed?

a. Circuit integration increase computer speed based on the number of transistors that are within the circuit itself, the more transistors = more operations that can be completed = faster processing.

Moore's Law. What are the two primary benefits of increased density? Note that reducing the size of a circuit may decrease power, however, smaller circuits tend to have more components or are faster and actually require more power.

a. Moore's law is the observation that the number of transistors in a dense integrated circuit doubles about every two years. i. Two Primary Benefits: smaller size and faster processing (more transistors)

What is an electronic digital general purpose computer?

a. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the very first general-purpose electronic computer. It was designed primarily to calculate artillery firing tables to be used by the United States Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory to help US troops during World War II. b. Is one that given the appropriate application and required time should be able to perform most common computing tasks.

Electronic versus mechanical. What is the benefit of electronic circuits instead of mechanical?

a. The biggest disadvantage to mechanical is that parts can fail/break b. Electronic circuits can realize the expressions of Boolean algebra and are also much more reliable as parts go. i. These circuits can also be automatic, no human interaction

Integrated Circuits Definition

an electronic circuit formed on a small piece of semiconducting material, performing the same function as a larger circuit made from discrete components.

Discrete Circuit Description

constructed of components which are manufactured separately. Later, these components are connected together by using conducted wires on a circuit board or a printed circuit board. The transistor is one of the primary components used in discrete circuits, and combinations of these transistors can be used to create logic gates

Relay Advantage/Disadvantages

i. A: Zero closed resistance, reliable, work with both AC & DC, can operate at temp extremes, ii. D: slower- operate at 200Hz, can only open and close, can wear out iii. Binary data: signals are very simple: 0 (no voltage) or 1 (voltage). In MERCIA's case 12V relays are used because this voltage is not too low to have large amperage's and not too high to have problems with dissipating the power

Transistors Advantage/Disadvantages

i. A: is a semiconductor, can operate at Megahertz speeds, can amplify analog signals, almost never wear out ii. D: DC only, limited operation temps, forward voltage drop that wastes a little to lots of power, iii. Computers use binary - the digits 0 and 1 - to store data. ... The circuits in a computer's processor are made up of billions of transistors. A transistor is a tiny switch that is activated by the electronic signals it receives. The digits 1 and 0 used in binary reflect the on and off states of a transistor

Tubes Advantage/Disadvantages

i. A: tolerant of large overloads and voltage spikes, wider dynamic range ii. D: bulky, high operating voltages, high power consumption, glass if fragile, high cost iii. These switches are used to represent and control the routing of data elements called binary digits (or bits). Because of the on-or-off nature of the binary information and signal routing the computer uses

Why are semiconductors and integrated circuits essential to electronic, digital consumer devices?

the advances of semiconductor & IC technology have driven systems efficiency, miniaturization and energy savings, which in turn help to preserve the global environment in addition to achieving safe and comfortable life and to create prosperous future.