CSD 405- Test 2 Study Guide (Mod 4-6)

Beginning with Cranial Nerve VIII (# 1) and moving up to the auditory cortex, place the structures of the auditory pathway in order.

(1) CN VIII leaves the cochlea (2) Cochlear nuclear complex (3) Superior olivary complex (4) Lateral lemniscus (5) Medial geniculate body of the thalamus (6) Auditory cortex

What are the primary functions of the hypothalamus? Choose all that apply. (1) The hypothalamus controls our endocrine (hormonal) system. (2) It is responsible for sending sensory information to the cerebral cortex. (3) The hypothalamus plays a role in the regulation of motivation and emotions. (4) It it is the central structure responsible for controlling autonomic and visceral behaviors.

(1) The hypothalamus controls our endocrine (hormonal) system. (3) The hypothalamus plays a role in the regulation of motivation and emotions. (4) It it is the central structure responsible for controlling autonomic and visceral behaviors.

What are 3 major types of cortex? (Choose 3) (1) mesocortex (2) allocortex (3) periform cortex (4) neocortex

(1) mesocortex (2) allocortex (4) neocortex

Match the somatosensory pathways to their function. (a) Spinothalamic pathway (b) Dorsal column- medial lemniscus pathway (c) Trigeminal lemniscus pathway

(a) Carries info about nondiscriminative touch, pain, and temperature from the body (b) Carries info about discriminative touch, pressure, and proprioception from the body (c) Carries tactile and proprioception info about from the face

Define each of the following terms: (a) Basal cells (b) Cones (c) Discriminative touch (d) Transducer (e) Dermis (f) Lateral geniculate body (g) Free nerve endings (h) Homonymous anopsia (i) Nondiscriminative touch (j) Retina (k) Olfactory nerve (l) Olfactory bulbs (m) Optic tract (n) Optic chaism (o) Anosmia (p) Mechanoreceptors (q) Papillae

(a) Gustatory or olfactory cells that can divide, differentiate, and eventually turn into receptor cells (b) Light receptive cells of the eye (photoreceptors) which respond to color (c) Touch which allows identification of shape and other characteristics of an object (d) Sense organs that change one form of energy into another form of energy, like action potentials (e) Living layer of skin that contains somatosensory receptors (f) Thalamic nucleus responsible for transmission of visual information to cortex (g) Unencapsulated receptors primarily for temperature and pain (h) Loss of a field of vision after damage to the opposite optic tract or primary visual cortex (i) Touch which allows for generalized perception of touch (j) A layer at the back of the eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light and that trigger nerve impulses that pass via the optic nerve to the brain, where a visual image is formed (k) The first cranial nerve, composed of the central processes of bipolar cells that pass out of the nasal cavity into the cranial cavity and synapse with glomeruli neurons of the olfactory bulb (l) Bulbous enlargements at the end of the olfactory nerve of each cerebral hemisphere which sends olfactory information to be further processed to neocortical and limbic areas (m) Collection of retinal ganglion cell axons traveling between the optic chiasm and the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus (n) Structure where right and left optic nerves converge (o) Loss of the sense of smell (p) Respond to various kinds of tactile stimulation (i.e., light touch, pressure, vibration) (q) Small projections on the dorsal surface of the tongue where the majority of a person's taste buds are located that distinguish the five tastes: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami

Define the following terms: (a) General somatic afferents (b) General visceral afferents (c) General somatic efferents (d) General visceral efferents

(a) Sensory neurons transmitting information from the skin and proprioceptors of the body (b) Sensory neurons transmitting information from viscera structures, such as the lungs and digestive tract (c) Motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles of the body (d) Motor neurons innervating the heart, glands, and smooth muscles

Define each of the following terms: (a) Vestibular system (b) Crista ampullaris (c) Vestibule (d) Maculae (e) Membranous labyrinth (f) Utricle and saccule (g) Auditory ossicles (h) Organ of corti (i) Tympanic membrane (j) Endolymph (k) Perilymph (l) Basilar membrane

(a) Sensory system that provides the leading contribution to the sense of balance and spatial orientation for the purpose of coordinating movement with balance (b) Sensory epithelium found in the semicircular ducts that senses angular acceleration and deceleration (c) Central part of the bony labyrinth in the inner ear that houses the utricle and saccule (d) Sensory epithelium found in the utriculus and sacculus that responds to changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity (e) A complex, hollow structure that contains endolymph and is suspended within the bony labyrinth of the inner ear (f) The two sac-like structures within the vestibule that house maculae (g) Structures responsible for transmitting vibratory energy from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear (h) Situated on the basilar membrane in the scala media of the cochlea, it contains the sensory epithelia (hair cells) for hearing (i) Thin membranous structure located at the end of the external auditory meatus (j) An extracellular fluid that has high concentrations of potassium ions and low concentrations of sodium ions found inside the membranous labyrinth (k) The fluid between the bony and membranous labyrinths of the ear that has high concentrations of sodium ions, and low concentrations of potassium ions (l) A traveling wave is set up along this membrane

Define each of the following terms: (a) anterior nucleus (b) intralaminar nuclei (c) lateral dorsal nucleus (d) lateral geniculate body (e) lateral posterior nucleus (f) medial geniculate body (g) pulvinar (h) reticular group (i) ventral anterior and lateral nuclei (j) medial dorsal nucleus (k) ventral posterior nuclei (VPL & VPM) (l) ventral posterior medial nucleus

(a) Thalamic nucleus; functionally related to limbic brain Intralaminar nuclei (b) Thalamic nucleus; believed to influence levels of consciousness and alertness (c) Thalamic nucleus; afferent and efferent connections to portions of the limbic system (d) Thalamic nucleus; relay center for vision (e) Thalamic nucleus; deals with associational somesthetic information (f) Thalamic nucleus; relay center for audition (g) Thalamic nucleus; concerned with visual information and language functions (h) Thalamic nucleus; integrates and regulates thalamic neuronal activity (i) Thalamic nuclei; thalamic relay for motor functioning (j) Thalamic nucleus; plays crucial role in attention, planning, organization, abstract thinking, overall executive function (k) Thalamic nuclei; somatosensory relay center for the entire body (l) Thalamic nucleus; sensory relay center for the head and face

Which of the following are motor pathways? - Anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts - Spinothalamic Tract - Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract - Rubrospinal Tract - Spinocerebellar Tract - Dorsal column - medial lemniscus pathway

- Anterior corticospinal tract - Rubrospinal tract - Lateral corticospinal tract

Which of the following ARE considered to be auditory forebrain structures? Choose all that apply. - Auditory cortex - Area triangularis - Inferior colliculus - Medial geniculate body of thalamus

- Auditory cortex - Medial geniculate body of the thalamus

Which of the following structures is NOT associated with the middle ear? - Tympanic membrane - Intra-aural muscles - Tympanum and other middle ear air spaces - Cochlea - Auditory ossicles

- Cochlea

Which of the following is NOT true of the visual system? - Rods and cones are sensitive to light rays of different wavelengths and operate best under different conditions. - First order cells are pseudounipolar cells in the retina. - Light must travel to the back of the eye to come into contact with the photoreceptors of the retina. - Second order visual neurons are the ganglion cells of the retina.

- First order cells are pseudounipolar cells in the retina.

Which of the following is NOT a mechanoreceptor? - Meissner's corpuscle - Free nerve ending - Pacinian corpuscle - Ruffini ending

- Free nerve ending

What are the two chief functions of the vestibular system? (Choose two) - Regulate movements - Keep the head and body lined up on an even keel - Keep the eyes fixed on a target during brief movements - Coordinate the activation of large muscle groups

- Keep the head and body lined up on an even keel - Keep the eyes fixed on a target during brief movements

Which of the following is NOT considered to be part of the auditory brainstem? - Inferior colliculus - Superior olivary nucleus - Cochlear nuclear complex - Medial geniculate body of the thalamus

- Medial geniculate body of the thalamus

How does the olfactory system differ from the general pattern of all sensory systems? Choose all that apply. - Second order neurons project directly to the olfactory cortices. - Second order neurons are multipolar. - The olfactory system has no third order neurons. - The axons of second order neurons do not cross midline.

- Second order neurons project directly to the olfactory cortices. - The olfactory system has no third order neurons. - The axons of second order neurons do not cross midline.

Which of the following are sensory pathways? - Anterior and lateral corticospinal tracts - Spinothalamic Tract - Lateral Vestibulospinal Tract - Rubrospinal Tract - Spinocerebellar Tract - Dorsal column - medial lemniscus pathway

- Spinothalamic tract - Spinocerebellar tract - Dorsal column-medial lemniscus pathway

Somatosensation includes the following types of sensory input: (choose all that apply) - Touch (discriminative/non-discriminative) - Temperature - Proprioception - Pain - Olfaction

- Touch (discriminative/non-discriminative) - Temperature - Proprioception - Pain

In order to maintain equilibrium, we depend on input from which three systems? (Choose 3) - Visual - Vestibular - Auditory - Proprioceptive

- Visual - Vestibular - Proprioceptive

Which of the following is not a component of a sensory system? - sensory nuclei and pathways - motor nuclei and pathways - sensory neurons and ganglia - primary cortex - secondary or association cortex - sensory organ/s that transduce the sensory signal

- motor nuclei and pathways

Which attributes are the characteristics of third order sensory neurons? There may be more than one correct answer. - unipolar or bipolar neurons - multipolar neurons - cell bodies are located in the spinal cord or brainstem - cell bodies are located in the peripheral nervous system in ganglia - axons ascend TO the thalamus - axons project OUT of the thalamus - axons extend out to the transducer cell of a sense organ or periphery of the body - axons ascend to the cerebral cortex

- multipolar neurons - axons project OUT of the thalamus - axons ascend to the cerebral cortex

Which attributes are the characteristics of second order sensory neurons? There may be more than one correct answer. - unipolar or bipolar neurons - multipolar neurons - cell bodies are located in the spinal cord or brainstem - cell bodies are located in the peripheral nervous system in ganglia - axons ascend TO the thalamus - axons project OUT of the thalamus - axons extend out to the transducer cell of a sense organ or periphery of the body - axons ascend to the cerebral cortex

- multipolar neurons - cell bodies are located in the spinal cord or brainstem - axons extend TO the thalamus

What structures does the external ear consists of? Choose all that apply. - auditory ossicles - pinna - external auditory meatus - Eustachian tube

- pinna - external auditory meatus

Which attributes are the characteristics of first order sensory neurons? There may be more than one correct answer. - unipolar or bipolar neurons - multipolar neurons - cell bodies are located in the spinal cord or brainstem - cell bodies are located in the peripheral nervous system in ganglia - axons ascend TO the thalamus - axons project OUT of the thalamus - axons extend out to the transducer cell of a sense organ or periphery of the body - axons ascend to the cerebral cortex

- unipolar or bipolar neurons - cell bodies are located in the peripheral nervous system in ganglia - axons extend out to the transducer cell of a sense organ or periphery of the body

Short Answer: Describe the general properties of the auditory system. How is the auditory system similar to other sensory systems? How does the auditory system deviate from other sensory systems?

1st order neurons of the auditory system are bipolar neurons in the auditory nerve with their cell bodies in the ipsilateral ganglion, which matches up with the first order neurons of other sensory systems. 2nd order neurons of the auditory system have their cell bodies in the cochlear nucleus, but can project to several different places, none being the thalamus, and only some of them decussate, which differs from other sensory systems. 3rd order neurons of the auditory system originate in the medial geniculate body of the thalamus and travel to the auditory cortex, which is similar to most other sensory systems.

Which limbic structure is thought to act as the body's alarm circuit, controlling autonomic responses associated with fear, arousal, and emotional stimulation?

Amygdala

Which of the following is NOT a structure of the diencephalon?

Amygdala

The largest of the subcortical nuclei which is important for regulating motor functions and muscle tone (i.e., initiating desired movements and inhibiting unwanted movements) are together called the:

Basal ganglia

Which of the following is NOT considered a nontegmental structure of the brainstem? - Pons - Tectum - Pyramids - Cerebellum

Cerebellum

The giant mass of fibers radiating out and back from all areas of the cerebral cortex is called the _______.

Corona radiata

What are the 2 divisions of the pyramidal system?

Corticobulbar and corticospinal tracts

T or F: The corticobulbar tract mediates unconscious involuntary movement of the face and head.

False

Short Answer: What are GSA, GVA, GVE, and GSE fibers?

General somatic afferents are sensory neurons transmitting information from the skin and proprioceptors of the body. General visceral afferents (GVA) are sensory neurons transmitting information from viscera structures, such as the lungs and digestive tract. General somatic efferents (GSE) are motor neurons innervating skeletal muscles of the body. General visceral efferents (GVE) are motor neurons innervating the heart and smooth muscles.

Which limbic structure is thought to be most critical for memory functions (e.g., consolidation of short-term memory into long-term memory)?

Hippocampus

A continuation of the corona radiata that is compacted between the lenticular nucleus and the head of the caudate nucleus is the _________.

Internal capsule

The ___________ventricle/s are located in the cerebral hemispheres and contain CSF.

Lateral

Which system regulates our emotions and motivation, and contributes to our memory and learning behaviors?

Limbic system

When you tilt your head to the side, you are primarily activating which sensory epithelia?

Maculae of the saccule and utricle

How is the vestibular system different from other sensory systems?

Most of its activity involves brainstem and spinal cord reflexes with only minimal projections to the thalamus and cerebral cortex

All sensory information, except for one type, is relayed through the thalamus on its way to primary sensory cortex. What type of sensory information is NOT relayed through the thalamus?

Olfaction

Match each cranial nerve (I-XII) with its name.

On old orangutan tits, there are few very gross very slimy hotdogs. Cranial Nerve I= Olfactory Cranial Nerve II= Optic Cranial Nerve III= Oculomotor Cranial Nerve IV= Trochlear Cranial Nerve V= Trigeminal Cranial Nerve VI= Abducens Cranial Nerve VII= Facial Cranial Nerve VIII= Vestibulocochlear Cranial Nerve IX= Glossopharyngeal Cranial Nerve X= Vagus Cranial Nerve XI= Spinal Accessory Cranial Nerve XII= Hypoglossal

The structure responsible for controlling our state of consciousness and respiratory rhythms is:

Reticular formation

How does the gustatory system differ from the general pattern of all sensory systems?

Second order neurons do not decussate; it is an entirely ipsilateral system.

Short Answer: What is somatotopic organization? How are the areas of the homunculus arranged?

Somatotopic organization is the way in which specific parts of the body are mapped on the brain. Somatotopic organization shows that fibers from the lower extremities terminate along the superior medial aspect of the postcentral gyrus, while projections from the upper limbs terminate in the lateral region of the cortex.

Match each cranial nerve (I-XII) with its function.

Some Say Marry Money But My Boyfriend Says Big Boobs Matter More. Cranial Nerve I= Smell Cranial Nerve II= Vision Cranial Nerve III= Eyelid and eyeball movement; constriction of pupil Cranial Nerve IV= Innervates superior oblique; Turns eye downward and laterally Cranial Nerve V= Chewing; Face & mouth touch & pain Cranial Nerve VI= Turns eye laterally Cranial Nerve VII= Controls most facial expressions; Secretion of tears & saliva; Taste Cranial Nerve VIII= Hearing and Balance Cranial Nerve IX= Innervates stylopharyngeus muscle; Taste Cranial Nerve X= Controls muscles of pharynx, larynx, and palate; Slows heart rate; Stimulates digestive organs; Taste Cranial Nerve XI= Controls trapezius & sternocleidomastoid; Innervates levator veli palatini and uvula Cranial Nerve XII= Controls tongue movements

Short Answer: Describe the tracts that carry information from one cerebral hemisphere to the other.

The anterior commissure is a fiber tract connecting the two temporal lobes of the cerebral hemispheres across the midline. The corpus callosum is a fiber tract that connects and allows for communication between the two hemispheres and is 10x larger than the anterior commissure.

Short Answer: What are the structures and overall function of the basal ganglia?

The basal ganglia is the largest of the subcortical nuclei and is important in regulating motor functions. The basal ganglia structures consist of the caudate nucleus, globus pallidus, and putamen.

Short Answer: Describe general patterns common to all sensory systems, including a description of primary (first order) sensory neurons; second order sensory neurons; and third order sensory neurons.

The cell bodies of first order sensory neurons are located in the ipsilateral ganglion of the peripheral nervous system. These neurons are responsible for collecting sensory information from the periphery. These neurons are pseudounipolar and bipolar neurons, and they synapse with second order sensory neurons. Second order neurons are multipolar and their cell bodies are located in the ipsilateral nuclei of either the spinal cord or brainstem. Their axons decussate and project to contralateral sensory nuclei of the thalamus where they synapse with 3rd order neurons. The cell bodies of third order neurons are located in the sensory nuclei of the thalamus and are multipolar. They project their axons from the thalamus, through the internal capsule and corona radiata to the ipsilateral cerebral cortex. Third order neurons synapse with neurons in the primary sensory cortex.

Short Answer: Identify the major functions of the cerebellum and the role of each of the cerebellar peduncles.

The cerebellum has two major functions: Motor coordination, or coordinating muscle groups to create motor activity, and motor learning, or the integration of sensory and motor info to learn new skills. The middle cerebellar peduncle carries cortical planning info from nuclei in the deep pons to the cerebellum to help with motor performance. The inferior cerebral peduncle carries sensory information and planning about movement to the cerebellum. The superior peduncle carries info out of the cerebellum to the thalamus and red nucleus to make connections in real time.

Short Answer: What structures make up the limbic system? Why is the limbic system important?

The cortices and nuclei that make up the limbic system are the hippocampus, olfactory cortex, cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, septal region, amygdala, mammillary bodies of the hypothalamus, and the anterior and lateral dorsal nuclei of the thalamus. The limbic system is important because it regulates our emotions and contributes to our memory and learning behaviors.

Short Answer: Describe the structure and function of the maculae of the utricle and saccule. These structures respond to what type of stimuli?

The sensory epithelium found in the utricle and saccule are called maculae. The maculae are located at the bottom of the saccule and utricle of the vestibules in each inner ear. The hair cells of the maculae extend into the endolymph where they are embedded in the otolithic membrane. They respond to tilting of the head and rapid linear acceleration or deceleration of the head.

Short Answer: How many spinal nerves are there? Describe the organization of a spinal nerve.

There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves named accordingly after the region of the spinal column they innervate. Spinal nerves are mixed nerves with both sensory and motor fibers. Each spinal nerve is composed of a dorsal ramus from the posterior half of the body and a ventral ramus from the anterior part of the body. Sensory information enters through the dorsal root while motor information exits through the ventral root.

T or F: Another name for the cerebrum is telencephalon, which means "end brain".

True

T or F: Taste buds and olfactory receptors can renew themselves periodically.

True

T or F: The spinal cord is organized so that motor neurons always exit from the ventral side (or front) of the body and sensory neurons come into the dorsal side (or back) of the spinal cord.

True

Motor tracts are

descending pathways